Prepared by: Eleria, Rustom R.

oRecognize different types of compounds ( ionic or

covalent) based on their properties such as melting
point, hardness, polarity, and electrical and
thermal conductivity ( S9MT-Iib-14)
The students will be able to:
❖Explain the concepts of chemical bond
❖Discuss the differences between ionic and covalent
bond.
▪Chemical bond is the attractive force that
holds two atoms together in a more complex
unit.
▪Chemical bonds form as a result of
interactions between electrons found in the
combining atoms.
▪Chemical compounds are two types of
chemical attractive forces ( chemical bonds)
➢Ionic bond is a chemical
bond formed through the
transfer of one or more
electrons from one atom or
group of atoms to another
atom of group atoms.
oIonic bond model (electron
transfer) is used in describing
the attractive forces in ionic
compounds. An ionic
compound is a compound in
which ionic bonds are
present.
➢Covalent bond is a chemical
bond formed through the
sharing of one or more pairs of
electrons between two atoms.
oThe covalent bond model
(electron sharing) is used in
describing the attractions
between atoms in molecular
compounds.
oA molecular compound is a
compound in which covalent
bonds are present.
Two concepts fundamental to understanding
both the ionic and the covalent bonding
models are
1. Not all electrons in an atom participate in
bonding. Those that do are called valence
electrons.
2. Certain arrangement of electrons are more
stable that others, as is explained by the
octet rule.
▪ Chemical compounds are conveniently divided
into two broad classes called ionic compounds and
molecular compounds.
▪ Ionic compounds tend to have high melting points
( 500°C - 2000°C) and good conductors of electricity
when they are in a molten (liquid) state or in
solution.
▪ Molecular compounds generally have much lower
melting points and tend to be gases, liquids, or low
melting-point solids. They do not conduct electricity
in the molten state.
▪ Valence electron is an electron in the outermost electron
shell of a representative element or noble-gas element.
▪ It applies only to representative elements and noble-gas
elements.
▪ For such elements, valence electrons are always found in
either s or p subshells.
▪ Lewis symbol is the chemical symbol of an element
surrounded by dots equal in number to the number of
valence electrons present in atoms of the element.
▪ American chemist Gilbert Newton Lewis who introduced
them, are frequently called electron-dot structures.
 Highest value of the
electron shell
number

Number of Valence electrons

 Highest value of the
electron shell
number

Number of Valence electrons

Write Lewis symbols for the following elements
Write Lewis symbols for the following elements
Three important generalizations about valence electrons
can be drawn from a study of the Lewis symbols
1. Representative elements in the same group of the
periodic table have the same number of valence
electrons.
2. The number of valence electrons for representative
elements is the same as the Roman numeral periodic-
table group number.
3. The maximum number of valence electrons for any
element is eight.
❑Electron transfer between two or more atoms is central
to the ionic bond model.
❑This electron transfer process produces charges
particles called ions.
❑An ion is an atom ( or group of atoms) that is electrically
charged as a result of the loss or gain of electrons.
❑An atom is neutral when the number of protons is equal
to the number of electrons.
❑Loss or gain of electrons destroy this proton-electron
balance and leaves a net charge on the atom.
❑If an atom gain one or more electrons, it becomes a
negatively charged ion; excess negative charge is present
because electrons outnumber protons.
❑If an atom loses one or more electrons, it becomes a
positively charged ion; more protons are present that
electrons.
Give the chemical symbol for each of the following ions.
a. The ion formed when a barium atom loses two electrons
Give the chemical symbol for each of the following ions.
b. The ion formed when phosphorus atom gains three
electrons.
❑Metal atoms containing one, two, three valence electrons (
the metals in Group IA, IIA, and IIIA of the periodic table)
tend to lose electrons to acquire a noble-gas electron
configuration. The noble gas involved is the one preceding
the metal in the periodic table.
❑Nonmetal atoms containing five, six, or seven valence
electrons ( the nonmetals in Groups VA, VIA, and VIIA of
periodic table) tend to gain electrons to acquire a noble-gas
electron configuration. The noble gas involved is the one
following the nonmetal in the periodic table.
❑Elements in Group IVA occupy unique positions relative
to the noble gases. They would have to gain or lose four
electrons to attain a noble-gas structure. Theoretically,
ions with charges of +4 or -4 could be formed by carbon,
but in most cases the bonding that results is more
adequately by covalent bond model.
 .
..
.. ..
.
 .. ..
❑Lewis structure is a combination of Lewis symbols that

. . ..
represents either the transfer or sharing of electrons in

.. ..
chemical bonds.

.. ..
 ... ..
❑The loss of an electron by sodium empties its valence shell. The next
inner shell, which contains eight electrons ( a noble gas configuration),

. . .. .. ..
the becomes the valence shell. After the valence shell of chlorine gains
one electron, it has the needed eight valence electron.

.. ..
. ..
.
. .. .. ..
.. ..
.
❑When sodium, which has one valence electron, combines with oxygen,
which has six valence electrons, two sodium atoms are required to
meet the “electron needs” of one oxygen atom.
 .. . ..
.. ..
.
. .. . ..
. .. ..
.. ..
.
.. . . ..
❑Occurs in the reaction between calcium, which has two valence
electrons, and chlorine, which has seven valence electrons.
❑Here two chlorine atoms are necessary to accommodate electrons
transferred from one calcium atom because a chlorine atom can accept
only one electron.
❑The total positive charge present on the ions that have lost
electrons always is exactly counterbalanced by the total
negative charge on the ions that have gained electrons.
❑Thus the ratio in which positive and negative ions combine
is the ratio that achieves charge neutrality for the resulting
compound.
The correct combining
ratio when K+ ions and S2-
ions combine is two to
one. Two K+ ions ( each of
+1 charge) are required
to balance the charge on
the single S2- ion.
There are three rules to remember when writing chemical
formulas for ionic compounds.
1. The symbol for the positive ions is always first.
2. The charge on the ions that are present are not shown in
the formula. Ionic charges must be known to determine
the formula; however, the charges are not explicitly
shown in the formula.
3. The numbers in the formula ( the subscripts) give the
combining ratio for the ions.
Determine the chemical formula for the compound that is
formed when each of the following pairs of ions interact.

and

and
oThe term binary means “two”. A binary compound is
compound in which only two elements are present.
o The compounds NaCl, CO2, NH3, and P4O10 are all binary
compounds. Any number of atoms of the two elements may
be present in a molecule or formula unit of a binary
compound, but only two elements may be present.
oA binary ionic compound is an ionic compound in which
one elements may be present is a metal and the other
element present is a nonmetal.
 ELEMENT STEM NAME OF FORMULA
ION OF ION
Bromine brom- Bromide Br-
Carbon carb- Carbide C4-
Chlorine chlor- Chloride Cl-
Fluorine fluor- Fluoride F-
Hydrogen hydr- Hydride H-
Iodine iod- Iodide I-
Nitrogen nitr- Nitride N3-
Oxygen ox- Oxide O2-
Phosphorus phosph- Phosphide P3-
Sulfur sulf- sulfide S2-
The general pattern for naming binary ionic compound is
Note that no mention is made of the subscripts present in the
formula --- the 2 and the 3. The name of an ionic compound
never contains any reference to formula subscript numbers.
To calculate the metal ion charge, use the fact that total ionic
charge (both positive and negative) must add to zero.
 Ionic charges are determined first, and then the chemical
formula is obtained by combining the ions in the ratio that
causes the ionic charges present to add to zero.
The Roman numeral present in the compound’s name
Indicates the charges of the metal given.