YOGANANDA COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

(An undertaking of Tawi Education Trust)

GURU BRAHAMANA PATOLI, AKHNOOR ROAD JAMMU ( J & K)

PHONE NO:-2605601, 2605602, FAX: 2605694
INDUSTRIAL REPORT FILE ON: GRID STATION
SUBMITTED BY: NADEEM RAMZAN MIR
ROLL NO: 07
BRANCH: ELECTRICAL
UNIVERSITY ROLL NO: 191502007
 OfficeoftheExecutiveEngineer,TLMD-/IIAmargrahSopore

TOWHOMITMAYCONCERN

Reference:-
1Er.LoveneeshTalwar,HODElectricalEngineering,YoganandaCollegeofengineering&
TechnologyJammuvideLetterNo:YCET/2022/EL/48Dated:17-06-2022
2.ThisofficeendorsementNo:EE/TLMDA/415Dated:22-06-2022.
3.AssistantExecutiveEngineer,TLMSD-2ndAmargrahvideletterNo:AEE/TLMSD-I|/161
dated:11-07-2022.

AsreportedbyAssistantExecutiveEngineer,TLMSD-2'Amargrahvidehisabove
quotedreference,NadeemRamzanMir,studentofYoganandaCollegeofengineering

&TechnologyJammuunderrollNoNo:191502007hascompletedhis30dayspractical

trainingprogramat"132/33KV,95MVAGridStationAmargrah"we.f:22-06-2022.
INPE
NO:EE/TLMDA/1053
Date:01/09/2032.
Don
d "ExecutivoAngineerer
tMOnt,Alpargratet)
Sopot@grabSopore

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First of all i would like to express our cordial gratefulness to Almighty Allah for His kindness,
for which i successfully completed our training within time.
Secondly, I am highly thankful to the AEE Amargrah grid station for his full support and
encouragement, and for providing all necessary facilities and help that i required during the
course of this training.
I also extend our sincere thanks to the staff for their cooperation and lending us a helping hand.
Last but not least i am also thankful to department of Electrical Engineering, YOGANANDA
COLLEGE OF ENGINNERING AND TECHNOLOGY.I thank all staffs of my departments
for their help during working period. I must acknowledge with due respect the constant support
and patient of our parents. Finally, I beg pardon for our unintentional errors and omission if any.
 NADEEM RAMZAN MIR

CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE NO.

CERTIFICATE I-III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT V

CHAPTER 1 4
INTRODUCTION 4
CHAPTER 2 6 ii
2.1 GENERATION OF ELECTRIC ENERGY 6 i
2.2 GENERATING STATION 6
CHAPTER 3 9
TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION 9
CHAPTER 4
MAIN COMPONENTS IN GRID STATION 12
4.1 CONDUCTORS 12
4.2 SUPPORTS 13
4.3 INSULATORS 13
4.3.1 TYPER OF INSULATORS 14
4.4 CIRCUIT BREAKER 17
4.4.1 TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKER 17
4.5 ISOLATORS 20
4.6 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER 22
4.7 BUSBAR 24
4.8 POWER TRANSFORMER 25
4.9 LIGHTENING ARRESTOR 29
4.10 BATTERY BANK 30
4.11 WAVE TRAP 30
CHAPTER 5
5.1 PROTECTION 33
5.2 TYPES OF PROTECTION 34
CHAPTER 6
SUBSTATION CONTROL 39
CHAPTER 7
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM 42
CHAPTER
LAYOUT OF AMARGRAH GRID STATION 32
BIBLIOGRAPHY 43
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE NO.

4.1 INSULATORS 14

4.2 PIN INSULATOR 14

4.3 SUSPENSION INSULATOR 15 ii

4.4 STRAIN INSULATOR 16
i

4.5 132V SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER 17

4.6 33KV VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER 19

4.7 ISOLATORS 21

4.8 C.T 23

4.9 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF CT & PT 24

4.10 POWER TRANSFPRMER 25

4.11 RADIATORS 28

4.12 LIGHTENING ARRESTOR 29

4.13 BATTERY BANK 30

4.14 WAVE TRAP 31

5.1 PROTECTIVE RELAY FOR

DISTRIBUTION 33

5.2 E.M RELAYS 36

5.3 BUCHHOLZ RELAY 38

6.1 CAPACITOR BANK 39

6.2 33KV FEEDER AND TRANSFORMER 40 PANEL

6.3 132KV LINE / TRANSFORMER PANEL 40

7.1 SLD 41
 ii
i

CHAPTER 1:-

1.1 INTRODUCTION

A substation may be defined as an assembly of apparatus, which transforms the characteristics of

electrical energy from one form to another form. At generation stations the electric power is
produced at low voltages. The electric power should not be transmitted at these low voltages due
to large amount of line losses and economic reasons. To minimize the losses and for economical
transmission the low voltages are stepped up to high voltages and transmitted to far off place.
The consumers do not use such higher voltages directly and so they must be transformed to low
voltages for distribution purpose and done in these substations. So the sub-station may be called
as link between generation stations and consumers. The transmission voltages are 66KV, 110KV,
132KV, 220KV, 400KV etc. The distribution voltages generally used are 6.6KV, 11KV and
33KV.substaions usually contains transformers in order to change voltage level; they are
connected to bus via a circuit breaker. Specifically, substation are used for some or all of the
following purposes: connection of generators , transmission or distribution lines, and load to each
other; transformation of voltage from one level to another, interconnection of alternate source of
power, switching for alternate connections and isolation of failed or overhead lines and

