CLARK COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

(formerly Clark International College of Science & Technology)

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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Name:
Grade /Section/ Strand:
Teacher Josefina Crisanta V. Pontillas Grade Level Eleven (11)
Teaching Date and Time MODULE 5 Learning Area Introduction to World Religion
& Belief System
Semester / Quarter 1st Semester / 1st Quarter

MODULE 5
DHARMIC RELIGIONS
HINDUISM AND BUDDHISM

HINDUISM
 One of the three dharmic religion
 Emerged from India; 33 M Gods
 3rd World’s largest religion with around 15% or 1B followers predominantly in Nepal and India
 Oldest and most complex of all religion
 It has no identifiable founder
 The term Hindu originated from Persian word hindu which means river. It also refers to the people of Indus Valley –
the Indians
 The name Hinduism was given in the 19 th century to describe wide array of belief system in India
 Goal: To attain MOKSHA or be liberated from cycle of rebirth

SACRED SCRIPTURES

 The sacred writings of Hindus are categorized into Shruti and Smriti. Shruti literally means “that which is heard” and
regarded as eternal truths which were passes orally. While Smriti literally means “that which has been remembered”
and this are writings that serve to reinforce shruti.
 The four books of Vedas are part of the Shruti. Veda means knowledge and is the oldest scripture in Hinduism. The
four books of Veda are the following:
Rig-Veda – is the most important and the oldest book. It is a collection of over a thousand hymns and more than
thousand verses dedicated to the Gods.
Yajur-Veda or the knowledge of rites – compilations of materials to be recited during rituals and sacrifices to deities
Sama – Veda or the knowledge of chants – collection of verses recited by priests during sacrifices.
Atharva-Veda or knowledge given by the sage Atharva which contains rituals used in homes and popular prayers to
God
 Each Vedas consists of four main parts, the Mantras, Brahmanas, Aranyakas and Upanishads.
Mantras are hymns and chants for praising Gods; Brahmanas are explanation of the Mantras; Aranyakas are
meditations that explicate their meaning; Upanishads or sacred teachings transcend rituals to elucidate the nature of
universe and human’s connectedness to it.
 SHMRITI – These writings serve to reinforce Shruti and are interpreted by scholars; lesser importance compared to
Shruti; includes stories and legends, codes of conduct for the society and guidebook for worship
 The great epic Ramayana and Mahabharata are part of Shmriti. These are national epics of India and considered to be
sacred texts where the masses draw their values and ideals.
 Ramayana – translated as the “Story of Rama” or Rama’s Journey, is a Sanskrit epic poem written by the poet Valmiki
consisting of 24,000 verses.
 Mahabharata – composed of 100 thousand verses making it the world’s longest poem
Bhagavad Gita – a celebrated episode within Mahabharata which is translated as Lord’s Song.
 Considered as one of the holiest books by the Hindus and instructs any person that one may reach God through
devotion, knowledge or selfless action.

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BELIEFS AND DOCTRINE

 Devotion to Trimurti – Central to Hinduism is Brahman who/which is present in all things; It is often seen in three
forms or functions called the Trimurti. These are creation, preservation and destruction. These functions are
expressed in god forms namely Brahma (the creator); Vishnu ( the preserver) and Shiva ( the destroyer)
Brahma has four heads and eight hands; Vishnu has appeared on earth in nine different forms and will come a tenth
time to end the present era; Vishnu is depicted as having four arms and has dark complexion.
 Routes to Moksha
Hinduism believes in three principal doctrine:
o Samsara or reincarnation
o Karma - One’s deed have an effect in the future life
o One may escape the cycle of death and rebirth and attain Moksha (liberation from samsara)
o This liberation can be achieved through the four yogas that aimed in producing spiritual enlightenment.
o The word yoga is from the word yuj which translate to as to yoke or to join. The philosophy of yoga was
developed by Patanjali (father of modern yoga)
o Four Yogas: Jhana yoga (the way of knowledge), Bhakti yoga (the way of love), Karma yoga (the way of work)
and Raja yoga (the way of meditation)

 Four desirable goals of life or purushartha:

1. Dharma (appropriate behavior)
2. Artha (pursuit of legitimate worldly success)
3. Kama (pursuit of legitimate pleasure)
4. Moksha (release from rebirth)

