BS en 12697-31 Specimen Preperation by Gyratory Compactor

BRITISH STANDARD BS EN
12697-31:2007
Licensed copy: nottingham athens, University of Nottingham, Version correct as of 21/02/2012 14:19, (c) The British Standards Institution 2012
Bituminous mixtures —
Test methods for hot
mix asphalt —
Part 31: Specimen preparation by
gyratory compactor
The European Standard EN 12697-31:2007 has the status of a

British Standard
ICS 93.080.20
12&23<,1*:,7+287%6,3(50,66,21(;&(37$63(50,77('%<&23<5,*+7/$:
BS EN 12697-31:2007
National foreword
This British Standard was published by BSI. It is the UK implementation of

EN 12697-31:2007. It supersedes BS EN 12697-31:2004 which is withdrawn.

The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee
B/510, Road materials, to Subcommittee B/510/1, Coated macadam and hot
asphalt.
A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on
request to its secretary.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from
legal obligations.
This British Standard was Amendments issued since publication

published under the authority
of the Standards Policy and
Strategy Committee Amd. No. Date Comments
on 31 May 2007
© BSI 2007
ISBN 978 0 580 50689 5

EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 12697-31
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
April 2007
ICS 93.080.20 Supersedes EN 12697-31:2004
English Version
Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt - Part

31: Specimen preparation by gyratory compactor
Mélanges bitumineux - Méthodes d'essai pour mélange Asphalt - Prüfverfahren für Heißasphalt - Teil 31:
hydrocarboné à chaud - Partie 31 : Confection Herstellung von Probekörpern mit dem Gyrator-Verdichter
d'éprouvettes à la presse à compactage giratoire
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 4 February 2007.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the
official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2007 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 12697-31:2007: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
EN 12697-31:2007 (E)
Contents
Page
Foreword..............................................................................................................................................................4
1 Scope ......................................................................................................................................................7
2 Normative references ............................................................................................................................7
3 Terms, definitions and symbols...........................................................................................................8
3.1 Terms and definitions ...........................................................................................................................8
3.2 Symbols ..................................................................................................................................................9
4 Principle................................................................................................................................................10
5 Apparatus .............................................................................................................................................10
5.1 Test device ...........................................................................................................................................10
5.2 Metallic moulds ....................................................................................................................................11
5.3 Round metallic inserts ........................................................................................................................11
5.4 Device for measuring the distance between inserts........................................................................11
5.5 Device for counting the number of rotations to within one revolution..........................................11
6 Preparation of specimens...................................................................................................................12
6.1 Mass of mixture to be introduced in the mould................................................................................12
6.2 Preparation of test pieces...................................................................................................................12
7 Test procedure .....................................................................................................................................13
7.1 Preliminary setting...............................................................................................................................13
7.2 Compaction ..........................................................................................................................................13
8 Test report ............................................................................................................................................14
9 Precision...............................................................................................................................................15
Annex A (normative) Procedure for setting the angle and force for types of gyratory compactor
using central reference material ........................................................................................................16
A.1 Scope ....................................................................................................................................................16
A.2 Principle................................................................................................................................................16
A.3 Gyratory-type testing procedure........................................................................................................16
A.4 Procedure to test the conformity of a gyratory compactor to a type.............................................18
A.5 Summary of the gyratory calibration chain ......................................................................................19
Annex B (normative) Procedure to evaluate the gyratory compactor internal angle of gyration
using a self-contained measurement unit.........................................................................................20
B.1 Scope ....................................................................................................................................................20
B.2 Principle................................................................................................................................................20
B.3 Equipment ............................................................................................................................................20
B.4 Procedure .............................................................................................................................................21
B.5 Calculation............................................................................................................................................23
B.6 Compliance...........................................................................................................................................24
B.7 Report ...................................................................................................................................................25
B.8 Precision data ......................................................................................................................................25
Annex C (normative) Procedure to evaluate the gyratory compactor (GC) internal angle of
gyration and related parameters using simulated loading .............................................................26
C.1 Scope ....................................................................................................................................................26
C.2 Principle................................................................................................................................................26
C.3 Procedure .............................................................................................................................................26
C.4 Calculation of results ..........................................................................................................................27
C.5 Compliance...........................................................................................................................................28
2
EN 12697-31:2007 (E)
C.6 Report ...................................................................................................................................................28

C.7 Precision and bias...............................................................................................................................28
Bibliography......................................................................................................................................................30
3
EN 12697-31:2007 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN 12697-31:2007) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 227 “Road
materials”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by October 2007, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at
the latest by January 2008.
This document supersedes EN 12697-31:2004.
This document is one of a series of standards as listed below:
EN 12697-1, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 1: Soluble binder content.
EN 12697-2, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 2: Determination of particle size
distribution.
EN 12697-3, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 3: Bitumen recovery: Rotary
evaporator.
EN 12697-4, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 4: Bitumen recovery:
Fractionating column.
EN 12697-5, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 5: Determination of the
maximum density.
EN 12697-6, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 6: Determination of bulk density
of bituminous specimens.
of bituminous specimens by gamma rays.
EN 12697-8, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 8: Determination of void
characteristics of bituminous specimens.
reference density.
EN 12697-10, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 10: Compactibility.
affinity between aggregate and bitumen.
EN 12697-12, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 12: Determination of the water
sensitivity of bituminous specimens.
EN 12697-13, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 13: Temperature
measurement.
EN 12697-14, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 14: Water content.
segregation sensitivity.
EN 12697-16, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 16: Abrasion by studded tyres.
4
EN 12697-31:2007 (E)
EN 12697-17, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 17: Particle loss of porous
asphalt specimen.
EN 12697-18, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 18: Binder drainage.
EN 12697-19, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 19: Permeability of specimen.
EN 12697-20, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 20: Indentation using cube or
Marshall specimens.
EN 12697-21, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 21: Indentation using plate
specimens.
EN 12697-22, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 22: Wheel tracking.
indirect tensile strength of bituminous specimens.
EN 12697-24, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 24: Resistance to fatigue.
EN 12697-25, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 25: Cyclic compression test.
EN 12697-26, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 26: Stiffness.
EN 12697-27, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 27: Sampling.
EN 12697-28, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 28: Preparation of samples for
determining binder content, water content and grading.
EN 12697-29, Bituminous mixtures — Test method for hot mix asphalt — Part 29: Determination of the
dimensions of a bituminous specimen.
EN 12697-30, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 30: Specimen preparation by
impact compactor.
EN 12697-31, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 31: Specimen preparation by
gyratory compactor.
EN 12697-32, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 32: Laboratory compaction of
bituminous mixtures by vibratory compactor.
EN 12697-33, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 33: Specimen prepared by
roller compactor.
EN 12697-34, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 34: Marshall test.
EN 12697-35, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 35: Laboratory mixing.
thickness of a bituminous pavement.
EN 12697-37, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 37: Hot sand test for the
adhesivity of binder on precoated chippings for HRA.
EN 12697-38, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 38: Common equipment and
calibration.
EN 12697-39, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 39: Binder content by ignition.
5
EN 12697-31:2007 (E)
EN 12697-40, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 40: In-situ drainability.
EN 12697-41, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 41: Resistance to de-icing
fluids.
EN 12697-42, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 42: Amount of coarse foreign
matter in reclaimed asphalt.
EN 12697-43, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 43: Resistance to fuel.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
6
EN 12697-31:2007 (E)
1 Scope
This European Standard specifies the method for compaction of cylindrical specimens of bituminous mixtures
using a gyratory compactor. Such compaction is achieved by combining a rotary shearing action and a vertical
resultant force applied by a mechanical head.
The method is used for:
a) determination of the air voids content of a mixture for a given number of gyrations or derivation of a curve
density (or void content) versus number of gyrations;
b) preparation of specimens of given height and/or at a predetermined density, for subsequent testing of
their mechanical properties.
The equipment used for the method needs to comply with Annex A, Annex B or Annex C.
NOTE Annex A is especially suitable for void content evaluation and compaction research and Annex B and Annex C
for the preparation of specimens for mechanical testing.
This European Standard applies to bituminous mixtures (both those made up in laboratory and those resulting
from work site sampling), with an upper aggregate size not larger than 31,5 mm.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 12697-5, Bituminous mixtures — Tests methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 5: Determination of the
maximum density
of bituminous specimens
EN 12697-8, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 8: Determination of void
characteristics of bituminous specimens
EN 12697-27, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 27: Sampling
EN 12697-35, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 35: Laboratory mixing
EN 13108-1; Bituminous mixtures — Material specifications — Part 1: Asphalt concrete
EN ISO 4287, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Surface texture: Profile method — Terms,
definitions and surface texture parameters (ISO 4287:1997)
EN ISO 6508-1, Metallic materials — Rockwell hardness test — Part 1: Test method (scales A, B, C, D, E, F,
G, H, K, N, T) (ISO 6508-1:2005)
7
EN 12697-31:2007 (E)
3 Terms, definitions and symbols