equipments, controlling system voltage and power flow, reactive power compensation,
suppression of over voltage, detection of faults, monitoring ,recording of information,
measurements , and remote communication. Minor distribution or transmission equipment
installation is not referred to as substation.
Energy is the basic necessity for the economic development of a country. Many functions
necessary to present day living grind to halt when the supply of energy stops. It is practically
impossible to estimate the actual magnitude of the part that the energy has played in building up
of present day civilization. The availability of huge amount of energy in the modern times has
resulted in a shorter working day, higher agricultural and industrial production, a healthier and
more balanced diet and better transportation facilities. Energy exists in different forms in nature
but most important form is the Electrical Energy. The modern society is so much dependent upon
the use of electrical energy that it has become part and parcel of our life. Energy may be needed
as heat, as light, as motive power etc. The present day advancement in science and technology
has made it possible to convert electrical energy into any desired form. This has given electrical
energy a place of pride in the modern world. The survival of industrial undertakings and our
social structures depends primarily upon low cost and uninterrupted supply of electrical energy.
In fact advancement of a country is measured in terms of per capita consumption of electrical
energy.

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 CHAPTER 2:
2.1 GENERATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY:-

The conversion of energy available in different forms in nature into electrical energy is known as
generation of electrical energy. Electrical energy is a manufactured commodity like clothing,
furniture or tools. Just as the manufacture of commodity involves the conversion of raw
materials available in nature into the desired form, similarly electrical energy is produced from
the forms of energy available in nature. However electrical energy differs in one important
aspect. Whereas other commodities may be produced at will and consumed as needed , the
electrical energy must be produced and transmitted to the point of use at the instant it is needed.
The entire process takes only a fraction of a second. This instantaneous production of electrical
energy introduces technical and economic considerations unique to the electrical power industry.
Energy is available in various forms from different natural sources such as pressure head of
water, chemical energies of fuels, nuclear energy of radioactive substances etc. All these forms
can be converted into electrical energy by use of suitable arrangements’. The arrangement
essentially employs an alternator coupled to a prime mover. The prime mover is driven by energy
obtained from various sources such as burning fuel, pressure of water, force of wind etc. For
example, chemical energy of a fuel (coal) can be used to produce steam at high temperature
1
0
and pressure. The steam is fed to a prime mover which may be a steam engine or a steam turbine.
The turbine converts heat energy of steam into mechanical energy which is further converted into
electrical energy by the alternator.
The power station generally houses two or more 3 phase alternators operated in parallel. Due to
technical reasons, the generation voltage is not very high; it is usually 11kv to 25kv.The power
stations are located at favorable places generally quite far away from consumers.

2.2 GENERATING STATIONS:-

Bulk electric power is produced by special plants known as generating stations or power plants.
The electrical energy produced by the generating station is transmitted and distributed with the
help of conductors to various consumers. Depending upon the form of energy converted into
electrical energy, the generating stations are classified as under:-
i. Steam power pants.
ii. Hydroelectric power plants.

iii. Diesel power plants.

iv. Nuclear power plants.
v. Gas turbine power plants.
The power plants employed for generation of electrical energy in J&K UT are hydroelectric
power plants and gas turbine power plants.

CHAPTER 3:-
TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION:-
(i) .The power station generally houses two or more 3 phase alternators operated in parallel. Due
to technical reasons, the generation voltage is not very high; it is usually 11kv to 25 kV. Owing to
economic reasons the electrical power has to be transmitted through transmission lines at a very
high voltage. Therefore voltage at power stations is stepped to a high voltage (say 220kv) by a
step up transformer. The electric power is carried by transmission lines at this high voltage. At
the outskirts of the city, this voltage is reduced considerably (say 11kv) by a step down
transformer (also called transmission substation).The feeders can power to distribution
substation. Feeders should not be tapped for direct supply. At the distribution substation, the step
down transformers reduces the voltage to 400v.Distributors are used to supply power to various
consumers. The large network of conductors between power station and the consumers can be
broadly divided into two parts viz; transmission system and distribution system. Each part can be
further sub divided into primary transmission and secondary transmission and primary
distribution and secondary distribution.
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a) Primary transmission:-The electric power at 132kv is transmitted by 3 phase, 3 wire
overhead system to outskirts of city. This forms the primary transmission.

b) Secondary transmission:-The primary transmission line terminates at receiving station. At

the receiving station, the voltage is reduced to 33kv by step down transformer. From there the
power is transmitted to various sub stations located at strategic points in the city. This forms
secondary transmission.

c) Primary distribution:-The secondary transmission terminates at the substation where voltage

is reduced from 33kv to 11kv.The 11kv lines run along the important roads in city. This forms

the primary distribution. It may be noted that big consumers having demand more than 50kw are
generally supplied power at 11kv for further handling with their own sub stations.

d) Secondary distribution:-The electric power from primary distribution line is delivered to

distribution transformers located near the consumers localities and step down the voltage to
400v.The voltage between any phases is 400v and between any phase and neutral is 230v.
 1
0

CHAPTER 4:-

MAIN COMPONENTS IN GRID STATION.

• CONDUCTORS.

• SUPPORTS
• INSULATORS.
• CIRCUIT BREAKERS.
• ISOLATORS.
• CURRENT TRANSFORMER.
• POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER.
• BUS BARS.
• POWER TRANSFORMER.
• LIGHTENING ARRESTOR.
• BATTERY BANK.
• WAVE TRAP.