WORSHIP AND OBSERVANCES

o Hindu worship or puja involves images (murtis), prayers (mantras) and diagram of the universe (yantras). Integral to
their worship are images and temples that believed to house deities. In temples, ceremonies may be in the form of
offering a flame, milk, honey or reciting chants and hymns. Thursday is considered the best day to worship.
o Hindu also celebrate a number of festivals. Main festivals: Diwali or festival of Lights (biggest and most important
festival of the year held in October or November); Holi (celebration of spring and new year); Dusserah (celebration of
triumph of good and evil in honor of Rama)
o Pilgrimages – City of Varanasi, most sacred pilgrimage site

SUBDIVISIONS 1. SHAIVISM (Shiva) 2. SHAKTISM (Shakti) 3. VAISHNAVISM (Vishnu) 4. SMARTISM (Smartas)

ISSUES : Woman in Hinduism; Caste System (Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Shudras) -

THERAVADA BUDDHISM

 One of the three dharmic religion

 Emerged from India; 150M Adherents or followers
 Followed in Myanmar, Thailand and Sri-lanka
 draws on the collected teachings of on Pali Canon, or Tipitaka, which scholars generally accept as the oldest record of
the Buddha's teachings.
 Oldest school of Buddhism
 Founder: Siddharta Gautama in 6th century B.C.E.
 Focus on wisdom and meditation
 Goal is to become Buddha and attain Nirvana
 Emphasize Monasticism – ideal life to achieve Nirvana; non-theistic

LIFE OF BUDDHA

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 Gautama Buddha was born in Lumbini, the western part of Nepal between 563-480 B.C.E.
 His real name was Siddartha Gautama. The name Gautama Buddha was given when he got enlightened.
 Siddartha Gautama was a prince, His father was King Suddhodana, leader of the Shakya clan, and his mother was
Queen Mahamaya. He was raised by his mother’s younger sister Maha Pajapati (became his father’s 2 nd wife) after his
mother’s death seven days after childbirth.
 Gautama Buddha was only 16 when his father reputedly arranged his marriage to a cousin of the same age named
Yasodhara.
 “Rahula” was the only son of Gautama Buddha.
 Four encounters of four signs: 1st, meeting an old man made him accept that old age is unavoidable; 2 nd, meeting a
crippled man made him realize that illness is inescapable no matter how we try to avoid it; 3 rd, a decaying corpse made
him understand that death was the inevitable end of all; 4 th ascetic monk or shramana impressed upon him the
person’s tranquility and possibility of renouncing worldly pleasures for utter quietude
 At the age of 29, Prince Siddhartha left Nepal in search of a way to end rebirth, old age, disease and death. He lived an
ascetic life (ascetism – severe self-discipline and avoidance of all forms of indulgence; abstinence from sensual
pleasures)
 Middle Path – a life of self-discipline and instrospection but not self-flaggellation (self-punsishment)
 Gautama Buddha was the one who figured out a way in which people could do to be freed from suffering and sorrow.
 Alara Kalama and Udaka Ramaputta were two of the teachers of Gautama Buddha.
 “Bodh Gaya is the place where Gautama Buddha attained unsurpassed, supreme Enlightenment, obtained triumph
over devil Mara. After his awakening, the Buddha met two merchants, named Tapussa and Bhallika, who became his
first lay disciples.
 Later on more than 1,000 disciples joined them and formed “Sangha”.
 He made 5 monks sit in front of him and delivered his first sermon known as “Setting in Motion the Wheel of Law”.
 Rahula- Son of Gautama Buddha became the youngest monk at the very age of 7.
 He died at the age of 80 in Kushinagar, India and his final words were: “ Subject to decay are all components things.
Strive earnestly to work out your own salvation”
 Buddha’s spot of enlightenment underneath the bodhi tree is still preserved to this day.

SACRED SCRIPTURES

The Theravada collection of the Buddha’s teachings is known as the Tipitaka, meaning “three baskets.” The writings were
divided into three books written in Pali in the 4th century BCE.  It’s goal is to escape samsara and enter nirvana. 

The first basket, Sutta Pitaka, contains conventional teachings of Siddharta on different occasions.

The second basket is known as the Vinaya Pitaka (Discipline) contains the disciplinary code required of buddhist monks
and nuns. Talks about the procedural rules for monastic life such as the rules for begging, eating, the relations with
monks and non-monks, and other disciplines. 