3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1.1
gyratory compactor type
representative model of a given production compactor
3.1.2
force-angle calibration chain
force F and the angle φ determined for a type of gyratory compactor in order to comply with the central
reference material requirements in Table A.1
NOTE Production gyratory compactors of the same type are adjusted using the determined values of F and φ. The
conformity of a production gyratory compactor to a type can be verified by doing a comparative test on a bituminous
mixture or by checking the variations of the internal angle as described in A.3.3.
3.1.3
central reference material
two bituminous mixtures, produced under defined conditions from constituents stored at a given site, of which
the compositions are not specified but the air voids content (the constancy of which is traceable) at fixed
numbers of gyrations complies respectively
NOTE The characteristics of the central reference material are specified in Table A.1.
3.1.4
internal angle
angle between the internal mould cross-sectional plane and the metallic insert as a mould is gyrated in a
gyratory compactor
3.1.5
internal top angle
angle between the internal mould cross-sectional plane and the upper metallic insert as a mould is gyrated in
a gyratory compactor
3.1.6
internal bottom angle
angle between the internal mould cross-sectional plane and the lower metallic insert as a mould is gyrated in a
gyratory compactor
3.1.7
internal effective angle
average of the internal top angle and the internal bottom angle
3.1.8
eccentricity
distance, e, away from the axis of gyration at which a force, F, is acting at one end of a gyratory compactor
mould
NOTE The eccentricity is explained in Figure C.1.
8
EN 12697-31:2007 (E)
3.1.9
tilting moment
product of the eccentricity, e, and the force, F, acting at one end of a gyratory compactor mould in a direction
parallel to the axis of gyration
NOTE The tilting moment is explained in Figure C.1.
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of this document, the following symbols apply.
α is the internal angle, in degrees (°);
φ is the angle of incline of axis of test piece, in degrees (°);
F is the axial resultant force applicable to the ends of the test pieces, in newton (N);
ω is the speed of rotation of the axis of symmetry of revolution of the test piece, in revolutions per
minute (rev/min);
D is the internal diameter of the mould, in millimetres (mm);
M is the mass of the mixture to be introduced in the mould, in kilograms (kg);

3
ρM is the maximum density of the mixture, in kilograms per cubic metre (kg/m );
hmin is the minimum height of compacted specimen, corresponding to a zero percentage of voids, in
millimetres (mm);
h(ng) is the height of specimen after a number of gyrations ng, in millimetres (mm);
3
ρ(ng) is the bulk density of specimen after a number of gyrations ng, in kilograms per cubic metre (kg/m );
P is the preload, initial value of F, in newton (N);
v% is the void content, in percent (%);
e is the eccentricity, in millimetres (mm);
ITa1…4 is the measured internal top angle (4 individual measurements);
ITamin is the minimum measured internal top angle (of 4 measurements);
ITamax is the maximum measured internal top angle (of 4 measurements);
ITA is the internal top angle (average of 4 measurements)
ITA240 is the internal top angle at 240 Nm tilting moment;
IBa1…4 is the measured internal bottom angle (4 individual measurements);
IBamin is the minimum measured internal bottom angle (of 4 measurements);
IBamax is the maximum measured internal bottom angle (of 4 measurements);
IBA is the internal bottom angle (average of 4 measurements)
IBA240 is the internal bottom angle at 240 Nm tilting moment;
9
EN 12697-31:2007 (E)
IEA is the internal effective angle (average of ITA and IBA);