4.1 CONDUCTORS

The material or object that obeys the electrical property conductance (mostly made of metals
such as aluminum and copper) and that allows the flow of electric charge is called conductor.
Conductors permit free movement of the flow of electrons through them. These are used for the
transmission of power or electrical energy from one place (generating station) to another place
(consumer point where power is consumed by the loads) through substations. Conductors are of
different types and mostly aluminum conductors are preferred in practical power systems.
Selecting a proper proper type of conductor is as important as selecting economical conductor
size and economical transmission voltage. A good conductor should have the following
1
properties: 0
▪ high electrical conductivity
▪ high tensile strength in order to withstand mechanical stresses
▪ relatively lower cost without compromising much of other properties
▪ lower weight per unit volume

4.2 SUPPORTS

Before electricity travels to our homes, it first goes passes through the substation. The basic
requirement for transferring the electricity from one place to the other is supports, whether it may
be pole, transmission tower or the bus supports in substation. In general line supports should
have following properties;
(a) High mechanical strength to with stand the weight of conductors and winds loads etc.
(b) Light in weight without loss of mechanical strength.
(c) Cheap in cost and economical to maintain.

(d) Longer life.

(e) Easy accessibility of conductors for maintenance.
In practice, wooden, steel and R.C.C poles are used for distribution purposes at low voltages say
up to 11kv.However, for long distance transmission at higher voltage, steel towers are invariably
employed. Steel towers have greater mechanical strength, longer life, can withstand most severe
climatic conditions and permit the use of longer spans. Tower footings are usually grounded by
driving rods into Earth. This minimizes lightening trouble as each tower acts as a lightening
conductor. A tower can be a single circuit or a double circuit tower. A double circuit tower has
the advantage that it ensures continuity of supply. In case there is breakdown in one circuit, the
continuity of supply can be maintained by other circuit

4.3 INSULATORS

An electrical insulator is a material whose internal electrical charges do not flow freely; however
very small amount of current flows due to the influence electric field. Insulator has higher
resistivity than semi-conductors and conductors. A perfect insulator does not exist, because even
insulators contain small numbers of mobile charges which can carry current.

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4.1 INSULATORS
4.3.1 TYPES OF INSULATORS

• PIN TYPE INSULATOR

As the name suggests, the pin type insulator is mounted on a pin on the cross-arm on the
pole. There is a groove on the upper end of the insulator. The conductor passes through
this groove and is tied to the insulator with annealed wire of the same material as the
conductor. Pin type insulators are used for transmission and distribution of
communications, and electric power at voltages up to 33 kV. Insulators made for
operating voltages between 33kV and 69kV tend to be very bulky and have become
uneconomical in recent years.

Figure 4.2: PIN INSULATOR

• SUSPENSION INSULATOR

For voltages greater than 33 kV, it is a usual practice to use suspension type insulators,
consisting of a number of glass or porcelain discs connected in series by metal links in
the form of a string. The conductor is suspended at the bottom end of this string while the
top end is secured to the cross-arm of the tower. The number of disc units used depends
on the voltage.

Figure 4.3: SUSPENSION INSULATOR 1

0
• STRAIN INSULATOR

A dead end or anchor pole or tower is used where a straight section of line ends, or angles
off in another direction. These poles must withstand the lateral (horizontal) tension of the
long straight section of wire. To support this lateral load, strain insulators are used. For
low voltage lines (less than 11 kV), shackle insulators are used as strain insulators.
However, for high voltage transmission lines, strings of cap-and-pin (suspension)
insulators are used, attached to the cross arm in a horizontal direction. When the tension
load in lines is exceedingly high, such as at long river spans, two or more strings are used
in parallel.
 Figure 4.4: STRAIN INSULATOR

• SHACKLE INSULATOR

In early days, the shackle insulators were used as strain insulators. But nowadays, they
are frequently used for low voltage distribution lines. Such insulators can be used either
in a horizontal position or in a vertical position. They can be directly fixed to the pole
with a bolt or to the cross arm.

4.4 CIRCUIT BREAKERS: -

A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical

circuit from damage caused by excess current from an overload or short circuit Its basic
1function is to interrupt current flow after a fault is detected. Unlike a fuse which operates once
and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically)1to
resume normal operation.
0
The circuit breaker has to carry large rated or fault power. Due to this large power there is always
dangerously high arcing between moving contacts and fixed contact during operation of circuit
breaker. The dielectric strength of the media in between contacts can be increased in numbers of
ways, like by compressing the ionized arcing media since compressing accelerates the
deionization process of the media, by cooling the arcing media since cooling increase the
resistance of arcing path or by replacing the ionized arcing media by fresh gasses. Hence a
numbers of arc quenching processes should be involved in operation of circuit breaker.

4.4.1 Types of a Circuit Breaker

According to their arc quenching media the circuit breaker can be divided as-
1. SF6 circuit breaker.
2. Vacuum circuit breaker.

