B.S.

Criminology
First Aid and Water Safety
The Human Body
2 Hours

Gain Attention

There are eight basic systems of the human body: (i) Skeletal System (ii) Muscular System
(iii) Circulatory System (iv) Nervous System (v) Respiratory System (vi) Digestive System
(vii) Urinary System (viii) Reproductive System.

Learners’ objectives
.
By the end of this course, you should be able to:

Cognitive Objectives:
• Learn the different methods and procedures in first aid and lifesaving.
• Make decisions appropriately to emergency situations.
• Learn the value of this course especially to criminology students and the
importance of sharing it to others especially to family members.

Affective Objectives:
• Understand the value of having good health and living a quality life.
• Show compassion to others by helping them during emergencies.
• Understand the value of water to humans by becoming a good steward.
Psychomotor Objectives:
B.S. Criminology
First Aid and Water Safety
The Human Body

• Perform high quality chest compression and rescue breathing

• Apply pressure and use first aid materials to control bleeding.
• Swim in different strokes.
• Use different rescue equipment to save a drowning victim.

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES (ILO)

In order to achieve the outcomes of this course, learners will go through this
learning plan:
1. List what topics shall be taken up in the course
2. Identify and conform to classroom policies and the rules and ethics governing
first aid and water safety
3. To be able to define and use the common anatomical terms of body position,
and the common topographic terms of direction and location
4. To be able to describe the main structures and functions of the basic systems
of the human body

INTRODUCTION

This week we shall discuss the human body, different anatomical

terminologies and the basic systems of the human body. The objective of this
module is not to let you study the human body but to make you understand the
parts and functions so that first aid measures of injuries or illnesses are better
understood and appreciated. In addition, you need to use correct anatomical terms
to describe the victim’s position, direction, and location when you seek medical
assistance. This practice is necessary to eliminate confusion and help you
communicate the extent of injury more effectively.
B.S. Criminology
First Aid and Water Safety
The Human Body

THE HUMAN BODY

THE LANGUAGE OF TOPOGRAPHIC ANATOMY

The surface of the body has many definite visible features that serve as guidelines or
landmarks to structures that lie beneath them. These external features or topography give
clues to the general anatomy of the body. A sharp awareness of the superficial landmarks
of the body - its topographic anatomy will help the well-trained examiner to evaluate the
ill or injured person. Visual inspection of the body is the simplest step in primary and
secondary surveys.

All emergency medical personnel must be familiar with the topographic anatomy. The use
of proper terms will assure the correct information with least possible confusion.

Terms of Position

1. Anatomical position - the patient is standing erect with the arms down at the
sides and the palms facing forward. “Right” and “left” refer to the patient’s right and
left. The principal regions of the body are head, neck, thorax (chest), abdomen and
extremities (arms and legs).
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First Aid and Water Safety
The Human Body

2. Supine position - the patient is lying face up (on the back).

3. Prone position - the patient is lying face down (on the stomach).

4. Lateral recumbent position - the patient is lying on the left or right side. Also
known as the recovery, or coma position.
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First Aid and Water Safety
The Human Body
B.S. Criminology
First Aid and Water Safety
The Human Body

Terms of Direction and Location

1. Anterior - the front surface of the body, facing the examiner.

2. Posterior - the surface of the patient away from the examiner.

3. Midline - an imaginary vertical line drawn from the midforehead through the nose
and the umbilicus (navel) to the floor is termed the midline of the body. This
imaginary line divides the body into two halves, which are the mirror images of
each other.

4. Lateral - parts of the body that lie distant from the midline.

5. Medial - parts of the body that lie closer to the midline.

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First Aid and Water Safety
The Human Body

6. Superior - portion of the body, or any part, near the head. Above, or higher than
a point of reference. (e.g. The knee is superior to the ankle.)

7. Inferior portion nearer the feet. Below, or lower than a point of reference. (e.g. The
wrist is inferior to the elbow.)

Superior and inferior can also be used to describe the relationship of one structure
to another. For example, the nose is superior to the mouth and inferior to the
forehead.