IEA240 is the internal effective angle at 240 Nm tilting moment;
IEA425 is the internal effective angle at 425 Nm tilting moment;
δTB(240) is the difference between ITA and IBA at 240 Nm;
δTB(425) is the difference between ITA and IBA at 425 Nm;
δLH is the difference between IEA240 and IEA425.
4 Principle
The bituminous mixture is contained within a cylindrical mould limited by inserts and kept at a constant
temperature within specified tolerances throughout the whole duration of the test.
Compaction is achieved by the simultaneous action of a low static compression, and of the shearing action
resulting from the motion of the axis of the mould which generates a conical surface of revolution, of apex O
and of 2 φ angle at the apex, while the ends of the test piece should ideally remain perpendicular to the axis of
the conical surface (see Figure 1).
Key
F axial resultant force
h (ng) height of specimen after a number of gyrations
φ angle
Figure 1 — Test piece motion diagram
NOTE When the specimen is taken out of the equipment for use in other mechanical tests, the temperature and
pressure will change and can affect the measured density. The density should then be measured in accordance with the
relevant part of EN 12697-6.
5 Apparatus
5.1 Test device
Test device:
 capable of compacting the test specimen according to the principle described in Clause 4 and in
accordance with the requirements of Clause 7, concerning the angle and the force;
10
EN 12697-31:2007 (E)
 capable of maintaining at least one point in the vicinity of the mid-plane, located between 30 mm and
45 mm from the mould axis, at within ±10 °C of the prescribed temperature during the test;
 capable of maintaining the speed of rotation constant during the test to ± 10 % at speeds up to 32 rev/min.
The angle and the force shall conform to the provisions of Annex A, Annex B or Annex C.
NOTE Annex A is especially suitable for void content evaluation and compaction research and Annex B and Annex C
for the preparation of specimens for mechanical testing.
5.2 Metallic moulds
Metallic moulds:
 having a surface hardness greater than 48 HRC according to EN ISO 6508-1;
 having either:
- a roughness Ra less than 1 µm according to EN ISO 4287 or
- an initial roughness under 0,8 µm according to EN ISO 4287 and no defects, scratches or traces
visible to the naked eye;
 having in the zone in contact with the material during the compaction, an internal diameter of
(150,0 ± 0,1) mm or (160,0 ± 0,1) mm or (100,0 ± 0,1) mm;
 having a height compatible with the volume of material of the specimens under test;
 having a thickness greater than 7,5 mm.
5.3 Round metallic inserts
Round metallic inserts:
 having an even active surface to within ± 0,1 mm (that surface intended to be in contact with the
material);
 having a surface hardness not less than 55 HRC according to EN ISO 6508-1;
 having either a roughness Ra under 0,8 µm according to EN ISO 4287 or an initial roughness under
0,8 µm according to EN ISO 4287 and subject to no defects, scratches or traces visible to the naked eye;
 having a shape appropriate to the kinetics of the motion and a diameter resulting in an insert/mould play
between 0,1 mm and 0,6 mm.
5.4 Device for measuring the distance between inserts
5.5 Device for counting the number of rotations to within one revolution
11
EN 12697-31:2007 (E)
6 Preparation of specimens
6.1 Mass of mixture to be introduced in the mould
6.1.1 Preparation of specimens for further mechanical testing
The mass M of the mixture to be introduced in the mould shall be calculated from the required density and the
volume of the specimens.
6.1.2 Preparation of specimens for void content requirement
The mass M of the mixture to be introduced in the mould shall be determined from Equation (1) from the
maximum density ρM of the mixture determined according to EN 12697-5, using water, and the minimum
height of the compacted specimen hmin corresponding to a zero percentage of voids.
D2
M = 10 −9 π hmin ρ M
4 (1)
where
M is the mass of the mixture to be introduced in the mould, in kilograms (kg);
D is the internal diameter of the mould, in millimetres (mm);
hmin is the minimum height of compacted specimen, corresponding to a zero percentage of voids, in
millimetres (mm);
3
ρM is the maximum density of the mixture, in kilograms per cubic metre (kg/m ).
For a given type of gyratory compactor calibrated using Annex A, hmin will be constant. The ratio of hmin to the
internal diameter of the mould D shall be in the interval 0,66 to 1,05.
6.2 Preparation of test pieces
If the bituminous mixture is prepared in the laboratory, it shall be prepared in accordance with EN 12697-35.
If it is cut or cored in a compacted layer, the size of the sample shall be such that the mass M prescribed in
6.1.2 can be taken from it.
If the nominal maximum size of the aggregates is 16 mm or less, the diameter of the specimens shall be
100 mm, 150 mm or 160 mm. If the maximum size of the aggregates is more than 16 mm, the diameter of the
specimens shall be 150 mm or 160 mm.
The following operations shall be carried out:
 place moulds and inserts for at least 2 h within an enclosure brought to the test temperature ± 10 °C;
 lubricate moulds with a coating of glycerised soda oleate applied with a brush, or of silicon grease;
 if the sample has been cut or cored in a compacted layer, bring it to a temperature at which the
bituminous mixture is loose enough, so that the prescribed mass M can be taken;
 weigh the mould and inserts, fill the mould with the mixture by means of a funnel and weigh the mould
and inserts plus the mixture in the mould, so that the prescribed mass M of bituminous mixture in the
mould is obtained with an accuracy of 0,1 %;
 alternatively, weigh the mass M of the bituminous mixture in an intermediate container, to an accuracy of
0,1 %, and introduce the bituminous mixture into the mould by means of a funnel in one operation only.
12
EN 12697-31:2007 (E)
NOTE The filled mould, the test piece and the inserts are usually stored in an enclosure at the test temperature
± 10 °C for between 30 min and 2 h. However, for SMA there is a risk for segregation.
7 Test procedure
7.1 Preliminary setting
7.1.1 Pre-load
In case of a pre-load P, it shall be between 150 N and 3 000 N inclusive.
7.1.2 Force F
Force F is defined in A.3.2 for void content requirement test and in B.4.1 or in C.1, for specimens for further
mechanical tests.
7.1.3 Setting of the angle of inclination
The angle shall conform to the provisions of Annex A, Annex B or Annex C.
NOTE Annex A is especially suitable for compaction research and Annex B and Annex C for the preparation of
specimens for mechanical testing. If both activities are to be covered, then it is advised to use Annex B or Annex C.
However, it should be emphasized that gyratory compactors that are calibrated with Annex A are also suitable to prepare
specimens for mechanical testing although this option is not recommended.
For Annex A, the setting of the angle φ of the type is verified on the basis of a test conducted on central
reference materials with the representative model according to the provisions of A.1. The minimal conditions
for compliance of a gyratory compactor model with a standard model are defined in A.2. The setting of the
angle of inclination α or φ is that which is determined for the gyratory compactor in accordance with A.2 to
within ± 0,02°.
7.1.4 Speed of rotation
The speed of rotation shall be maintained constant during the test to ± 10 %.
7.1.5 Temperature
The compaction temperatures shall be as given in EN 12697-35.
7.2 Compaction
7.2.1 Start of compaction
Place the mould containing the mixture and the inserts in the test device.
In the case of a pre-load, it shall be applied during an interval of less than 30 s. With the mechanical head in
contact with the upper insert, start the rotation of the machine. The load F and the angle of incline φ shall be
applied within the first gyration.
In other cases, apply the load F and the angle of incline φ and start the rotation of the machine.
7.2.2 Specimens for void content requirement
Without interrupting rotation, measure the height of the specimen h(ng), to ± 0,2 mm for the following numbers
of gyrations: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 100, and if necessary 120, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500 gyrations.
13
EN 12697-31:2007 (E)
Calculate from Equation (2) the mean percentage of air voids v(ng) according to EN 12697-8, for each
specified number of gyrations ng.
 h (ng ) − hmin 
v (n g )% = 100   (2)
 h (ng ) 
where v(ng) is the void content after a number of gyrations ng, in percentage (%);
h(ng) is the height of the specimen after a number of gyrations ng, in millimetres (mm);
hmin is the minimum height of the compacted specimen, corresponding to a zero percentage of
voids, in millimetres (mm).
Unless otherwise stated, if the result of the test is to be interpreted as a single result, a test result on a given
mixture shall be the mean value of at least three elementary determinations.
If the coefficient of variation of the heights of the specimens is higher than 1,5 %, for a number of gyrations
more than 20, the test shall be rejected.
7.2.3 Specimens for further testing
When the required height of the specimen is obtained stop the rotation of the machine.
If further tests are required, the ends of the specimen shall be adjusted such that they are perpendicular to its
axis using one of the three methods following:
 apply two to ten additional revolutions, while the angle φ is progressively or step by step set to zero;
 remove the mould from the gyratory compactor; apply a static load of (8 000 ± 500) N for 100 mm
diameter specimens or (20 000 ± 1 000) N for 150 mm or 160 mm diameter specimens, parallel to the
axis of the mould, on the inserts;
 cut by sawing.
Extrude the specimen from the mould using a jack, if necessary after cooling for 5 min to 10 min.
Before using the specimen for further testing, if necessary, determine its density by the appropriate method
according to EN 12697-6.
8 Test report
The test report shall make reference to this European Standard, i.e. EN 12697-31 and shall include at least
the following information:
a) identification of the mixture;
b) method of manufacture of the mixture, or if it was sampled from a compacted layer, the size and location
of the sample;
c) type and model of gyratory compactor;
d) test conditions (diameter and height hmin of specimen, speed of rotation, temperature of the test, the angle
of inclination, force F);
e) method of calibration (Annex A, Annex B or Annex C).
14
EN 12697-31:2007 (E)
If the procedure is used to prepare specimens:

f) height of the specimen and its bulk density.
If the test is used to derive a curve density or void content versus number of gyrations:
g) void content for the prescribed numbers of gyrations.
In both cases, the operational details not provided for in this European Standard, and anomalies, if any, which
might have affected the results.
9 Precision
Repeatability and reproducibility have determined using Annex A on the air voids content at 60 gyrations.
 Repeatability r = 0,950 % (variance Vr = 0,115).
 Reproducibility R = 1,384 % (variance VR = 0,244).
The study of repeatability and reproducibility of the compaction test employing a gyrator compactor was
carried out by 20 laboratories working with the same type of test device in accordance with ISO 5725-2 under
the following conditions:
 hmin = 150 mm, diameter of moulds = 160 mm;
 a bituminous mixture;
 method of production of the mixture;
 number of replicates: 4.
15
EN 12697-31:2007 (E)
Annex A
(normative)
Procedure for setting the angle and force for types of gyratory
compactor using central reference material
A.1 Scope
The procedure applies to models of a make of gyratory compactor and associated equipment as described in
the general part of this European Standard. The procedure applies to a single unit of a model of gyratory
compactor manufactured by an equipment supplier.
A.2 Principle
A unit of the gyratory compactor model has to be used to compact samples of two central reference asphalt
mixtures. The internal angle is adjusted to achieve air void content ranges after set numbers of gyrations
under a set force. The internal angle found that achieves the set criteria can be used for all units of that model
of gyratory compactor.
A.3 Gyratory-type testing procedure
A.3.1 Central reference materials for gyratory-type testing
The materials are bituminous mixtures A and B.
Mixes A and B are asphalt concrete which shall comply with EN 13108-1. Mixture characteristics are
performance based on the air voids content.
With a machine conforming to this European Standard, one obtains with materials A and B the specific air
voids contents xA, yA, zA and xB, yB, zB at the gyrations thresholds 10, 100, 200 and 10, 40, 100.
The values of xA, yA, zA and xB, yB, zB, calculated as average value of at least 27 elementary tests, shall be
included within the intervals of Table A.1. The standard deviation, calculated for at least 27 elementary tests of
the values for each gyration threshold, shall be less than 0,5 %.
The values of xA, yA, zA and xB, yB, zB, shall be constant to ± 0,2 %.
An example of material A and B is given in Table A.2. These mixtures comply with the requirements of
Table A.1 and with the constancy requirements.
NOTE The performance based approach for the definition of the central reference materials make it possible to
organise a calibration chain using mixtures with other components. Central reference mixtures may not be single ones.
16
EN 12697-31:2007 (E)
Table A.1 — Void content requirements for central reference materials using a gyratory compactor
complying with this European Standard
Air voids content Specific air voids content of

Number of % the considered central
Mixture
gyrations reference mixture
minimum maximum %
A 10 14,0 18,0 xA
100 6,5 9,5 yA
200 4,5 7,5 zA
B 10 8,0 12,0 xB
40 4,0 8,0 yB
100 2,0 5,0 zB
Table A.2 — Example of material A and B
Material A Material B
Material / size
Source / grade Proportion Source Proportion
a
10/14 mm aggregate Maraîchères 35 %
a a
6/10 mm aggregate Maraîchères 16,5 % Maraîchères 66 %
a
2/6 mm aggregate Maraîchères 24,5 %
b b
0/1 mm aggregate Nemours 11 % Nemours 27%
c c
Filler Airvaut 13 % Airvaut 7%
Bitumen 50/70 pen 4,31 % 50/70 pen 5,03 %
xA 16,4 % xA 10,6 %
Specific air voids
yA 8,4 % yA 6,2 %
contents
zA 6,5 % zA 3,6 %
a
Maraîchères is of eruptive origin.
b
Nemours is of aeolian origin.
c
Airvaut is of limestone origin.
17
EN 12697-31:2007 (E)
A.3.2 Force
The equipment shall apply a force F of which the mean value during the test is determined for a gyratory
compactor type.
This determined value is:
 between 11 500 N and 13 500 N for gyratory compactors equipped with 160 mm diameter moulds;
 between 10 000 N and 12 000 N for gyrator compactors equipped with 150 mm diameter moulds;
 between 4 500 N and 4 900 N for gyratory compactors equipped with 100 mm diameter moulds.
The mean values of F, during an elementary test, barring a temporary start-up period of less than 30 s, shall
not deviate by more than ± 250 N in relation to the determined value.
A.3.3 Gyratory-type angle test
The type setting angle is such that during the course of an experimental test carried out with this angle setting
and involving at least 27 specimens of each of the central reference materials A and B, the averages of air
voids content at the required number of gyrations, expressed in percent, conform to Table A.3. The standard
deviation, calculated for at least 27 specimens, of the values for each gyration threshold, shall be less than or
equal to 0,5 %.
Table A.3 — Maximum deviations of air voids content for the type angle verification
Number of rotations 10 40 100 200
Material A (average of at least 27 specimens) xA ± 0,50 – yA ± 0,35 zA ± 0,35
Material B (average of at least 27 specimens) xB ± 0,50 yB ± 0,35 zB ± 0,35 –
Standard deviation for at least 27 specimens ≤ 0,5 ≤ 0,5 ≤ 0,5 ≤ 0,5
A.4 Procedure to test the conformity of a gyratory compactor to a type