3. Air circuit breaker.

4. Oil circuit breaker

1. SF6 circuit breaker:

A circuit breaker in which the current carrying contacts operate in sulphur hexafluoride or SF6 gas is
known as an SF6 circuit breaker.
 REDMINOTE
6AMPQUAD MER

Fig 4.5: 132 kV SF6 Circuit breaker

SF6 has excellent insulating property. SF6 has high electro-negativity. That means it has high
affinity of absorbing free electron. Whenever a free electron collides with the SF6 gas molecule,
it is absorbed by that gas molecule and forms a negative ion.
1
The attachment of electron with SF6 gas molecules may occur in two different ways, 0
These negative ions obviously much heavier than a free electron and therefore over all mobility
of the charged particle in the SF6 gas is much less as compared other common gases. We know
that mobility of charged particle is majorly responsible for conducting current through a gas.

Hence, for heavier and less mobile charged particles in SF6 gas, it acquires very high dielectric
strength. Not only the gas has a good dielectric strength but also it has the unique property of fast
recombination after the source energizing the spark is removed. The gas has also very good heat
transfer property. Due to its low gaseous viscosity (because of less molecular mobility) SF6 gas
can efficiently transfer heat by convection. So due to its high dielectric strength and high cooling
effect SF6 gas is approximately 100 times more effective arc quenching media than air. Due to
these unique properties of this gas SF6 circuit breaker is used in complete range of medium
voltage and high voltage electrical power system. These circuit breakers are available for the
voltage ranges from 33KV to 800KV and even more.

Working of SF6 Circuit Breaker:

In the SF6 circuit breaker the gas is compressed and stored in a high pressure reservoir. During
operation of SF6 circuit breaker this highly compressed gas is released through the arc in breaker
and collected to relatively low pressure reservoir and then it pumped back to the high pressure
reservoir for re utilize.
SF6 gas has unique properties, such as very high dielectric strength, non-reactive to the other
components of circuit breakers, high time constant & fast recombination property after removal
of the source energizing the spark, which proves it superior to the other mediums (such as oil or
air) for use in circuit breakers. Such circuit breakers are used for rated voltages in the ranges of
3.6 to 760 kV.
The use of SF6 circuit breaker is mainly in the substations which are having high input KV
input, say above132kv and more. The gas is put inside the circuit breaker by force i.e. under high
pressure. When if the gas gets decreases there is a motor connected to the circuit breaker. The
motor starts operating if the gas went lower than 20.8 bar.
There is a meter connected to the breaker so that it can be manually seen if the gas goes low. The
circuit breaker uses the SF6 gas to reduce the torque produce in it due to any fault in the line.

2. Vacuum Circuit Breakers:

The idea behind the vacuum circuit breakers is to eliminate the medium between the contacts-
vacuum. The dielectric strength of vacuum is 1000 times more than that of any medium. In
construction it is very simple circuit breaker in comparison to an air or oil circuit breakers. These

breakers are used for reactor switching, transformer switching, capacitor bank switching
where the voltages are high & the current to be interrupted is low.
 1
0

Fig 4.6: 33 kV Vacuum Circuit Breaker

Working of Vacuum Circuit Breaker:

The working of Vacuum circuit breakers is briefly explained below,

When the breaker operates, the moving contact separates from the fixed contact and an arc is
struck between the contacts. The production of arc is due to the ionization of metal ions and
depends very much upon the material of contacts.
The arc is quickly extinguished because the metallic vapors, electrons and ions produced
during arc are diffused in a short time and seized by the surfaces of moving and fixed members
and shields.
Since vacuum has very fast rate of recovery of dielectric strength, the arc extinction in a
vacuum breaker occurs with a short contact separation (say 0.625 cm).
3. Air Blast Circuit Breakers:

The air blast circuit breakers employs compressed air (at a pressure of 20 kg/c.m2) for arc
extinction & are finding their best application in systems operating 132 kV & above (upto
400kV)with breaking capacity up to 7,500 MVA (during short circuit fault)& above, although
such breakers have also been designed to cover the voltage range of 6,600 Volts to 132,000 Volts.
These breakers have the advantages of less burning of contacts because of less arc energy, little
maintenance , facility of high speed reclosure, no risk of explosion & fire hazard & suitability for
duties requiring frequent operations.
4. Oil circuit breaker:

In oil circuit breaker the fixed contact and moving contact are immerged inside the insulating oil.
Whenever there is a separation of current carrying contacts in the oil, the arc in circuit breaker is
initialized at the moment of separation of contacts, and due to this arc the oil is vaporized and
decomposed in mostly hydrogen gas and ultimately creates a hydrogen bubble around the arc.
This highly compressed gas bubble around the arc prevents re-striking of the arc after the current
reaches zero crossing of the cycle. The oil circuit breaker is the one of the oldest type of circuit
breakers

4.6 ISOLATORS:-
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Isolator is used to disconnect any section or unit from all live parts of a substation. It is normally
a knife switch designed to open a circuit under no load. The main purpose of using isolator is to
isolate one portion of a circuit from the other. It should never be opened until the circuit breaker
in the same circuit has been opened and should always be closed before the circuit breaker is
closed. Isolators are usually placed on either side of the circuit breakers for safety during
maintenance and troubleshooting.
Based on the position of the isolator in the system, it can be classified in three ways:
1. Line Isolator: Isolates an incoming or outgoing line from the bus
2. Bus Isolator: Isolates two section of the bus
3. Transformer Isolator: Isolates the transformer from the bus or the lines.