The third basket is known as Abhidamma Pitaka, is a work on moral Psychology.; reflective philosophies of Siddharta

BELIEFS AND DOCTRINE

 Siddharta never intended to start a new religion, and so his teachings are focused primarily on ethics and self-
understanding as people work for their salvation on their own without needing the assistance of supreme being.
 Soul does not exist
 Impermanence of all things or anitya: Nothing is permanent in this world, all things change and are impermanent; all
things are transitory and passing; they all have beginning and end to their existence
 Buddhism affirms five processes deemed uncontrollable by any individual: old age, sickness, decay and death
 The Four Noble Truths comprise the essence of Buddha's teachings, though they leave much left unexplained. They
are the truth of suffering (dukkha), the truth of the cause of suffering (samodaya), the truth of the end of suffering

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(nirodha), and the truth of the path that leads to the end of suffering(magga). More simply put, suffering exists; it has
a cause; it has an end; and it has a cause to bring about its end.
 Nirvana - was first used by the Buddha to describe the highest state of profound well-being a human is capable of
attaining. Literally means blowing out or quenching, ultimate spiritual goal in Buddhism
 Also believe in reincarnation and karma

 Noble Eightfold Path

Right view Understand the 4 Noble Truths
Right Free one’s self from ill will, cruelty and untruthfulness
Intention
Right Speech Abstain from untruthfulness, tale bearing, harsh language and vain talk
Right Action Abstain from killing, stealing and sexual misconduct
Right Earn a living in a way not harmful to any living
livelihood
Right Effort Avoid evil thought and overcome them, arouse good thoughts and maintain them
Right Pay vigilant attention to every state of the body, feeling and mind
Mindfulness
Right Concentrate on a single object so as to induce certain special states of consciousness in deep
Concentration meditation

 Law of Dependent Origination or Paticca-samuppada

One of the most insightful teaching of Buddha; Every effect has a definite cause and every cause has a definite effect
In short, nothing comes into being by mere accident and actions do not happen in a random way.

 The Sangha
Literally means “sharer” that refer to monks who share in the general fund of alms provided by the community

WORSHIP AND OBSERVANCES

 Attainment of salvation for any Buddhist is by way of action without the assistance of supreme being. Followers are
guided by the teachings of Buddha as lay people offer gifts to Siddharta and the Sangha during days of worship and
observance
 Stupas – are commemorative monuments that contains sacred relics associated with Siddharta, monks and nuns
 Holy Shrines: Siddharta’s birthplace, the place of enlightenment, place of his first sermon, and the place of his
parinirvana
 Adam’s peak or Sri Pada in Sri Lanka
 Most important festival occurs in May on the night of the full moon which commemorate the birth, enlightenment and
death of Siddharta

SUBDIVISIONS
The subdivisions of Theravada that existed during early history of Sri Lanka can be traced from three monasteries of
Mahavihara, Abhayagiri vihara and Jetavana

MAHAYANA BUDDHISM
 Known as the “great vehicle”
 Emerged out of monastic rule and doctrinal differences within the original form of Buddhist
 Aims to extend religious authority to a large number of people

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 Consists of assembly of Buddhist customs and is widespread in China, Mongolia, Korea, Japan and Tibet
 More open to traditional religious views; became one of the most successful missionary religions in the world

HISTORICAL BAKCGROUND

 During 3rd century B.C.E, a number of subtle variations took place in Buddhism when King Ashoka was propagating
Buddhist gospels through missionary efforts
 Mahasamghika (one of the early Buddhist schools) may have been the source for the initial growth of Mahayana
Buddhism, especially during the “Second Buddhist Council” that occurred 100 years after buddhas parinirvana. During
this event, Mahasamghik and Sthavira nikaya (Sect of the Elders) split or were divided resulting in a new form of
Buddhism quite different from the original teaching taught by Siddharta and those accepted by Theravada, thus,
Mahayana Buddhism became a new religion.
Three new development in Mahayana Buddhism
 First, new teachings were added to Buddhist Faith
 Second, they forwarded the concept that Siddharta Gautama was actually a celestial being, nit jus a mere human
being. Because of his love for humankind and zeal to help people, he came into our world in human form
 Third, it advances the radical idea that Siddharta Gautama was not the only Buddha. There were other divine beings
that came into our world even before Buddha, and still others will come in the future.
 Mahayahana Buddhism had great missionaries and were able to take major foothold of China, Korea and Japan,
including Mongolia and Tibet.
 Ironically, while it was being propagated in these countries, it was steadily dying in India (where it all started) because
of Muslim invasion that resulted in forcible conversion of Buddhist to the Islam faith.
 Hinduism was able to gradually absorb Buddhism due to its tolerance and openness to other belief system.
 Mahayana Buddhism disappeared in India during 11 th century