The manufacturer attests the conformity of the models supplied to a gyratory compactor type.
The attestation implies that if tests are carried out, at the time of a test comprising three gyratory compactor
tests, conducted on a AC 10 or AC 11,2 mixture conforming to EN 13108-1, the deviation between the
average values of the air voids content at 60 gyrations, between the model supplied and a compactor
conforming to this European Standard, is less than 0,6 % subject to the standard deviation of each of the two
groups of nine specimens being less than 0,5 %.
The conformity can be obtained when the internal gyratory angle α (angle between upper insert and mould
and lower insert and mould) is equal to the internal angle of the type tested device to ± 0,02° (the force F shall
comply with Table A.1).
18
EN 12697-31:2007 (E)
A.5 Summary of the gyratory calibration chain

Table A.4 — Summary of the gyratory calibration chain
Step Action Procedure Result Comments
Step 1 Central reference Mixture A and mixture B xA, yA, zA Central reference
materials with required void content materials may be
xB, yB, zB
at fixed number of not a single one
A.1
gyrations.
Standard deviation
(27 specimens) of void
content < 0,5%
xA, yA, zA, xB, yB, zB constant
Step 2 Research and Not described in this Estimated force In order not to use
adjustment of the European Standard Ft and angle φt reference materials,
angle and of the available for the this approach may
force of a Gyratory- type of gyratory be carried out on
type other mixtures
Step 3 Type testing for 27 specimens on mixture A Force Ft and Performance based
angle and force and 27 specimens on angle φt available type testing
setting mixture B: for the type of
gyratory
A.1 To comply in average with
XA, YA, ZA, XB, YB, ZB
Standard deviation of void
content < 0,5 %
Step 4 Conformity of a Comparison between the Gyratory conform

gyratory to a type gyratory-candidate adjusted to this European
to the angle φt and to the Standard
A.2 force Ft and a gyratory
conform to this European
Standard:
– either using an AC10 or

AC11,5 (3 tests
[9 specimens] on each
machine. Criterion: void
content at 60 gyrations)
– or using the
measurement of the
internal angle
Step 5 Periodical Round robin tests Not described in this

verifications European Standard
Checking AC of step 3
Checking the constancy of
the measurement of the
internal angle
19
EN 12697-31:2007 (E)
Annex B
(normative)
Procedure to evaluate the gyratory compactor internal angle of gyration