FIG 4.7: ISOLATOR

In electrical substations, high voltage isolation switches are used to allow isolation of apparatus
such as circuit breakers, transformers and transmission lines for maintenance. Isolators are
usually not intended for normal control of the circuit, but only for safety isolation. Isolators are
located at either side of the circuit breaker. Isolators are operated under no load. Isolator does not
have any rating for current breaking or current making. Isolators are interlocked with circuit
breakers. They can be operated either manually or automatically.
Isolating switches lack a mechanism for suppression of electric arc, which occurs when
conductors carrying high currents are electrically interrupted. Thus, they are off-loading devices,
intended to be opened only after current has been interrupted by some other control device.
They should never be opened until the circuit breaker in the same circuit has been opened &
should always be closed before the circuit breaker is closed.
OPERATION OF ELECTRICAL ISOLATOR:

As no arc extinction mechanism is provided in an isolator it must be operated when there is no

chance of current flowing through the circuit. No live circuit should be closed or opened by
isolator operation to avoid huge arcing in between isolator contacts. That is why isolators must
be opened after circuit breaker is opened and must be closed only before circuit breaker is
closed. Motorized operation arrangement costs more than hand operation, hence proper decision1
0

must be taken before choosing an isolator system for a substation. For substations having
voltages up to 145KV manually operated isolators are used whereas for higher voltage systems
motorized isolators are used.

4.7 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS:-

The line in Sub-Station operates at high voltage and carries current of thousands of amperes. The
measuring instrument and protective devices are designed for low voltage (generally 110V) and
current (about 5A). Therefore, they will not work satisfactory if mounted directly on the power
lines. This difficulty is overcome by installing Instrument transformer, on the power lines. There
are two types of instrument transformers:
1. Current Transformers
2. Potential Transformers
 CURRENT TRANSFORMER:

The large amount of alternating current in a substation is proportionally reduced to very low
values using current transformers. Basically, a current transformer has a primary coil of one or
more turns having large cross sectional area in order to carry heavy currents and is connected to
the line carrying high current. The secondary winding is made up of large number of turns of fine
wire having small cross sectional area. This is connected to the coil of normal range ammeter.
Current transformers are commonly used in metering and protective relays in the electrical
power industry
• METERING:
Huge currents flow in a substation, so in order to measure the same, current transformer lowers
its value so that it is easily measured by an ammeter of normal rating.
• PROTECTION:
When the current measured by the current transformer exceeds a predetermined value, over
current relays which are connected to the secondary winding of the current transformer sense the
abnormality and cause the circuit breaker to operate.

1
0

Safety precautions:-

FIG 4.8: CURRENT TRANSFORMER

Flowing in the primary, as the transformer secondary will attempt to continue driving current
across the effectively infinite impedance Care must be taken that the secondary of a current
transformer is not disconnected from its load while current is. This will produce a high voltage
across the open secondary (into the range of several kilovolts in some cases), which may cause
arcing. The high voltage produced will compromise operator and equipment safety and
permanently affect the accuracy of the transformer.

POTENTIALTRANSFORMER:-

Potential transformer is used to reduce high voltages to values that can be measured by ordinary
voltmeters. These are extremely accurate ratio step down transformers which reduce high
alternating voltages in a fixed proportion for measurement. The primary winding consists of a
large number of turns while the secondary has lesser number of turns and usually rated for 110v,
irrespective of the primary voltage rating. The primary winding of the potential transformer is

connected across the high voltage line while secondary is connected to the low range voltmeter
coil. One end of the secondary is always grounded for safety purpose.

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Fig 4.9: Circuit diagram of CT Circuit diagram of PT

4.8 BUS BAR:-

A bus bar is an electrical conductor that makes a common connection between several circuits. In
a substation, the power of all the incoming lines is collected onto the bus bar and is distributed
among the outgoing lines (feeders). When a number of lines operating at the same voltage have
to be directly connected electrically, bus bars are used as the common electrical component.
Thus, a bus bar has multiple numbers of incoming and outgoing lines. It is usually in the form of
a thick strip or a tube of copper or aluminum and operates at constant voltage. The bus-bars are
designed to carry normal current continuously. The cross section of conductors is designed on the
basis of rated normal current and the following factors: System voltage, position of substation,
flexibility, reliability of supply and cost. Our design must ensure easy and uninterrupted
maintenance, avoiding any danger to the operating of operating personnel. It must be simple in
design and must possess provision for future extension. Any fluctuation of load must not hinder
its mechanical characters.
TYPES OF BUSES:
MAIN BUS:

It is used under normal working conditions to carry the line current.

RESERVE BUS:
When the main bus is under maintenance or during any fault on the main bus, the reserve bus is
put under use.

4.9 POWER TRANSFORMER

Power grid transformers may be used to increase or decrease the current of the power supply. A
step-up transformer increases the current and decreases the voltage of power from an energy
plant generator before transmission over long distance power lines. This reduces the costs of
transmission by permitting use of smaller power lines with less energy loss. Step-down
transformers lower current at the point of use.
The transformer may be defined as static piece of electrical apparatus which converts electrical
power from one circuit to the other circuits at the same frequency. This transformation of energy
is done due to faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction through two windings, primary
secondary.
1
0

