A LESSON PLAN IN MATHEMATICS 8

Date:
Time: 10:30 AM – 11:30 AM
Grade: Grade 8

I. OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, learners will be able to:

a. determine whether an equation is an identity or a conditional equation;
b. derive the fundamental trigonometric identities;
c. simplify trigonometric expressions; and
d. prove trigonometric identities.

II. SUBJECT MATTER

Topic: Mathematics 8
Lesson: Trigonometric Identities
References:
https://www.webassign.net/resources/bmcc/Ch11.pdf
pre-calculus-grade-11-learners-module-senior-high-school (pp. 173-179)

Instructional Materials: PowerPoint Presentation

III. METHODOLOGY
a. Routinary Activities
Prayer
Greetings
Checking of attendance
b. Preparatory Activities

Review
FACT OR BLUFF
Directions: Identify the following equations if it is trigonometric ratio or not. Choose FACT if it
is a trigonometric ratio and BLUFF if not.
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
1. sin 𝜃 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
2. cos 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
3. tan 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
4. csc 𝜃 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
5. sec 𝜃 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
Motivation
Guess the mystery word!
Directions: Simplify the following expressions and each answer that represents a
letter may complete the word.

I D E N T I T I E S
1 2 3 4 5 1 5 1 3 6

Simplify these following expressions.

1. x2 -1
2. 2 sec 𝜃 – sec 𝜃
3. 4 sin 𝜃 + 6 sin 𝜃
4. (x+7)2
𝑥2 −4
5.
𝑥 −2
6. 10 sin 𝜃 - 8 sin 𝜃

A B C D E F
x+4 2 sec 𝜃 (x+1)(x-2) sec 𝜃 10 sin 𝜃 x2 -2
G H I J K L
4 sin 𝜃 4 sin 𝜃 (x-1)(x+1) x+9 8 sec 𝜃 20 sin 𝜃
M N O P Q R
2 sec 𝜃 2
(x +14x+49) 6 csc 𝜃 4 cot 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 x+25
S T U V W X
2 sin 𝜃 x+2 (x-4)(x+1) sec2 𝜃 x-2 2
(x -2x+12)
Y Z
(x2 -4x+8) 6 sin2 𝜃

c. Developmental Activities
Activity
Directions: Simplify the following equations and determine if it is an identity or not. Answer the
questions that follows.
1. (𝑥 + 7) 2 = x2 + 14x + 49

2. 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 – 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 – 2 = (3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 2) (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 – 1)

3. x2 – 1 = -1

𝑥2 −4
4. = x+2
𝑥 −2

5. 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 10 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Analysis
1. How did you simplify the following equations?
2. What did you observed in the results obtained?
Abstraction
Identity and Conditional Equations
An identity is an equation that is true for all values of the variable in the domain of
the equation. Some examples are:
𝑦
x + 3x = 4x x2 + y2 = r2 =1 (𝑥 + 6)2= x2 +12x+36
𝑦

An equation that is not an identity is called a conditional equation. In other words, if some
values of the variable in the domain of the equation do not satisfy the equation, then the equation
is a conditional equation. Some examples are:
x + 5 = 11 true if x = 6
3x = 15 true if x = 5
x2 = 4x true if x = 0 and x = 4
TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
Trigonometric identities are the equalities involving trigonometric functions and hold true
for every value of the variables involved, such that both sides of the equality are defined. Recall
that if P (x,y) is the terminal point on the unit circle corresponding to 𝜃, then we have
1 𝑦
sin 𝜃 = y csc 𝜃 = 𝑦 tan 𝜃 = 𝑥

1 𝑥
cos 𝜃 = x sec 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 =
𝑥 𝑦

From the definitions, the following reciprocal and quotient identities immediately follow.
Note that these identities hold if 𝜃 is taken either as a real number or as an angle.

RECIPROCAL IDENTITIES
1 1 1
csc 𝜃 = sin 𝜃 sec 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 cot 𝜃 = tan 𝜃

QUOTIENT IDENTITIES
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
tan 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 cot 𝜃 = sin 𝜃

We can use these identities to simplify trigonometric expressions.

tan 𝜃 cos 𝜃
Example 1: Simplify
sin 𝜃
 sin 𝜃
tan 𝜃 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃
cos 𝜃
Solution: = =1
sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃
cos 𝜃
Example 2: Simplify
cot 𝜃
cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃
Solution: = cos 𝜃 = sin 𝜃
cot 𝜃
sin𝜃

If P (x,y) is the terminal point on the unit circle corresponding to 𝜃 , then x2 +y2 =1. Since
sin 𝜃 = y and cos 𝜃 = x, we get sin2 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃 = 1. By dividing both sides of this identity by cos2 𝜃
and sin2 𝜃, respectively, we obtain tan2 𝜃 + 1 = sec2 𝜃 and 1 + cot2 𝜃 = csc2 𝜃.