using a self-contained measurement unit
B.1 Scope
The procedure applies to gyratory compactor and associated equipment as described in the general part of
this European Standard. The gyratory compactor should be in thorough repair with the compaction pressure
(600 ± 18) kPa and specimen height measurement system. The procedure applies to specimens that have a
diameter of 150 mm and a final compacted height of (115 ± 5) mm.
B.2 Principle
Gyratory compactors are used to produce asphalt specimens in the laboratory to assess and predict
pavement performance. Gyratory compactor specimens are cylindrical with a diameter of 150 mm and a final
height 115 mm. In the fabrication of a gyratory compactor specimen, loose asphalt is placed inside a metal
mould, which is then placed into a gyratory compactor. A constant consolidation pressure is applied to the
sample while the mould gyrates at a nominally constant angle (referred to as the angle of gyration) and rate.
Consistency in the density of the asphalt specimens produced is very important to the validity of the tests
performed. Specimens of a consistent density are produced when a gyratory compactor maintains a constant
pressure and a known constant angle of gyration during the compaction process. During the calibration
process, the internal angle of gyration of a gyratory compactor is measured dynamically with an instrument
inserted into the mould while asphalt is compacted. The internal angles at each end of the mould are
measured, then averaged to obtain an effective angle of gyration.
NOTE 1 There are several manufacturers and models of gyratory compactors. Each model employs a unique method
of setting, inducing, and maintaining the angle of gyration. Each model also employs a unique calibration system to
measure the angle of gyration externally in relation to the mould. These existing calibration systems cannot be used
universally on all of the different gyratory compactor models commercially available. Inconsistencies in asphalt specimens
produced on different gyratory compactor models have been attributed to variations in the angle of gyration.
NOTE 2 This practice provides an independent uniform process to validate the angle of gyration of any manufacturers'
gyratory compactor model.
B.3 Equipment
B.3.1 Measurement instrument
Self-contained instrument designed to measure the internal angle of gyration dynamically, during the
compaction process with asphalt mixtures present in the mould. The instrument shall be capable of being
placed inside the gyratory compactor standard mould, either above or below the asphalt, with no external
connections. It shall be capable of measuring and storing the angle of gyration during the compaction cycle.
B.3.2 Static angle block
A traceable angle gage block with four integral angles used to calibrate and verify the calibration by the
measurement instrument. The block shall be made of a material that permits uniform heating to a temperature
of 75 °C without distortion.
20
EN 12697-31:2007 (E)
B.4 Procedure
B.4.1 General
Before each use of the measurement instrument, verify the angle measurement system against a set of
known angles. The static angle block, which provides a set of four known static angles, can be used to confirm
that the measurement instrument is operating within calibration. The measurement instrument and the static
angle block shall be at the same, uniform, stable temperature for the verification to be accurate.
NOTE 1 This verification should be performed on a regular basis before the measurement instrument is used with
bituminous mixtures. The time interval depends on the use of the gyratory compactor to compact asphalt specimens.
Once the measurement instrument has heated up from use, it should be allowed to cool to room temperature before being
used in the static angle block.
Prepare the appropriate asphalt mixture in accordance with EN 12697-27 or EN 12697-35. The mass of the
specimen shall be adjusted to achieve a compacted specimen having dimensions of 150 mm in diameter and
heights of (115 ± 5) mm at the required number of gyrations. The nominal maximum aggregate size of the
asphalt specimens shall be 8 mm or 11,2 mm.
NOTE 2 The recommended number of gyrations for purposes of making angle of gyration measurements is 100. This
number provides a balance between minimising heating of the measurement instrument and providing adequate sampling
of angle data while compacting the specimen to an appropriate density. Other gyration levels may be specified.
The mixture shall be brought to the compaction temperature range by careful uniform heating in an oven prior
to moulding.
Place a clean compaction mould assembly in an oven at the required compaction temperature ± 5 °C for a
minimum of 45 min prior to the compaction of the first mixture specimen.
Verify the settings on the compactor. Unless noted otherwise, the gyratory compactor shall be initialised to
provide specimen compaction using a consolidation pressure of (600 ± 18) kPa and a gyration rate of
(30 ± 0,5) rpm.
Prepare the measurement instrument for collecting data. When setting the delay before data acquisition timer,
be sure to allow for enough time to properly assemble the mould for compaction. Select a length of data
acquisition time that is approximately (45 ± 15) s longer than the anticipated gyration time.
Ensure that the measurement instrument base and probe tips are free of debris. The measurement instrument
internal temperature shall also be monitored to ensure that it does not exceed the permissible operating
temperature during the test.
Once the temperature of the asphalt specimen falls within the compaction temperature range, remove a
compaction mould assembly from the oven.
B.4.2 Determination of the bottom angle
Measure the bottom internal angle by arming the measurement instrument and placing the measurement
instrument inside the mould with its base oriented toward the mould bottom. Place the intermediate plate
directly on top of the measurement instrument with the taper toward the measurement instrument. Place a
paper disk on the intermediate plate inside the mould to aid separation of the specimen from the plate after
compaction.
Quickly load the mixture sample into the mould using a transfer bowl or other suitable device. Care shall be
taken to minimise segregation of the sample in the mould. After the mixture has been completely loaded into
the mould, place a paper disk on the sample to avoid material adhering to the ram head or top mould plate.
For those gyratory models that normally require metallic top inserts, place the mould top plate on top of the
paper disk.
21
EN 12697-31:2007 (E)
Load the mould into the gyratory compactor. Initiate the compaction process when the countdown timer on the
measurement instrument software indicates data collection is about to begin. The compactor shall apply a
vertical pressure, induce the angle, and begin compaction. Using the measurement instrument, measure and
record the internal angle to at least 0,01° at each rotation. Compaction shall proceed to the desired number of
gyrations.
NOTE 1 For most gyratory compactors, the initiation is an automatic process consisting of pressing a key to start the
compaction process.
Record the final height measurement of the asphalt specimen and measurement instrument as measured by
the gyratory compactor.
NOTE 2 The final height reported by the gyratory compactor includes the specimen, the measurement instrument and
the measurement instrument intermediate plate.
Save the output data file from the measurement instrument.
Confirm that the measurement instrument has completed one or more rotations within the mould during the
compaction process. If it has, then a single iteration provides a full picture of the angle at different orientations,
throughout a gyration (i.e. the roundness of the gyration is observed), and the measurements from this single
iteration yield the bottom internal angle.
NOTE 3 If the rotational behaviour of the measurement instrument is not already known, it can be determined by
temporarily halting the compaction of a trial specimen every 15 to 20 gyrations and noting the position of the measurement
instrument probes. An estimate of the number of gyrations required for a full rotation can then be ascertained. An
alternative method of determining the rotation of the measurement instrument is to place a pierce of high temperature tape
on the inner mould wall in a suitable position so that only one of the two measurement instrument probe tips will contact it
as the measurement instrument rotates with respect to the mould. The probe will contact the tape providing a spike in the
angle signal, which permits the rotation of the measurement instrument to be monitored. Typically, the measurement
instrument completes 1 to 3 full rotations per 100 gyrations.
If the measurement instrument does not rotate within the mould, a second set of iterations is required. During
this second set, the measurement instrument probes should be oriented in a direction that is 90° away from
the orientation used during the first set. The measurement instrument measurements from both iterations are
averaged together to yield the bottom internal angle. This bottom internal angle measurement is considered a
single replicate.
B.4.3 Determination of the top angle
Measure the top internal angle by placing a paper disk on the mould base plate inside the mould to aid
separation of the specimen from the plate after compaction. Quickly place the mixture into the mould using a
transfer bowl or other suitable device. Care shall be taken to minimise segregation of the mixture in the mould.
After the mixture has been completely loaded into the mould, place a paper disk on the mixture to avoid
material adhering to the measurement instrument intermediate plate.
Place the measurement instrument intermediate plate on top of the asphalt specimen (paper disk) with the
taper away from the asphalt. Arm the measurement instrument and then place it onto the intermediate plate
inside the mould. Orient the measurement instrument with its base toward the mould top. For those gyratory
models that normally require mould top plates, place the mould top plate on top of the measurement
instrument.
Load the compaction mould into the gyratory compactor and initiate the compaction process when the
countdown timer on the measurement instrument software indicates data collection is about to begin. The
compactor shall apply a vertical pressure, induce the angle, and begin compaction. Compaction shall proceed
to the desired number of gyrations.
NOTE 1 For most gyratory compactors, the initiation is an automatic process consisting of pressing a key to start the
compaction process.
22
EN 12697-31:2007 (E)
Record the final height measurement of the asphalt specimen and measurement instrument as reported by
the gyratory compactor. Save the output data file from the measurement instrument.
NOTE 2 The final height reported by the gyratory compactor includes the measurement instrument and measurement
instrument intermediate plate.
Confirm that the measurement instrument has completed one or more rotations within the mould during the
compaction process. If it has, then a single iteration provides a full picture of the angle at different orientations,
throughout a gyration (i.e. the roundness of the gyration is observed), and the measurement instrument
measurements from this single iteration shall yield the bottom internal angle.
NOTE 3 If the rotational behaviour of the measurement instrument is not already known, it can be determined by
temporarily halting the compaction of a trial specimen every 15 to 20 gyrations and noting the position of the measurement
instrument probes. An estimate of the number of gyrations required for a full rotation can then be ascertained. Typically,
the measurement instrument completes 1 to 3 full rotations per 100 gyrations.
If the measurement instrument does not rotate within the mould, a second set of iterations is required. During
this second set, the measurement instrument probes shall be oriented in a direction that is 90° away from the
orientation used during the first set. The measurement instrument measurements from both iterations are
averaged together to yield the top internal angle. This top internal angle is considered a single replicate.
B.4.4 Repetitions of bottom and top angle determination
Repeat the previous B.3.3 and B.3.4 for a total of at least three replicates with the measurement instrument
above and three with the measurement instrument below the asphalt specimen. The high-to-low difference
between the readings should be less than 0,04°. Run additional replicates until the high-to-low range is less
than 0,04° for any three.
B.5 Calculation
NOTE 1 The following analyses are only valid for gyratory compactors with mould heights of sufficient length to
accommodate tall asphalt specimens in addition to the measurement instrument (h = (115 ± 5) mm).
For each specimen, compute the average internal angle.
Examine the graph of angle against gyration for smoothness, sinusoidal components, and gradual changes in
measured angle. Discard for evaluating the angle any section of data where the graph shows a slight
decrease in angle during the first few gyrations before stabilising.
NOTE 2 It is normal for the graph to show a slight decrease in angle during the first few gyrations then stabilise.
Sharp, jagged data graphs indicate debris or damaged components affecting the measurement. Tests with
data which, on the graph, has irregular shapes, or other non-uniform properties, shall be repeated. If the
non-uniform result is recurring, examine the gyratory compactor components and the measurement
instrument for damage or debris.
NOTE 3 Debris or damaged components can cause seriously erroneous readings.
Sinusoidal angle data indicates an elliptical shape to the gyration in combination with the slow rotation of the
measurement instrument. Determine the angle of gyration by averaging the signal over a single complete or
multiple complete periods.
A gradual increase in the angle of gyration near the end of the compaction process may indicate an asphalt
specimen with low shear resistance. If this increase constitutes a large portion of the test data, repeat the
measurement with a stiffer mix specimen.
NOTE 4 The angle of gyration may vary over the course of compaction in a typical gyratory compactor, decreasing as
the shear resistance of the mix increases, then increasing as the asphalt mix specimen's shear resistance lowers. Utilise a
23
EN 12697-31:2007 (E)
representative section from the measurement instrument report graph to record the result from each individual specimen.
The entire test can be averaged, but in a 100 gyration test, gyrations 10 through 90 are typically a more representative
angle.
If the measurement instrument does not rotate at the bottom of the mould, average the two measurements
taken in B.4.2 to obtain the bottom internal angle, α(bottom, h). If the measurement instrument does not rotate
at the top of the mould, average the two measurements taken in B.4.3 to obtain the top internal angle α(top, h).
These combined internal angle measurements are considered a single replicate.
For each specimen, compute the final height, h, in millimetres (mm) from Equation (B.1).
h = hGC − hDAVkit (B.1)
where
hGC is the height measured by the gyratory compactor at the final gyration (mm);
hDAVkit is the height of measurement instrument and intermediate plate combined.
Calculate the overall, effective internal angle of gyration for a gyratory compactor when compacting
specimens with a final height h from Equation (B.2).
α (top, h) + α (bottom, h)
α (effective, h) =
2 (B.2)
where
α(top, h) is the average top internal angle of an asphalt specimen with a final height h from Equation (B.3).
α (top, h)1 + α (top, h) 2 + ... + α (top, h) n