SACRED SCRIPTURES

 The canon of Mahayana also consists of the Tripitaka, namely, Sutra Pitaka (Discourse), Vinaya Pitaka (Discipline) and
Abhidharma Pitaka (Ultimate Doctrine) Mahayana Buddhists have teachings or sutras not present in Theravada school
and the followers believed that they have recovered the original teachings of Buddha. In fact, principal scriptures of
the Mahayana sect have no parallels in the Pali Canon.
 The Mahayana school possesses innumerable figures often lacking in the Theravada literature such as bodhisattvas,
demons, divinities and other spirits.
 Lotus sutra or Saddharmapundarika-sutra that literally means “correct dharma white lotus sutra” or “Sutra of the
Lotus of the Wonderful Law” in Sanskrit is the most popular and prominent Mahayana Buddhist text.
 Lotus Sutra is presented as a discourse conveyed by Gautama before his eventual death. It may have been authored
by more than one writer and compiled between first and second century C.E.
 Lotus Sutra contains the most definitive teaching of the Buddha.
 A key idea in the sutra is that all people possess Buddha nature or Buddhahood (goal of Mahayana Buddhism) which
is the condition of complete happiness and freedom from fear and illusion, or the attainment of enlightenment
regardless of gender, race, social status and education.

BELIEFS AND DOCTRINE

 For Theravada Buddhism, only the historical Buddha and past Budhhas are accepted while there are contemporary
and popular Buddhas accepted in Mahayana
 The concept of trikaya (three bodies) pertains to the teaching about the nature of Buddha and reality was given
emphasis in Mahayana while it has very limited emphasis in Theravada
 Concept of Trikaya – each Buddha has three bodies, namely, dharmakaya, sambhogakaya and nirmanakaya

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 The dharmakaya is identical with perfect enlightenment that is absolute or beyond existence or non-existence.
Everyone is capable of attaining this special place which is beyond perceptual forms.
 The state of sambhogakaya is already enlightened but remains distinctive. Believed to be a renumeration of positive
deeds, and crossing point between the two trikayas.
 Nirmanakaya is the physical body that undergoes birth, inhabits the world, and dies in the end. S. Gautama is an
example of Buddha in a state of Nirmanakaya.
 In China, Amitabha is a very popular Buddha.
 In Japan, Vairocana is the great Buddha.

Bodhisattvas
 Teaching about an enlightened being or enlightened existence (bodhisattvas) which is the ultimate way for any
Buddhist to live in this world
 Bodhicitta is the spontaneous desire to achieve the state of being enlightened
 The teachings of Theravada place a great emphasis on self liberation or total reliance on one’s self to eradicate
suffering while it is essential for Mahayana followers to assist others in their quest for liberation.
 Bodhisattva have the option to forego the right to enter nirvana and decide to be born again into this evil world to
assist others.
 The path of bodhisattva can also be taken by any ordinary person, which is a way of selflessness so that one can also
be liberated from all forms of sufferings in the cycle of rebirth.
 Maiterya (Buddha of the future) is the only accepted bodhisattva in Theravada Buddhism, Mahayana has four
accepted bodhisattva, namely: Avalikiteshvara, Ksitigarbha, Manjushri and Samanthabhadra.

Bhumis and Paramitas

 Bodhisittva must pass 10 bhumis (grounds or land) before attaining Buddha-hood. These are the extension of
eightfold path. Bhumis are associated with paramitas (perfection). Paramitas imply crossing from the sea of suffering
to the sea of happiness.
 10 Bhumis
Bhumi Paramita Nature
Pramudita-bhumi (joyful land) Generosity Perfection of giving or generosity
Vimala-bhumi (Land of Purity) Discipline Perfection of Morality
Prabhaki-blumi(luminous or radiant land) Patience Perfection of patience or forbearance
Archismati-bhumi (The brilliant land) Diligence Perfection of energy
Sudurjaya-bhumi (The lad that is difficult to conquer) Meditative Perfection of Meditation
concentration
Abhimuki-bhumi (The land looking forward to wisdom) Wisdom Perfection of Wisdom
Durangama-bhumi (The Far reaching land)
Achala-bhumi (The immovable land)
Sadhumati-bhumi (The land of good thoughts)
Dharmamegha-bhumi (The Land of Dharma Clouds)

Worship and Observances

 In Buddhist temples, they pray and chant to pay respect to the Buddhas and Bodhisattvas. They also offer vegetarian
food and light incense to pay homage to divine beings. Mahayana rituals are quite elaborate. Worshippers recite
chants and undertake pilgirmages to sites of Buddhist importance. For TB, meditation is the only means to attain
liberation, in MB, the lotus, eight-spoke wheels (dharma) and different hand gestures (mudras) are important symbols.
 Subdivisions: Pure Land Sect, Intuitive Sect, Rationalist Sect, Socio-political Sect, Tibetan Buddhism
 Selected Issues: Tibet Invasion, Engaged Activism

