Plural (NOUNS)

Most of -SH –CH –S –X –SS Some common

-FE -F Vowel + Y Consonant + Y Vowel + O Consonant + O
consonants and -E -Z Irregular Plurals
-S -ES -VES -S -IES -S -S / -ES
(omitting EF/F ) (omitting Y ) Child – Children
Books, girls, tapes, Bushes, churches, Wives, selves, Monkeys,toys, Hobbies, Duties, Radios, videos Kilos, zeros, Fish – Fish
peanuts buses, taxes Knives boys Babies pianos, photos Foot – Feet
masses, Heroes, potatoes, Man – Men
Exceptions: Exceptions: volcanoes, Mouse – Mice
-ch if sounds /k/ Roofs, proofs, tomatoes Person – People
Stomachs chiefs Woman – Women
Nouns ending -FF
Cliffs,
Present Simple Third-person Singular (VERBS)
General
Most of consonants and -E -SH –CH –S –X –SS -Z Vowel + Y Consonant + Y
Exceptions
-S -ES -S -IES (omitting Y)
Pushes, watches,indexes, tosses, Go – Goes
looks,calls, writes, adjusts Buys, decays Tries, hurries, applies
buzzes Do – Does
Past Verbs Formation Gerund Formation
Most of
-E (silent) Consonant + Y Vowel + Y Most of consonants & Y -E -IE
consonants
-ED -D -ED -IED -ING -ING (omitting E) -YING (omitting IE)
Accepted, blinded, Deserved, Married, fried, copied Played, annoyed, Packing, spoiling, Closing, increasing, Dying, tying, lying
chewed guided, hated stayed enjoying wasting
Exceptions:
Be – Being
Verbs ending –EE
Seeing
Adverbs Formation
Most of consonants and E -Y -LE
-LY -ILY (omitting Y ) -LY (omitting LE )
Cheaply, quickly, aggressively Heavily, happily, angrily Simply, reasonably, terribly
Doubling Consonants (Before –ING or –ED )
We double consonants if… We don’t Double Consonants if…
… the word has one …the word has more … the word ends in -L …the word has …the word ends …the word ends … the word
syllable than one syllable but the more than one in two in two vowel ends in Y or W
last one is stressed syllable and the consonants letters before the
last one is not final consonant
stressed
Stopped, Planning Beginning, Regretted Travelling, cancelled Happening, Visited Starting, Helped Needing, Explained Growing, Stayed