Fig 4.10: POWER TRANSFORMER

Construction:-
It consists of followings parts as shown in fig:
1. Conservator:
It is a sort of a drum, mounted on a top of the transformer. It is connected through a pipe to the
transformer tank containing oil. This oil expands and contracts depending upon heat produced &
so oil level in the conservator rises &falls.
2. Breather:-
The breather is a box containing calcium chloride or silica gel to absorb moisture of air entering
the conservator. It sucks the moisture from the air which is taken by transformer so that dry air is
taken by transformer. Silica gel crystal has tremendous capacity of absorbing moisture. When air
passes through these crystals in the breather; the moisture of the air is absorbed by them.
Therefore, the air reaches to the conservator is quite dry. The color of silica gel crystals is dark
blue but, when it absorbs moisture; it becomes pink.
3. Temperature gauge:-
It is also a protecting device fitted to transformer to indicate the temperature of transformer oil.
4. Explosion vent:-
It is also a safety device of a transformer which protects the transformer tank from the gases
induced by any type of short circuit in the transformer.
5. Pipes:-
These are fitted for cooling the transformer oil. The hot oil circulates through these pipes where it
becomes cool due to the air touching.
6. Oil level indicator:-
It is used to show the oil level in the transformer.
7. Pressure release valve-
Pressure relief devices are specially designed to release pressure inside the transformer to reduce
the risk of explosion of the transformer itself. In case of sudden and uncontrolled increase1in
0
pressure inside the transformer, the pressure relief device allows the discharge of insulating fluid
in milliseconds time facilitating the decrease of the pressure.
8. Oil temperature indicator and winding temperature indicator (oti&wti):
The OTI is used to measure the temperature of transformer oil within the transformer. It is also
used for the protection of the transformer. If the OTI indicates a value greater than the prefixed
value, an alarm circuit gets activated. However if the oil temperature is extremely high, the
transformer gets tripped off.
The WTI is used to monitor the temperature of the transformer winding. It also serves the
purpose of protection of the transformer. The WTI is fixed for a greater value of temperature
than the OTI because the winding temperature is always more than the oil temperature. . If the
WTI indicates a value greater than the prefixed value of temperature, then an alarm circuit gets
activated. However the transformer gets tripped off if the WTI indicates very high temperature.
9. Tap changer-
The output voltage may vary according to the input voltage and the load. During loaded
conditions the voltage on the output terminal fall and during off load conditions the output
voltage increases. In order to balance the voltage variations tap changers are used. Tap changers
can be either on load tap changer or off load tap changer. In on load tap changers the tapping can
be changed without isolating the transformer from the supply and in off load tap changers it is
done after disconnecting the transformer.
10. Drain valve –
Can be usually found in the bottom part of the transformer tank. Drain valves are used whenever
oil replacement is necessary. Through this valve, the replacement of oil in an oil-filled
transformer can be easily done simply by opening this valve like that of a faucet.
11. Lv & hv bushings-
Bushing is an important part of power transformer. It is used to insulate the incoming or outgoing
conductor into or out of a grounded barrier. The bushings connect the windings of the
transformer to the supply line and insulate the feed through conductor from the transformer main
tank. HV bushings connect the terminals where the primary winding of the transformer
terminates and serves as an insulator from the transformer tank. LV bushings connect the
terminals where the secondary winding of the transformer terminates and serves as an insulator
from the transformer tank. Low voltage bushing can be easily distinguished from its high voltage
counterpart since low voltage bushings are usually smaller in size compared to the high voltage
bushing.
12. Bochaulz Relay:-

This relay is an actuated relay which is meant for the protection of oil immersed transformer
from insulation failure, coil heating or any type of internal fault which may cause the heating of
coil beyond the specified temperature. This is situated in the pipe connected between transformer
&conservator.
13. Fans:-
These are meant for extra cooling. When temperature reaches 70°C then they automatically gets
on.
14. RADIATORS- In order for the transformer to dissipate the heat it generated in its oil-
insulation, radiators are usually attached to the transformer tanks. It is necessary for a
transformer to have a cooling mechanism for better performance and higher efficiency. Radiators
are basically the cooling tubes. Cooling tubes are used to cool the transformer oil. The
transformer oil is circulated through the cooling tubes. The circulation of the oil may either be
natural or forced circulation. In natural circulation, when the temperature of the oil raises the 1
hot
oil naturally moves to the top and the cold oil moves downwards. Thus the oil keeps on
circulating through the tubes. In forced circulation, an external pump is used for circulating 0 the
oil. In the Amargrah substation, all the transformers have natural oil circulation mechanism.
 Fig 4.11: Radiator

4.10 LIGHTENING ARRESTOR:-

A lightening arrester or surge diverters is a protective device which conducts the high voltage on
the power system to the ground. Or
The device which is used for the protection of the equipment at the substations against travelling
waves, such type of device is called lightning arrester or surge diverter. In other words, lightning
arrester diverts the abnormal high voltage to the ground without affecting the continuity of
supply. It is connected between the line and earth, i.e., in parallel with the equipment to be
protected.

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Fig 4.12: Lightening arrestor

It consists of a spark gap in series with a nonlinear resistor. One end of the diverter is connected
to the terminal of equipment to be protected 5normal line voltage is not enough to cause an arc
across the gap but a dangerously high voltage will breakdown the air insulation and form an arc.
The property of the nonlinear resistance is that its resistance decreases as voltage increases and
vice versa.
Following are the types of lightening arresters:-
(1). Rod gap arrester
(2). Horn gap arrester
(3). Multi gap arrester
(4). Expulsion type arrester
(5). Valve type arrester

4.11 BATTERY BANK:-

Besides an ac power supply, every grid station is provided with an additional dc source of dc
power supplied by a battery bank. This battery bank is considered as “The Heart of the Grid
Station”. It supplies power to all the protectional gadgets including relays, tripping circuits,
circuit breakers & control panel etc. thus protection is incomplete without having a battery bank.
The capacity of a battery bank may vary from station to station. For example Amargrah grid
station houses a battery bank of 55 batteries each of 2 volts.

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Fig 4.13: Battery Bank

4.12 WAVE TRAP:

Line trap or wave trap

Line trap also is known as Wave trap. What it does is trapping the high frequency communication
signals sent on the line from the remote substation and diverting them to the
telecom/teleportation panel in the substation control room (through coupling capacitor and
LMU). This is relevant in Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) systems for
communication among various substations without dependence on the telecom company
network. The signals are primarily teleportation signals and in addition, voice and data
communication signals. The Line trap offers high impedance to the high frequency
communication signals thus obstructs the flow of these signals in to the substation bus bars. If

there were not to be there, then signal loss is more and communication will be
ineffective/probably impossible.

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Fig 4.14 : Wave Trap

Use of wave trap:

Power line carrier communication (PLCC) technology has been frequently used since 1950 by
the grid stations to transmit information at high speed and it avoids the need for extra wiring.
Transmitting information along high-voltage lines, at high frequency, has been one of the main
means of communication in electric power for over fifty years. The data collected from different

sensors is transmitted on power lines thereby reducing the maintenance cost of the additional
wiring. In order to communicate, high frequency line traps are used as they allow substations to
communicate with each other through the power lines at the same time as they transmit electrical
power. In order to separate power from messages being sent, different frequencies are used.
Electrical power has a frequency of 50 Hz or 60Hz in most places, and the communication waves
use frequencies such as 150 kHz and 200 kHz. A wave trap also protects the various components
of a substation by blocking the communication waves which are a higher frequency than the
power signal and would otherwise act as harmonics to the transformers, breakers and other
electrical equipments, thus damaging them.

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CHAPTER 5:
PROTECTION:-

Power system protection is a branch of electrical power engineering that deals with the
protection of electrical power systems from faults through the isolation of faulted parts from the
rest of the electrical network. The objective of a protection scheme is to keep the power system
stable by isolating only the components that are under fault, whilst leaving as much of the
network as possible still in operation. Thus, protection schemes must apply a very pragmatic and
pessimistic approach to clearing system faults. For this reason, the technology and philosophies
utilized in protection schemes can often be old and well-established because they must be very
reliable.

PROTECTIVE DEVICES:-

Fig 5.1: Protective relay for distribution networks

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Protective relays control the tripping of the circuit breakers surrounding the faulted part of the
network.
Automatic operation, such as auto-reclosing or system restart.
Monitoring equipment which collects data on the system for post event analysis .
While the operating quality of these devices, and especially of the protective relays, is always
critical, different strategies are considered for protecting the different parts of the system. Very
important equipment may have completely redundant and independent protective systems, while
a minor branch distribution line may have very simple low-cost protection.
5.1 TYPES OF PROTECTION:-

Generator sets –

In a power plant, the protective relays are intended to prevent damage to alternators or of the
transformers in case of abnormal conditions of operation, due to internal failures, as well as
insulating failures or regulation malfunctions. Such failures are unusual, so the protective relays
have to operate very rarely. If a protective relay fails to detect a fault, the damage to the alternator
or to the transformer may have important financial consequences for the repair or replacement of
equipment and the value of the energy that otherwise would have been sold.

High voltage transmission network –

Protection on the transmission and distribution serves two functions: Protection of plant and
protection of the public (including employees). At a basic level protection looks to disconnect
equipment which experience an overload or a connection to earth. Some items in substations
such as transformers may require additional protection based on temperature or gassing among
others.

Overload –
Overload protection requires a current transformer which simply measures the current in a
circuit. If this current exceeds a pre-determined level, a circuit breaker or fuse should operate.

Earth fault –

Earth fault protection again requires current transformers and senses an imbalance in a three-
phase circuit. Normally a three-phase circuit is in balance, so if a single (or multiple) phases are
connected to earth an imbalance in current is detected. If this imbalance exceeds a pre-
determined value a circuit breaker should operate.

Distance –
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Distance protection detects both voltage and current. A fault on a circuit will generally create a
sag in the voltage level. If this voltage falls below a pre-determined level and the current is above

a certain level the circuit breaker should operate. This is useful on long lines where if a fault was
experienced at the end of the line the impedance of the line itself may inhibit the rise in current.
Since voltage sag is required to trigger the protection the current level can actually be set below
the normal load on the line.

Back-up –

At all times the objective of protection is to remove only the affected portion of plant and
nothing else. Sometimes this does not occur for various reasons which can include:
Mechanical failure of a circuit breaker to operate
Incorrect protection setting
Relay failures
A failure of primary protection will usually result in the operation of back-up protection which
will generally remove both the affected and unaffected items of plant to remove the fault.