α (top, h) =
n (B.3)
α(bottom, h) is the average bottom internal angle of an asphalt specimen with a final height h form
Equation (B.4).
α (bottom, h)1 + α (bottom, h) 2 + ... + α (bottom, h) n

α (bottom, h) =
n (B.4)
B.6 Compliance
The gyratory compactor shall meet all of the following specifications:
 the maximum difference between at least three individual measurements of the top internal angle or
bottom internal angle shall not exceed 0,05°;
 the internal effective angle α(effective, h) shall be (0,82 ± 0,02)°;
 the difference between the average bottom internal angle α(bottom, h) and the average top internal angle
α(top, h) shall not exceed 0,10°;
 the difference between the internal effective angle α(effective, h) for an easy to compact asphalt and the
internal effective angle α(effective, h) for a hard to compact asphalt shall not exceed 0,10°.
24
EN 12697-31:2007 (E)
B.7 Report
The report shall contain the following information:
a) information about the gyratory compactor Identification: Manufacturer and model number, serial number;
b) information about the measurement instrument: serial number, date calibrated, date due;
c) date and time of test;
d) bituminous mixture identification: mix properties (gradation, binder content, aggregate type, design
gyrations), sample type (plant or laboratory prepared);
e) mass of each specimen to the nearest 0,1 g;
f) final height of each specimen, nearest 1,0 mm (calculated from the gyratory compactor);
g) average top internal angle for each specimen;
h) average bottom internal angle for each specimen;
i) effective internal angle at a specimen height of (115 ± 5) mm.
B.8 Precision data

The combined uncertainty of the measurement instrument (using the Dynamic Angle Validation Kit) and the
static angle block is estimated at ± 0,022°.
The research required establishing the precision of this procedure has not been conducted.
The research required establishing the bias of this procedure has not been conducted.
25
EN 12697-31:2007 (E)
Annex C
(normative)
Procedure to evaluate the gyratory compactor (GC) internal angle of

gyration and related parameters using simulated loading
C.1 Scope
The procedure applies to gyratory compactor and associated equipment as described in the general part of
this European Standard. The gyratory compactor shall be in thorough repair with the compaction pressure
(600 ± 18) kPa and specimen height measurement system.
C.2 Principle
The internal angle of a gyratory compactor is measured dynamically with an instrument inserted into the
mould (Figure C.1).
The instrument induces a moment on the gyratory compactor while simultaneously measuring the internal
angle. The simulated loading conditions are similar to those created by compaction of an asphalt specimen.
The internal angles at each end of the mould are measured and then averaged to obtain the internal effective
angle of gyration.
C.3 Procedure
Measure the internal effective angle, IEA, at a tilting moment of (240 ± 10) Nm as follows:
 measure the internal top angle, ITA, four times. Every measurement is taken to at least 0,01° in a
different direction facing the probe of the angle measurement instrument successively to the left, back,
right and front of the gyratory compactor;
 measure the internal bottom angle, IBA, four times. Every measurement is taken at least 0,01° in a
different direction facing the probe of the angle measurement instrument successively to the left, back,
right and front of the gyratory compactor.
Repeat the measurement of the internal effective angle, IEA, at a tilting moment of (425 ± 10) Nm.
NOTE 1 The procedure consists of a total of 16 individual angle measurements.
NOTE 2 The low value of the tilting moment characterises an easy to compact asphalt mixture, the high value a hard
compactable mixture.
26
EN 12697-31:2007 (E)
C.4 Calculation of results

Compute the internal top angle, ITA, from Equation (C.1).
( ITa1 + ITa 2 + ITa3 + ITa 4 )

ITA =
4 (C.1)
where
ITa1 is the internal top angle measurement with probe facing left;
ITa2 is the internal top angle measurement with probe facing back;
ITa3 is the internal top angle measurement with probe facing right;
ITa4 is the internal top angle measurement with probe facing front.
Compute the internal bottom angle, IBA, from Equation (C.2).
( IBa1 + IBa2 + IBa3 + IBa4 )

IBA =
4 (C.2)
where
IBa1 is the internal bottom angle measurement with probe facing left;
IBa2 is the internal bottom angle measurement with probe facing back;
IBa3 is the internal bottom angle measurement with probe facing right;
IBa4 is the internal bottom angle measurement with probe facing front.
The accuracy of each measurement shall be at least 0,01°.
Compute the internal effective angle, IEA, from Equation (C.3).
( ITA + IBA)
IEA =
2 (C.3)
Compute δTB from Equation (C.4).
δ TB = ( ITA − IBA) (C.4)
Compute δLH from Equation (C.5).
δ LH = IEA240 − IEA425 (C.5)
27
EN 12697-31:2007 (E)
C.5 Compliance
The gyratory compactor shall meet all of the following specifications:
 the maximum difference between the four individual measurements (top or bottom, in the ranges of
240 Nm ± 10 % or 425 Nm ± 10 %) shall not exceed 0,05°;
 the internal effective angle, IEA, at a fixed tilting moment in the range 240 Nm ± 10 %, IEA425, shall be
0,82° ± 0,02°;
 the difference δTB between the internal top angle, ITA, and the internal bottom angle, IBA, shall not
exceed 0,10°;
 the difference δLH between the internal effective angle at 240 Nm ± 10 %, IEA240, and the internal effective
angle at 425 Nm ± 10 %, IEA425, shall not exceed 0,10°.
C.6 Report
The report shall contain the following information:
a) gyratory compactor information: Manufacturer, model, serial number, owner and location;
b) angle measurement instrument identification: Manufacturer, model, serial number, date previous
calibration and due date for next calibration;
c) results from each of the individual angle measurements: Angle (to the nearest 0,01°), with notations
indicating top or bottom angle and low or high tilting moment;
d) the calculated results: ITA240 , IBA240 , IEA240 and δTB(240);
e) ITA425 , IBA425 , IEA425 and δTB(425);
f) δLH;
g) difference between ITamin and ITamax at 240 Nm and 425 Nm;
h) difference between IBamin and ITamax at 240 Nm and 425 Nm;
i) the technician who performed the test shall sign and date the report.
C.7 Precision and bias