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 CLARK COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(formerly Clark International College of Science & Technology)
SNS Bldg., Aurea St., SamsonvilleSubd., Dau, Mabalacat City, Pampanga
Telefax No.: (045) 624-0215

Name:
Grade /Section/ Strand:
Teacher Josefina Crisanta V. Pontillas Grade Level Eleven (11)
Teaching Date and Time MODULE 5 Learning Area Introduction to World Religion
& Belief System
Semester / Quarter 1st Semester / 1st Quarter

Test I: True or False: Write T if the statement is correct/true and F if the statement is incorrect.

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 CLARK COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
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______ 1. In Hinduism, one may skip the cycle of rebirth.

______2. The Ramayana contains 24,000 thousand verses.
______3. Brahma is the founder of Hinduism
______4. The festival of lights in Hinduism is held every August or September.
______5. Bhagavad Gita is also known as “the Lord’s Song”
______6. Theravada Buddhism is a major Buddhist Sect that adheres to the original practices and doctrines preached by Siddhartha
Gautama.
______7. Theravada Buddhism do not emphasize monasticism.
______8. The first encounter of Gautama when he sneak off the palace was with an ascetic monk.
______9. Gautama was the one who figured out a way in which people could be free from sufferings and sorrow.
______10. In Buddhism, we need the assistance of supreme being to attain salvation.
______11. Mahayana Buddhism is also know as the great vehicle
______12. The sect of elders may have been the source of initial growth of Mahayana Buddhism.
______13. In Mahayana Buddhism, Siddhartha Gautama is considered as the only Buddha.
______14. Mahayana was written in Sanskrit.
______15. Majority of the people in India are still Buddhist nowadays.

Test II: Identification

________________1. Hinduism is the world’s third largest religion with around ______ followers.
________________2. A belief in Hinduism where one’s deed has an effect in future life.
________________3. The word yoga is derived from the this root word which means to join or to yolk.
________________4. Trinity version of Hinduism.
________________5. It means knowledge and is the oldest scripture in Hinduism.
________________6. These writings serve to reinforce the Shruti.
________________7. Goal in Hinduism.
________________8. A class of the Caste which includes peasants, servants and commoners.
________________9. Goal of Buddhism.
________________10. Literally means sharer that refers to monks who share in the general fund of alms provided by the community.
________________11. One of Eightfold path which means to abstain from harsh language and vain talk.
________________12. Pali term for suffering or truth of suffering.
________________13. One of the Eightfold Path which means freeing oneself from ill will, cruelty and untruthfulness.
________________14. The commemorative monument that contains sacred relics associated with Siddhartha, monks and nuns
________________15. The first basket which contains conventional teachings of Siddhartha on different occasions.
________________16. Most prominent text in Mahayana Buddhism that includes discourse by S. Gautama before he died.
________________17. Buddhist school which was the original source of Mahayana.
________________18. Popular Buddha in China.
________________19. Great Buddha in Japan.
________________20. A state where one is already enlightened but remains distinctive.
________________21. An enlightened being or enlightened existence.
________________22. Spontaneous desire to achieve the state of being enlightened.
________________23. Bodhisattvas must pass the 10 _____ before attaining Buddha-hood.
________________24. Leader of Tibetan Buddhism and is the current Dalai Lama.
________________25. One of the Sect in Mahayana where it is believed that when believers die, it is their objective to live in
Sukhavati or Pure land of the west.

Name:
Grade /Section/ Strand:
Teacher Josefina Crisanta V. Pontillas Grade Level Eleven (11)
Teaching Date and Time MODULE 5 Learning Area Introduction to World Religion
& Belief System
Semester / Quarter 1st Semester / 1st Quarter

III. PERFORMANCE TASK. COMPLETE THE TABLE

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 CLARK COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
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Telefax No.: (045) 624-0215

HINDUISM THERAVADA MAHAYANA

BUDDHISM BUDDHISM
FOUNDER

PLACE OF ORIGIN

GOD/S

PLACE OF WORSHIP

RELIGIOUS GOAL

METHODS OF WORSHIP

FOLLOWER/ADHERENTS
# OF FOLLOWERS

COUNTRIES (WHERE IT
IS BEING PRACTICED)

SACRED TEXT OR
SCRIPTURES

BELIEFS/DOCTRINES

SECTS

PILGRIMAGE SITE/S

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