Low-voltage networks –
The low voltage network generally relies upon fuses or low-voltage circuit breakers to remove
both overload and earth faults.
 Relay-

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a

switching mechanism, but other operating principles are also used. Relays find applications
where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal, or where several circuits must be
controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits, repeating
the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitting it to another. Relays found extensive
use in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations. A type of relay
that can handle the high power required to directly drive an electric motor is called a contactor.
Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor
device to perform switching. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes

multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from over load or faults; in modern
electric power systems these functions are performed Basic design and operation

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Fig 5.2: Simple electromechanical relay

A simple electromagnetic relay, such as the one taken from a car in the first picture, is an
adaptation of an electromagnet. It consists of a coil of wire surrounding a soft iron core, an iron
yoke, which provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a movable iron armature, and a
set, or sets, of contacts; two in the relay pictured. The armature is hinged to the yoke and
mechanically linked to a moving contact or contacts. It is held in place by a spring so that when
the relay is de-energized there is an air gap in the magnetic circuit. In this condition, one of the
two sets of contacts in the relay pictured is closed, and the other set is open. Other relays may
have more or fewer sets of contacts depending on their function. The relay in the picture also has
a wire connecting the armature to the yoke. This ensures continuity of the circuit between the
moving contacts on the armature, and the circuit track on the printed circuit board (PCB) via the
yoke, which is soldered to the PCB.
When an electric current is passed through the coil, the resulting magnetic field attracts the
armature and the consequent movement of the movable contact or contacts either makes or
breaks a connection with a fixed contact. If the set of contacts was closed when the relay was de-
energized, then the movement opens the contacts and breaks the connection, and vice versa if the
contacts were open. Usually this force is provided by a spring, but gravity is also used commonly
in industrial motor starters. Most relays are manufactured to operate quickly. In a low voltage
application, this is to reduce noise. In a high voltage or high current application, this is to reduce
arcing. When the coil is energized with direct current a diode is often placed across the coil, to

dissipate the energy from the collapsing magnetic field at deactivation, which would otherwise
generate a voltage spike dangerous to circuit components. Some automotive relays already
include a diode inside the relay case. Alternatively a contact protection network, consisting of a
capacitor and resistor in series, may absorb the surge. If the coil is designed to be energized with
alternating current (AC), a small copper ring can be crimped to the end of the solenoid. This
"shading ring" creates a small out-of-phase current, which increases the minimum pull on the
armature during the AC cycle.

TYPES OF RELAYS:
Electric motors need over current protection to prevent damage from over-loading the motor, or
to protect against short circuits in connecting cables or internal faults in the motor windings.[3]
One type of electric motor overload protection relay is operated by a heating element in series
with the electric motor. The heat generated by the motor current heats a bimetallic strip or melts
solder, releasing a spring to operate contacts. Where the overload relay is exposed to the same
environment as the motor, a useful though crude compensation for motor ambient temperature is
provided.
OVER CURRENT RELAY:-
An "over current relay" is a type of protective relay which operates when the load current
exceeds a preset value. The ANSI device number is 50 for an instantaneous over current (IOC),
1
51 for a time over current (TOC). In a typical application the over current relay is connected to a
0
current transformer and calibrated to operate at or above a specific current level. When the relay
operates, one or more contacts will operate and energize to trip (open) a circuit breaker.
DISTANCE RELAY:-

The most common form of protection on high voltage transmission systems is distance relay
protection. Power lines have set impedance per kilometer and using this value and comparing
voltage and current the distance to a fault can be determined. The ANSI standard device number
for a distance relay is 21.

BUCHHOLZ RELAY:-

A Buchholz relay is a safety device sensing the accumulation of gas in large oil-filled
transformers, which will alarm on slow accumulation of gas or shut down the transformer if gas
is produced rapidly in the transformer oil.

Fig5.3: PARTS OF A BUCHHOLZ RELAY

Earth fault relay:-

It is a relay which detects faults between metal and earth. Whenever there is snap in the
transmission line and the transmission line falls on to the earth which results in the fault called
earth fault. This type of fault is detected by earth fault relay.
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CHAPTER 6:-
SUBSTATION CONTROL

The electrical energy is transferred from large generating stations to distant load centers via
various sub-stations. In every sub-station certain supervision, control and protection functions are
necessary. Every substation has a control room. The relay and protection panels and control
panels are installed in the control room. The various circuit breakers, tap changers and other
devices are controlled by corresponding control-relay panels. In a small independent sub-station,
the supervision and operation for normal service can be carried out by the operator with the aid
of analogue and digital control systems in the plant. The breakers can be operated by remote
control from the control room. During faults and abnormal conditions, the breakers are operated
by Protective relays automatically. Thus, the primary control in sub-station is of two categories.
1. Normal routine operation by operators command.

SHOTONMIA1
MIDUALCAMERA
2. Automatic
operation by action of protective relays and control systems.

Fig 6.1: Capacitor Bank Control in control Room

000

居麦：

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REDMINOTE9PROMAX
8GAMPQUADCAMERA
Fig 6.2: 33 kV Feeder and Transformer Panels
 Fig 6.3: 132 kV Line/Transformer Panel

CHAPTER 7:
Single Line Diagram of Amargrah Substation

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CHAPTER 8:
Layout of Amargrah Substation

Capacity: 95MVA, 132/33KV

Transformers: 4 in number (20MVA,
12.5MVA, 50MVA, 15MVA), and auxiliary
transformer

Interconnected With: Pattan (double circuit) and

Delina (double circuit).
There are two outgoing 132 kV Transmission Lines
Feeding the Grid Station Arampora and GS Villgam.

Circuit Breakers Used: SF6, Vacuum Circuit Breaker

(Distribution Side).
Loads Connected: Nowpora Sopore,
Bandipora, Sopore, Aarampora, Baramulla.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
• ELECTRICAL ENGINEER’S REFERENCE BOOK.
• POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING, NAGRATH & KOTHARI
• WIKIPEDIA, THE FREE ENCYCLOPEDIA