The research necessary to establish the precision and bias has not yet been performed.
28
EN 12697-31:2007 (E)
Key
1 angle measurement instrument

2 top end plate
3 gyratory compactor mould
4 bottom end plate
Figure C.1 — Tilting moments (top and bottom) induced by angle measurement instrument
29
EN 12697-31:2007 (E)
Bibliography
[1] EN 12591, Bitumen and bituminous binders — Specifications for paving grade bitumens
[2] ISO 5725-2, Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results — Part 2: Basic
method for the determination of repeatability and reproducibility of a standard measurement method
30
blank
BS EN
12697-31:2007
BSI — British Standards Institution
BSI is the independent national body responsible for preparing
British Standards. It presents the UK view on standards in Europe and at the
international level. It is incorporated by Royal Charter.
Revisions
British Standards are updated by amendment or revision. Users of
British Standards should make sure that they possess the latest amendments or
editions.
It is the constant aim of BSI to improve the quality of our products and services.
We would be grateful if anyone finding an inaccuracy or ambiguity while using
this British Standard would inform the Secretary of the technical committee
responsible, the identity of which can be found on the inside front cover.
Tel: +44 (0)20 8996 9000. Fax: +44 (0)20 8996 7400.
BSI offers members an individual updating service called PLUS which ensures
that subscribers automatically receive the latest editions of standards.
Buying standards
Orders for all BSI, international and foreign standards publications should be
addressed to Customer Services. Tel: +44 (0)20 8996 9001.
Fax: +44 (0)20 8996 7001. Email: orders@bsi-global.com. Standards are also
available from the BSI website at http://www.bsi-global.com.
In response to orders for international standards, it is BSI policy to supply the
BSI implementation of those that have been published as British Standards,
unless otherwise requested.
Information on standards
BSI provides a wide range of information on national, European and
international standards through its Library and its Technical Help to Exporters
Service. Various BSI electronic information services are also available which give
details on all its products and services. Contact the Information Centre.
Tel: +44 (0)20 8996 7111. Fax: +44 (0)20 8996 7048. Email: info@bsi-global.com.
Subscribing members of BSI are kept up to date with standards developments
and receive substantial discounts on the purchase price of standards. For details
of these and other benefits contact Membership Administration.
Tel: +44 (0)20 8996 7002. Fax: +44 (0)20 8996 7001.
Email: membership@bsi-global.com.
Information regarding online access to British Standards via British Standards
Online can be found at http://www.bsi-global.com/bsonline.
Further information about BSI is available on the BSI website at
http://www.bsi-global.com.
Copyright
Copyright subsists in all BSI publications. BSI also holds the copyright, in the
UK, of the publications of the international standardization bodies. Except as
permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 no extract may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any
means – electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise – without prior written
permission from BSI.
This does not preclude the free use, in the course of implementing the standard,
of necessary details such as symbols, and size, type or grade designations. If these
details are to be used for any other purpose than implementation then the prior
BSI written permission of BSI must be obtained.
389 Chiswick High Road Details and advice can be obtained from the Copyright & Licensing Manager.
London Tel: +44 (0)20 8996 7070. Fax: +44 (0)20 8996 7553.
Email: copyright@bsi-global.com.
W4 4AL

BS en 12697-31 Specimen Preperation by Gyratory Compactor

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

BS en 12697-31 Specimen Preperation by Gyratory Compactor

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

BS en 12697-31 Specimen Preperation by Gyratory Compactor

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

BRITISH STANDARD BS EN

The European Standard EN 12697-31:2007 has the status of a

This British Standard was published by BSI. It is the UK implementation of

EN 12697-31:2007. It supersedes BS EN 12697-31:2004 which is withdrawn.

This British Standard was Amendments issued since publication

ISBN 978 0 580 50689 5

ICS 93.080.20 Supersedes EN 12697-31:2004

Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt - Part

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 4 February 2007.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels

C.6 Report ...................................................................................................................................................28

This document supersedes EN 12697-31:2004.

This document is one of a series of standards as listed below:

The method is used for:

EN 13108-1; Bituminous mixtures — Material specifications — Part 1: Asphalt concrete

3 Terms, definitions and symbols

3.1 Terms and definitions

NOTE The eccentricity is explained in Figure C.1.

parallel to the axis of gyration

NOTE The tilting moment is explained in Figure C.1.

For the purposes of this document, the following symbols apply.

α is the internal angle, in degrees (°);

φ is the angle of incline of axis of test piece, in degrees (°);

D is the internal diameter of the mould, in millimetres (mm);

M is the mass of the mixture to be introduced in the mould, in kilograms (kg);

P is the preload, initial value of F, in newton (N);

v% is the void content, in percent (%);

e is the eccentricity, in millimetres (mm);

ITa1…4 is the measured internal top angle (4 individual measurements);

ITamin is the minimum measured internal top angle (of 4 measurements);

ITamax is the maximum measured internal top angle (of 4 measurements);

ITA is the internal top angle (average of 4 measurements)

ITA240 is the internal top angle at 240 Nm tilting moment;

IBa1…4 is the measured internal bottom angle (4 individual measurements);

IBamin is the minimum measured internal bottom angle (of 4 measurements);

IBamax is the maximum measured internal bottom angle (of 4 measurements);

IBA is the internal bottom angle (average of 4 measurements)

IBA240 is the internal bottom angle at 240 Nm tilting moment;

IEA is the internal effective angle (average of ITA and IBA);

IEA240 is the internal effective angle at 240 Nm tilting moment;

IEA425 is the internal effective angle at 425 Nm tilting moment;

δTB(240) is the difference between ITA and IBA at 240 Nm;

δTB(425) is the difference between ITA and IBA at 425 Nm;

δLH is the difference between IEA240 and IEA425.

Figure 1 — Test piece motion diagram

5.1 Test device

5.2 Metallic moulds

 having a surface hardness greater than 48 HRC according to EN ISO 6508-1;

- a roughness Ra less than 1 µm according to EN ISO 4287 or

 having a thickness greater than 7,5 mm.

5.3 Round metallic inserts

Round metallic inserts:

5.4 Device for measuring the distance between inserts

6.1 Mass of mixture to be introduced in the mould

6.1.1 Preparation of specimens for further mechanical testing

6.1.2 Preparation of specimens for void content requirement

6.2 Preparation of test pieces

The following operations shall be carried out: