LECTURE 2: SIGNAL

CONSTELLATION, LABELLING,
AND TRANSMITTED
WAVEFORMS
DR. TRINH VAN CHIEN
 CONTENT
▪ Binary information sequences: definition and properties
▪ Definition of binary information sequences
▪ Properties of binary information sequences
▪ Examples of binary information sequences
▪ Signal constellation
▪ Definition of signal constellation
▪ Examples of signal constellation
▪ Hamming space
▪ Binary labelling
▪ Principles of binary labelling
▪ Examples of binary labelling
▪ Transmitted waveforms
▪ Transmitted waveform design based on Hamming space
▪ Example of binary transmitted waveform for a given bit rate
 BINARY INFORMATION
SEQUENCES: DEFINITION AND
PROPERTIES
 DEFINITION (1)

▪ Binary alphabet defined as

▪ Binary information sequence

▪ Example

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 DEFINITION (2)

▪ Binary sequence
▪ For bit rate Rb, then each bit lasts

▪ Example:

0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0

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 PROPERTY (1)

▪ Each binary sequence is characterized by

▪ Bit information
▪ Transmission clock, with bit rate Rb
uT

1 1 0 1 0 0 1
Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb 6Tb 7Tb t

CLOCK

Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb 6Tb 7Tb t

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 PROPERTY (2)

▪ Ideal binary sequences

▪ Statistically independent bits

▪ Equiprobable bits

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SIGNAL CONSTELLATION
 DEFINITION

▪ Signal constellation M

▪ The cardinality of the constellation set M:

Hypothesis: All the signals are in finite time domain

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 EXAMPLE

▪ Signal constellation with m =2

M = {s1 (t ) = PT (t ), s2 (t ) = − PT (t )}
▪ Signal constellation with m = 4

M = {s1 (t ) = PT (t ) cos(2 f 0t ), s2 (t ) = PT (t )sin(2 f 0t ),

s3 (t ) = − PT (t ) cos(2 f 0t ), s4 (t ) = − PT (t )sin(2 f 0t )}

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 HAMMING SPACE

▪ k-bit binary vector

v = (u0 ,..., ui ,...uk −1 ) ui  Z 2
▪ Hamming space
H k = {v = (u0 ,..., ui ,..., uk −1 ) ui  Z 2 }
▪ Cardinality
▪ Example

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BINARY LABELLING
 PRINCIPLE

▪ Signal constellation M: cardinality 2k

▪ Hamming space Hk: cardinality 2k
▪ One-to-one mapping (Binary labeling)

e: Hk  M
v  H k  s (t ) = e(v)  M

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 EXAMPLE (1)

▪ Signal constellation with m =2

M = {s1 (t ) = PT (t ), s2 (t ) = − PT (t )}
m=2 → k=1

H1 = { (0) , (1) }

e : H1  M
(0)  s1 (t )
(1)  s2 (t )

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 EXAMPLE (2)

▪ Signal constellation with m =4

M = {s1 (t ) = PT (t ) cos(2 f 0t ), s2 (t ) = PT (t )sin(2 f 0t ),

s3 (t ) = − PT (t ) cos(2 f 0t ), s4 (t ) = − PT (t )sin(2 f 0t )}

m=4 → k=2
e : H2  M
H2 = { (00) , (01) , (11) , (10) } (00)  s1 (t )
(01)  s2 (t )
(10)  s3 (t )
(11)  s4 (t )

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TRANSMITTED WAVEFORM
 DEFINITION (1)

▪ Transmitted waveform s(t) of a binary bit sequence is a real

function of time
Bipolar NRZ (Non Return Zero)
▪ Example u T = (1101001...) representation
uT
bit '1' → +V signal
bit ‘0' → -V signal
1 1 0 1 0 0 1
Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb 6Tb 7Tb

s(t )

+V

Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb 6Tb 7Tb

−V 17
 DEFINITION (2)

s(t )
▪ Example
+V

u T = (1101001...)
Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb 6Tb 7Tb

−V

Rectangular Window of Two available signals

Duration Tb

uT [i ] = 1 → +VPTb (t − iTb )
uT [i ] = 0 → −VPTb (t − iTb )

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TRANSMITTED WAVEFORM BASED ON
HAMMING SPACE (1)

▪ For given
▪ Binary sequence uT
▪ Signal constellation M
▪ Binary labeling e
➔ Construction of transmitted waveform s(t)

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 TRANSMITTED WAVEFORM BASED ON
HAMMING SPACE (2)

▪ M has cardinality 2𝑘 ➔ e : H k  M
▪ Divide in k-bit vectors
uT = (uT [0], uT [1],..., uT [i ],...)

(
uT = vT [0], vT [1],..., vT [n],... )
▪ Vector [0]: vT[0]=(uT[0] ,…, uT[k-1])

▪ Vector [n]: vT[n]=(uT[nk] ,…, uT[(n+1)k-1])

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 TRANSMITTED WAVEFORM BASED ON
HAMMING SPACE (3)

▪ Each bit lasts for Tb seconds

▪ Each k-bit vector lasts for 𝑘𝑇𝑏 = 𝑇 seconds

uT = (vT [0] , vT [1] ,..., vT [n] ,...)

T T T
▪ Each signal si(t) M has finite domain T seconds

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 TRANSMITTED WAVEFORM BASED ON
HAMMING SPACE (4)

▪ Binary labeling e : Hk  M

uT = ( vT [0] , vT [1] , ... , vT [n] , ... )

e T e T e T

s(t ) = ( s[0](t ) , s[1](t ) , ... , s[n](t ) , ... )

Correct alignment s[n](t ) = Tn (e(vT [n])

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EXAMPLE (1)

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 PRACTICAL SIGNAL CONSTELLATION (1)

Polar - Non Return to Zero (NRZ) Unipolar - Non Return to Zero (NRZ)

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 PRACTICAL SIGNAL CONSTELLATION (2)

Polar - Return to Zero (RZ) Unipolar - Return to Zero (RZ)

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 PRACTICAL SIGNAL CONSTELLATION (3)

▪ m-PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation)

4-PAM

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 PRACTICAL SIGNAL CONSTELLATION (4)

▪ m-ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying)

4-ASK

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 PRACTICAL SIGNAL CONSTELLATION (4)

▪ m-ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying)

4-ASK

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 PRACTICAL SIGNAL CONSTELLATION (5)

▪ m-ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying)

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 PRACTICAL SIGNAL CONSTELLATION (6)

▪ m-PSK (Phase Shift Keying)

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 PRACTICAL SIGNAL CONSTELLATION (7)

▪ m-PSK (Phase Shift Keying)

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 PRACTICAL SIGNAL CONSTELLATION (8)

▪ m-PSK (Phase Shift Keying)

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 PRACTICAL SIGNAL CONSTELLATION (9)

▪ m-PSK (Phase Shift Keying)

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 PRACTICAL SIGNAL CONSTELLATION (10)

▪ 2-FSK (Frequency Shift Keying)

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 PRACTICAL SIGNAL CONSTELLATION (10)

▪ 2-FSK

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 PRACTICAL SIGNAL CONSTELLATION (11)

▪ 2-FSK

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EXERCISE (1)

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EXERCISE (2)

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