8. Proximal - describes structures that are closer to the trunk.

9. Distal - describes structures that are nearer to the free end of the extremities.

The terms proximal and distal are used to describe the relationship of any two
structures on a limb. For example, the elbow is distal to the shoulder yet proximal
to the wrist and hand.

10. Superficial - near the surface

11. Deep - remote from the surface

12. Internal - inside

13. External - outside

B.S. Criminology
First Aid and Water Safety
The Human Body

THE BODY’S FRAMEWORK

The human body is made up of millions of cells each specialized to carry out its own
particular functions but coordinated with all body cells. All cells required food, water and
oxygen, and the removal of waste products. To do this, the human body must have:

1. A nervous system to coordinate;

2. A respiratory system to supply oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the blood;
3. A circulatory system to transport oxygen, food and water, and remove waste
products;
4. A digestive system to absorb food and eliminate some waste products;
5. A urinary system to remove waste products;
6. A reproductive system to propagate species;
7. A skeletal system to give form to the body, allow bodily movement, provide
protection to the vital internal organs, produce red blood cells and serves as the
reservoir of calcium, phosphorus and other important body chemicals;
8. Skin to control body temperature and appreciate sensation; and
9. Sense organs (the skin, ears, eyes, nose and tongue) to appreciate touch, pain,
and temperature, hearing, balance, sight, smell and taste.

Thus, oxygen is obtained from the air which we breathe to the lungs. It then enters the
bloodstream and is distributed to each cell of the body. Carbon dioxide is formed within
the cell and is carried by the blood to the lungs to be expelled during exhalation to the air.
The food we eat and the water we take is absorbed from the digestive system into the
blood. It is utilized by the cells and the waste products formed enter the blood, and:

➔ go to the kidneys to be eliminated in the urine,

➔ are passed into the lower bowel to be removed in the feces,
➔ are converted to carbon dioxide and lost from the lungs.

.
B.S. Criminology
First Aid and Water Safety
The Human Body

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

The skeletal system is the framework of the body. It consists of 206 bones held together
loosely or firmly by ligaments that connect bone to bone; layers of muscles; tendons,
which connect muscles to bones or other structures; and various connective tissues.
Bones and their adjacent tissues help to move, support, and protect the vital organs.

The main bony structures are:

1. the skull
2. the vertebrae
3. the pelvis
4. the ribs
5. the bones of the upper and lower limbs

The Skull

The skull is divided into:

1. The face and jaws which form the framework of the features below the eyes and
support the structure of the nose and mouth.
2. The cranium which provides rigid protection for the enclosed fragile brain. It is
made up of a large number of individual bones firmly united together.

The Vertebrae (Spinal Column)

The spinal column is made up of thirty-three separate bones called vertebrae:

➔ seven located at the neck (cervical)

➔ twelve at the chest (thoracic)
➔ five in the loin (lumbar)
➔ five in the pelvis (sacral) fixed together to form the sacrum
➔ four fused together to form the coccyx (tail bone) at the base of the spine
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First Aid and Water Safety
The Human Body

Between the separate vertebrae, there are discs of elastic tissue called intervertebral
disc. These allow some movement between the vertebrae and act also as shock
absorbers. Enclosed within the vertebral column is the spinal cord. As the cranium
protects the brain, so the vertebral column protects the spinal cord.

The Ribs and Sternum

Extending around the chest from thoracic vertebrae, one pair at each vertebra, are twelve
pairs of ribs of which the upper ten pairs are connected with the sternum in front through
a bridge of cartilage. The main function is to protect the chest and its contents and to give
rigidity to the chest walls.

The Bones of the Upper and Lower Limbs

The upper limbs are suspended by muscles and ligaments from the trunk. It is supported
by two bones, the shoulder blade (scapula) and the collar bone (clavicle).

The bone of the upper arm is the humerus. The bones of the forearm are the radius and
ulna, and then come the small bones of the wrist (carpal bones), the hand (metacarpal)
and the fingers (phalanges).

The lower limbs are firmly attached to the trunk through a deep socket on the outer side
of each pelvic bone into which the rounded upper end of the thigh bone (femur) fits to
form the hip joint. The hip bones (pelvis) are anchored to the sacrum. The pelvis forms
a bony protection for the contents of the pelvic cavity. The lower leg has the tibia and the
fibula and the small bone of the foot (tarsal) connected to the five metatarsal and
phalanges.