PYTHAGOREAN IDENTITIES
sin2 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃 = 1
tan2 𝜃 + 1 = sec2 𝜃 1 + cot2 𝜃 = csc2 𝜃

Example 3: Simplify cos2 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃 tan2 𝜃

Solution: cos2 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃 tan2 𝜃 = (cos2 𝜃) ( 1 + tan2 𝜃)

= cos2 𝜃 sec2 𝜃
=1
1+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
Example 4: Simplify
1+ 𝑐𝑜𝑡2 𝜃
1
1+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
Solution: = = 1 = = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
1+ 𝑐𝑜𝑡2 𝜃 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃

In addition to the eight identities presented above, we also have the following identities.

EVEN-ODD IDENTITIES
sin (- 𝜃) = - sin 𝜃 cos (- 𝜃) = - cos 𝜃
tan (- 𝜃) = - tan 𝜃

The first two of the negative identities can be obtained from the graphs of the sine and cosine
functions, respectively. The third identity can be derived as follows:
sin(−𝜃 ) − sin 𝜃
tan (- 𝜃) = cos(−𝜃) = = − tan 𝜃
cos 𝜃

The reciprocal, quotient, Pythagorean and even-odd identities constitute what we call the
fundamental trigonometric identities.
 3
Example 5: If sin 𝜃 = − 4 and cos 𝜃 > 0. Find cos 𝜃.

Solution: Using the identity 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1 cos 𝜃 > 0, we have

3 √7
cos 𝜃 = √1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = √1 − (− )2 =
4 4

PROVING TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

We can use the eleven fundamental trigonometric identities to establish other identities.
For example, suppose we want to establish the identity
sin 𝜃
csc 𝜃 - cot 𝜃 = 1+ cos𝜃

To verify that it is an identity, recall that we need to establish the truth of the equation for
all values of the variable in the domain of the equation. It is not enough to verify its truth for some
selected values of the variable. To prove it, we use the fundamental trigonometric identities and
valid algebraic manipulations like performing the fundamental operations, factoring, canceling,
and multiplying the numerator and denominator by the same quantity.
Start on the expression on one side of the proposed identity (preferably the complicated
side), use and apply some of the fundamental trigonometric identities and algebra ic
manipulations, and arrive at the expression on the other side of the proposed identity.
EXPRESSION EXPLANATION
csc 𝜽 - cot 𝜽 Start on one side
𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 Apply some reciprocal and quotient
= -
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
identities
𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 Add the quotients
= 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝟏+ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 Multiply the numerator and denominator by
= * = 𝟏+ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
1 + cos 𝜃
𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐 𝜽 Multiply
= (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽)( 𝟏+ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽)
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 Apply a Pythagorean identity
=
(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽)( 𝟏+ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽)
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 Reduce to lowest terms
= ( 𝟏+ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽)

Upon arriving at the expression of the other side, the identity has been established. There
is no unique technique to prove all identities, but familiarity with the different techniques may
help.
Example 6
Prove: sec x – cos x = sin x tan x
Solution:
 1
sec x – cos x = – cos x
cos 𝑥

1− 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥

= = = sin x * = sin x tan x
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥

Example 7
1+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 1− 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
Prove: - = 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝜃
1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
1+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 (1+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) 2 − (1− 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) 2
Solution: = (1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ) (1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 )
1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

1+2 sin 𝜃+𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃− 1+2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃

=
1−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃

= 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝜃
Guidelines for Proving Identities

1. It is usually best to work on the more complicated side first.

2. Look for trigonometric substitutions involving the basic identities that may help simplify
things.
3. Look for algebraic operations, such as adding fractions, the distributive property, or
factoring, that may simplify the side you are working with or that will at least lead to an
expression that will be easier to simplify.
4. If you cannot think of anything else to do, change everything to sines and cosines and see
if that helps.
5. Always keep an eye on the side you are not working with to be sure you are working toward
it. There is a certain sense of direction that accompanies a successful proof.

Application
A. Determine whether an equation is an identity or a conditional equation.

1. 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃 – 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 – 2 = (3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 2) (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 – 1)

2. x2 -1 = 0
𝑥2 −4
3. = 2x – 1
𝑥 −2
4. 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 7 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 10 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
5. (𝑥 + 7)2 = x2 + 49
B. Simplify trigonometric expressions.

1. (csc𝑥 − sec 𝑥 ) 2 + (csc𝑥 + sec 𝑥 ) 2

1+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
2.
1+ 𝑐𝑜𝑡2 𝜃
tan 𝜃 cos 𝜃
3.
sin 𝜃

C. Prove these using appropriate trigonometric identities.

1. sin 𝜃 cot 𝜃 = cos 𝜃

2. tan x + cos x = sin x (sec x + cot x)

Assessment
I. Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. It is an equation that is true for all values of the variable that are in the domain of the
equation.
a. Identity c. Quadratic
b. Conditional d. Trigonometric Identity
2. It is an equation for some values of the variable in the domain of the equation do not satisfy
the equation.
a. Identity c. Conditional
b. Trigonometric Identity d. Quadratic
cos 𝜃
3. Simplify cot𝜃
a. cot 𝜃 c. csc 𝜃
b. sin 𝜃 d. sec 𝜃
2 2 2
4. Simplify cos 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 tan 𝜃
a. 1 c. sec 𝜃
b. 2 sec 𝜃 d. 2
1+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
5. Simplify
1+ 𝑐𝑜𝑡2 𝜃
a. tan 𝜃 c. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
b. 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 d. 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃

II. Prove the following given equations using the appropriate trigonometric identities.
Show your complete solutions. (5 points each)
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
1. 1 + cos 𝜃 =
1−cos 𝜃

2. tan x + cot x = sec x csc x

Assignment
Have an advanced study for our next lesson which is Inverse Trigonometric Functions.
Key to Correction
Review
1. FACT
2. BLUFF
3. FACT
4. FACT
5. BLUFF
Motivation
1. x2 -1 = (x-1) (x+1)
2. 2 sec 𝜃 – sec 𝜃 = sec 𝜽
3. 4 sin 𝜃 + 6 sin 𝜃 = 10 sin 𝜽
4. (x+7)2 = (x2 +14x+49)
𝑥2 −4
5. = x+2
𝑥 −2
6. 10 sin 𝜃 - 8 sin 𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜽
Mystery word: Identities
Activity

1. Identity
2. Identity
3. Not
4. Identity
5. Not

Application
A. Determine whether an equation is an identity or a conditional equation.

1. Identity
2. Conditional
3. Identity
4. Identity
5. Conditional

B. Simplify trigonometric expressions.

1. (csc𝑥 − sec 𝑥 ) 2 + (csc𝑥 + sec 𝑥 ) 2

= (𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 − 2 csc𝑥 sec 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥) + (𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 + 2 csc 𝑥 sec 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥)

= 2 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 + 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
 2 2
= +
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
2
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥

= 2 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐𝒙

1+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
2.
1+ 𝑐𝑜𝑡2 𝜃

𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
=
𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝜃
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃
= 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃

= 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜽

tan 𝜃 cos 𝜃
3.
sin 𝜃
sin 𝜃
cos 𝜃
cos 𝜃
=
sin 𝜃

=1

C. Prove trigonometric identities.

1. sin 𝜃 cot 𝜃 = cos 𝜃

cos 𝜃
sin 𝜃 cot 𝜃 = sin 𝜃 *
sin 𝜃

sin θ cos 𝜃
= sin 𝜃

= cos 𝜃
2. tan x + cos x = sin x (sec x + cot x)
sin x (sec x + cot x) = sin x sec x + sin x cot x
 1 cos 𝑥
= sin x * cos𝑥 + sin x* sin 𝑥

sin 𝑥
= + cos x
cos 𝑥

= tan x + cos x
Assessment
I. Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. A

2. C

3. B

4. A

5. D

II. Prove the following given equations using the appropriate trigonometric identities. Show your
complete solutions. (5 points each)

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
1. 1 + cos 𝜃 =
1−cos 𝜃

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 1− 𝐶𝑂𝑆 2 𝜃
1−cos 𝜃
=
1 −cos 𝜃
(1−𝐶𝑂𝑆 𝜃) (1+𝐶𝑂𝑆𝜃 )
=
1−cos 𝜃

= 1 + cos 𝜃
2. tan x + cot x = sec x csc x
sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥
tan x + cot x = * + *
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
=
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
1
=
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
1 1
= *
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
= sec x csc x
Prepared by:

ALIYAH MONIQUE V. BENITEZ

Teaching Intern

ROY KRISTIAN T. VILLADELREY

Subject Teacher, Mathematics 8