DATA PRESENTATION: TABULAR AND GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA

Review Basic Concepts

Variation (or Summary of Differences
Within Groups)
 Range
 Interquartile Range
 Variance
 Standard Deviation

Text Presentation
 Main method of conveying information as it is
used to explain results and trends, and provide
contextual information.
 Data are fundamentally presented in
paragraphs or sentences.
 For instance, information about the incidence
rates of delirium following anesthesia in 2016–
2017 can be presented with the use of a few
numbers:
– “The incidence rate of delirium following
Pictures of Data anesthesia was 11% in 2016 and 15% in
Depict the nature or shape of the data distribution. 2017; no significant difference of incidence
rates was found between the two years.”
Methods of Presenting Data - If this information were to be presented
 Textual in a graph or a table, it would occupy an
 Tabular unnecessarily large space on the page,
 Graphical without enhancing the readers'
understanding of the data.
Descriptive Statistics
1. Organize data Table Presentation
Tables  Convey information that has been converted
into words or numbers in rows and columns.
 Frequency Distribution
 Relative Frequency Distribution  Tables are the most appropriate for presenting
individual information, and can be present both
Graphs quantitative and qualitative information.
 Useful for summarizing and comparing
 Bar Chart or Histogram quantitative information of different variables
 Stem and Leaf Plot
and information with different units can be
 Frequency Polygon
presented together.
2. Summarize Data What is a Frequency Distribution?
Central tendency (or Groups’ “Middle Suppose we ask a sample of 30 teenagers each to
Values” tell us how old they are. The list of their ages is
 Mean shown in Table 5.1
 Median
 Mode

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 DATA PRESENTATION: TABULAR AND GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA
Frequency Distribution
It is now easy to see how often each age occurs.
 A table listing all classes and their frequencies.
 For nominal and ordinal data, a frequency
distribution consists of a set of classes or
categories along with the numerical counts that
correspond to each one.
 To display discrete or continuous data in the
form of a frequency distribution, break down
the range of values of the observations into a
series of distinct, non-overlapping intervals.
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Frequency Distributions using Class Intervals
 For instance, the following table shows some
test scores from a math class.
 To construct a frequency distribution
 If we want to have 6 class intervals, then
 So the frequency distribution will be:
Relative Frequency
 The proportion of the total number of
observations that appears in that interval.
 It is computed by dividing the number of values
within an interval by the total number of values
in the table, multiplied by 100% to obtain the
percentage of values in the interval.
 Relative frequencies are useful for comparing
sets of data that contain unequal numbers of
observations.
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 DATA PRESENTATION: TABULAR AND GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA
Cumulative Relative Frequency
 Is the percentage of the total number of
observations that have a value less than or
equal to the upper limit of the interval
 It is calculated by summing the relative
frequencies for the specified interval and all
previous ones.
Graph Presentation
 Graphs simplify complex information by using
images and emphasizing data patterns or
trends, and are useful for summarizing,
explaining, or exploring quantitative data.
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Graphical Presentation of Data
A. Bar Charts
 Popular type of graph used to display a
frequency distribution for nominal or ordinal
data.
 In a bar chart, the various categories into
which the observations fall are presented
along a horizontal axis.
 A vertical bar is drawn above each category
such that the height of the bar represents
either the frequency or the relative frequency
of observation within that class.
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 DATA PRESENTATION: TABULAR AND GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA

B. Histogram
 A histogram depicts a frequency distribution
for discrete or continuous data.
 It is a bar graph in which the horizontal scale
represents classes and the vertical scale
represents frequencies.
 The horizontal axis displays the true limits of
the various intervals.
 The true limits of an interval are the points that
separate it from the intervals on either side.

C. Pareto Chart

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 DATA PRESENTATION: TABULAR AND GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA

E. Frequency Polygons
 It is constructed by placing a point at the center
of each interval such that the height of the point
is equal to the frequency or relative frequency
associated with that interval.
 Points are also placed on the horizontal axis at
the midpoints of the intervals immediately
preceding and immediately following the
intervals that contain observations.
 The points are then connected by straight lines.

D. Pie Chart
 Useful for comparing individual categories with
the total.

Rating Frequency
(Midpoint)
0-2 20
3-5 14
6-8 15
9-11 2
12-14 1

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 DATA PRESENTATION: TABULAR AND GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA

F. Scatter Plots
 One Way Scatter plots
 Another type of graph that can be used to
summarize a set of discrete or continuous
observations.
 Uses a single horizontal axis to display the
relative position of each data point in the
group.
G. Line Graphs
 Similar to a two-way scatter plot in that it can be
used to illustrate the relationship between
continuous quantities.
 Each point on the graph represents a pair of
values.
 Adjacent points are connected by straight lines
 Useful for representing time-series data
 Useful for studying patterns and trends across
data
 Also appropriate for representing not only time-
series data, but also data measured over the
progression of a continuous variable such as
distance.

 Box Plots
 Box plots are similar to one-way scatter plots
in that they require a single axis; instead of
plotting every observation, however, they
display only a summary of the data.

 Two-Way Scatter Plots

 Used to depict the relationship between two
different continuous measurements.
 Each point on the graph represents a pair of
values;
 The scale for one quantity is marked on the
horizontal axis, or x-axis, and the scale for the
on the vertical axis or y-axis.

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 DATA PRESENTATION: TABULAR AND GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA

Other Pictures of Data

 Dot Plot

 Stem- and Leaf Plot

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