The Joints

Between bones are joints where bones come together but at which movement can occur.
These movements can vary from almost none as in the skull, to the most freely movable
joints, the shoulder joints.
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First Aid and Water Safety
The Human Body

In freely movable joints, the joint surfaces are covered with cartilage, which is smooth and
minimizes friction. Also in some joints, special pieces of cartilages are found; their function
is to make the joints more snugly.

Each freely movable joint is surrounded by a double layered capsule, each attached to
the margins of the surfaces. The inner (synovial) layer of the capsule produces
lubricating fluids which keeps the joint surfaces moist. The outer layer is made up of
strong fibrous tissues, thickened in certain areas to form ligaments.

The Ligaments

The ligaments are placed in such a way to bind the bones firmly together, without
restricting the normal range of movement of the particular joint.

The most common emergency involving the skeletal system is a fracture, a crack or
break in the continuity of the bone. A fracture can not only cause injury to the bone and
surrounding muscle, but can damage adjacent nerves, blood vessels, and organs. When
blood vessel damage occurs, a fracture can also cause potentially serious internal
bleeding.
B.S. Criminology
First Aid and Water Safety
The Human Body
B.S. Criminology
First Aid and Water Safety
The Human Body

THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Muscles are formed of tissues that allow body movement. Each muscle is composed of
long, threadlike cells called fibers, which are bundled in closely packed, overlapping
groups bound by connective tissue. There are more than 600 muscles in the human body,
generally divided in three types:

1. Skeletal muscle is also called voluntary muscle or striated muscle. It is

responsible for all body movement resulting from contraction and relaxation.

2. Smooth muscle or involuntary muscle carries out much of the autonomic work
of the body. It is found in the walls of most of the tubular structures of the body.
With its contraction and relaxation, it propels or controls the flow of the contents of
these structures along their course. Smooth muscle responds only to primitive
stimuli such as stretching heat or the need to relieve waste.

3. Cardiac muscle forms the walls of the heart and is made up of a cellular mesh.
The heart is a large muscle composed of a pair of pumps of equal force - one of
the lower and one of the higher pressure. The heart must function continuously
from birth to death. It is a specially adapted involuntary muscle with a very rich
blood supply and its own intrinsic regulatory system. Microscopically, it looks
different from both skeletal and smooth muscles. Cardiac muscle can tolerate an
interruption of its blood supply for only a few seconds. It requires a continuous
supply of oxygen and glucose for normal function. Because of its special structure
and function, cardiac muscle is placed in a separate category.
B.S. Criminology
First Aid and Water Safety
The Human Body

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

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First Aid and Water Safety
The Human Body

The circulatory system of the body consists of the circulation of the blood through all the
extremities of the body, and it involves the heart, blood vessels, blood and lymph.

Parts and functions of the circulatory system

1. Heart

The heart is a hollow muscular organ about the size of a fist, lying between the
lungs, behind the breastbone. It slant obliquely downward to the left side of the
chest.

Function as an electromuscular pump having a left and right chambers, each

subdivided into a large and small chamber, provided with valves which aid in the
correct circulation of the blood.

Heart (Pulse Rate):

Adult : 60 - 90 beats/min.
Child : 90 - 100 beats/min.
Infant : 100 - 120 beats/min.

2. Blood

The blood is a red, sticky fluid circulating through the blood vessels, has a
peculiar, faint odor, salty in taste and it varies in color from bright scarlet to a bluish
red.

Blood is composed of:

a. Red blood cells (RBC) (Erythrocytes) - transport oxygen to the tissues of

the body and carry carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.
B.S. Criminology
First Aid and Water Safety
The Human Body

b. White blood cells (WBC) (Leukocytes) - defend the body against foreign
bodies such as bacteria or combat infection.

c. Plasma (fluid part) - carry the food to all parts of the body and waste
materials to the organ of excretion.

About one-thirteenth of the weight of the human body is blood. A loss of one-third
of this is usually fatal.

3. Blood Vessels
a. arteries - carry the blood from the heart to all parts of the body
b. veins - carry blood back to the heart
c. capillaries - small blood vessels at the end of the arteries

Emergencies involving the circulatory system occur when there is uncontrolled bleeding,
when circulation is impaired, or when the heart loses its ability to pump.
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First Aid and Water Safety
The Human Body

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

It is the most important system as it commands the rest of the body what to do and how
to work together. It consists of the brain and the spinal cord, with nerves distributed to all
organs and tissues of the body. The brain receives, coordinates and reacts to messages
received from the internal and external sources but also stores information so that it can
react from memory. It is also responsible for the control of movements of voluntary
muscles.

Motor Nerves

Motor nerves carry messages to the muscles with orders to perform a particular
action. Pass from the brain to the muscles of the body to control movements. Injury to a
motor nerve causes paralysis of the muscle supplied.

Sensory Nerve

Sense organs are situated in the eye, ear, skin, joints, tongue and nose. Sensory
nerves receive information from the sense organ of sight, hearing, balance, touch, pain,
temperature, taste and smell. Sensory nerves lead from these organs to the brain Injury
to sensory nerves leads to loss of function of the sense organ.

Damage may be caused to the nervous system by:

1. Injury
2. Loss of blood supply
3. Toxins

Abnormal function of the brain or spinal cord leads to:

1. Unconsciousness
2. Paralysis
3. Malfunction

Emergency care is required for any loss of consciousness, any significant head injury,
any brain injury, any spinal injury, and any degree of paralysis..
B.S. Criminology
First Aid and Water Safety
The Human Body

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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First Aid and Water Safety
The Human Body

The body depends on a constant supply of oxygen, which is made available to the
blood through the respiratory system, consisting of the nasal passages, pharynx,
trachea; and bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli in the lungs. The passage of air into
and out of the lungs is called ventilation. During inhalation (or inspiration), air
enters the lungs through the nose, mouth, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles; the
air is warmed, moistened, and filtered before it reaches the lungs. The lungs
expand to fill the enlarged chest cavity, and muscles close the larynx to hold the
air in.Blood circulating the lungs is oxygenated. Respiration is the exchange of
oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the blood. Oxygen moves into
the blood from the alveoli, and carbon dioxide moves into the alveoli from the
blood. During exhalation (or expiration), the muscles of the chest relax and the
larynx opens, releasing air from the lungs. The exhaled breath carries with it
carbon dioxide and other waste products.

Parts of the respiratory system

1. Air Passages
a. nose and mouth
b. pharynx
c. larynx
d. trachea
e. bronchial tubes

2. Chest Cage
a. lungs
b. heart
c. ribs and theis supports

3. Diaphragm
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First Aid and Water Safety
The Human Body

Air Inspired and Expired:

Air we take in contains 21 percent oxygen and a trace of carbon dioxide approximately
0.4 percent. For every breath, our body uses only 5 percent of the oxygen we inspire to
sustain life and produces 4 percent carbon dioxide waste product. During expiration we
give off 4 percent carbon dioxide and 16 percent oxygen.

The average breathing rate at rest is 12 to 20 breaths per minute in adults, 15 to 30

breaths per minute in children, and 25 to 50 breaths per minute in infants.

Emergencies involving the respiratory system include obstruction (choking), difficulty in

breathing, respiratory distress, and respiratory arrest.
B.S. Criminology
First Aid and Water Safety
The Human Body

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

.
The digestive system consists of the alimentary tract (the food passageway) and the
accessory organs of digestion:

Parts of the digestive system

1. mouth 7. pancreas
2. salivary glands 8. rectum
3. pharynx 9. stomach
4. esophagus 10. small intestine
5. liver 11. large intestine
6. gallbladder 12. anus

Main functions of the digestive system

➢ Ingest and carry food

➢ Digest food
➢ Absorb nutrients
➢ Eliminate wastes
Digestion consists of two processes. The mechanical process includes chewing,
swallowing, peristalsis (the rhythmic movement of matter through the digestive tract),
and defecation (the elimination of digestive wastes). The chemical process consists of
breaking food into simple components that can be absorbed and used by the body.

Emergency care is required for any blunt or penetrating injury to the abdomen. Internal
bleeding in the abdomen is also a critical injury.
B.S. Criminology
First Aid and Water Safety
The Human Body
B.S. Criminology
First Aid and Water Safety
The Human Body

THE URINARY SYSTEM

The urinary system filters and excretes waste from the body.

Parts and Functions of the urinary system

1. kidney (two kidneys) - acts as filters to remove waste products from the blood

2. ureters (two ureters) - carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder

3. urinary bladder - holds urine until it can be conveniently expelled from the body

4. urethra - carries urine from the bladder out of the body

Main function of the urinary system

➢ Helps maintain the delicate balance of water and other chemicals needed for
survival
➢ Removes wastes from the bloodstream
➢ Returns useful products to the blood

Emergency care is required for any blunt or penetrating injury to the lower abdomen or
genitals, any significant injury to any quadrant of the abdomen, any injury to the external
genitals, and any forceful injury to the area of the back below the rib cage.
B.S. Criminology
First Aid and Water Safety
The Human Body

THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

B.S. Criminology
First Aid and Water Safety
The Human Body

Parts of the Male and Female reproductive system

Male:
1. testicles Female:
2. vasa deferentia 1. ovary
3. seminal vessels 2. fallopian tube
4. prostate gland 3. uterus
5. urethra 4. vagina
6. penis

Functions of the reproductive system

In the male, fluids from the prostate gland and from the seminal vesicles mix during
intercourse. During intercourse, special mechanisms in the nervous system prevent the
passage of urine into the urethra. Only seminal fluids, prostatic fluid and sperm pass from
the penis into the vagina during ejaculation.

In the female, the ovaries release a mature egg approximately every 28 days. The egg
travels through the fallopian tubes to the uterus to the vagina. The vagina receives the
sperm during intercourse, when semen and sperm are deposited in it. The sperm may
pass into the uterus and fertilize an egg, causing pregnancy. Should the pregnancy come
to completion at the end of nine months, the baby will pass through the vagine and be
born.
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First Aid and Water Safety
The Human Body

Synthesis
Here are the module’s key ideas:
• Using proper anatomical terms to describe position, direction, and location
lets you more accurately communicate the victim’s condition and extent of
injury.
• The skeletal system serves as the framework of the body, providing support,
protection, motion and flexibility.
• The circulatory system consists of the circulation of the blood through all the
extremities of the body.
• The respiratory system provides oxygen to the blood.
• The digestive system ingests food, carries it so it can be digested and
absorbed, and eliminates waste.
• The urinary system helps maintain the delicate balance of water and various
chemicals in the body and removes wastes from the bloodstream.
• The nervous system, which provides communication and control, consists
mainly of the nerve centers in the brain and spinal cord and the peripheral
nerves that branch out to all body tissues and organs.
• The reproductive system functions to produce human offspring, with the
male providing sperm and the female providing ovum.
B.S. Criminology
First Aid and Water Safety
The Human Body

Bibliography
• Philippine National Red Cross. BLS-CPR Training for Health Care
Providers (CD version). Philippine National Red Cross: Philippines, 2010
• Philippine Heart Association Inc. Adult and Pediatric Basic Life Support.
Philippine National Red Cross: Philippines, 2010
• Philippine Heart Association Inc. Manual on Defibrillation and Advanced
Cardiac Life Support, Six Ed. Philippine National Red Cross: Philippines,
2008
• Fontanoza, Mohami P., Karate Plus! Swimming Tips. Booklore Publishing
Corp: Manila, 2006
• American Red Cross. Lifeguarding. American Red Cross: 2006
• Karren, K. J., Hafen, B. Q., Limmer, D., & Mistovich, J. J. (2004). An
Introduction to First aid for colleges and universities (8th ed.). Benjamin
Cummings.
• Sharma, R. (2012). First aid: How to handle an accident. Lotus Press.
• Vicente, J. B., B., V. R. M., & R.,, D. A. M. K. F. (2015). Handbook on first
aid, rescue & water safety. Wiseman's Books Trading.
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First Aid and Water Safety
The Human Body