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SOLAR ENERGY IRRADIATION AND 

MEASUREMENTS
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Presentation on theme: "SOLAR ENERGY IRRADIATION AND
MEASUREMENTS"— Presentation transcript:

1 SOLAR ENERGYDownload
IRRADIATION AND MEASUREMENTS
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Sudarshan B S
Assistant Professor
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2 Basics of Solar Buttons:
Radiation
Solar radiation is the radiant energy emitted by the Sun in the form of
electromagnetic waves.
The sun emits vast amount of radiant energy.
The earth intercepts only a fraction of it. 166
It is essential to drive directly or indirectly all biological and physical
processes on the Earth.
The earth is the only planet in the solar system, which receives an
optimum amount of solar radiation that makes life sustainable on it.
Solar spectrum resembles to that of a black body at approximately
5800 K.
98% of the total emitted energy lies in the spectrum ranges from
0.25 μm to 3.00 μm. About half of the radiation is in the visible short-
wave part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The other half is mostly in
the near-infrared part, with some in the ultraviolet part of the
spectrum.

3 Basics of Solar Radiation Cont.

Solar radiation having wavelength less than μm (called
ultraviolet) is absorbed by ozone layer in stratosphere. The ultraviolet
radiation not absorbed by the atmosphere is responsible for the
change of color in skin pigments.
The solar radiation, that traverses the atmosphere further, is subjected
to scattering, reflection and absorption by air molecules, aerosols,
gases and clouds.
The radiation budget represents the balance between incoming energy
from the Sun and outgoing thermal (longwave) and reflected
(shortwave) energy from the Earth. Globally, the budget is balanced.
Otherwise the temperature would rise constantly. Locally, the budget
is not balanced. Tropical areas get more than they release, while
higher latitudes of the winter hemisphere release more than they
receive.

4 Breakdown of incoming solar energy

5 DEPLETION OF SOLAR RADIATION BY ATMOSPHERE

The earth is surrounded by an atmosphere containing various gases,
dust and other suspended particles, water vapour and clouds of
various types. The solar radiation during its passage in the atmosphere
gets partly absorbed, scattered and reflected in different wavelength
bands selectively.
Radiation gets absorbed in water vapor, Ozone, CO2 , O2 in
certain wavelengths.
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Radiation gets scattered presentation
by molecules of different gases and small dust
particles known as Rayleigh scattering where the intensity is inversely
proportional to the fourth power of wavelength of light (l  1/4).
We think
If the size of the particles are you have
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wavelength If you
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There will be a reflection Share buttons
of radiation due toare a littleparticles
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size and other material in the atmosphere.
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Considerable amount of solar radiation also gets absorbed by clouds
which are of several types.

6 Factors Affecting Solar Radiation 166

Location (space and time)
Clouds (droplet and ice)
Total precipitable water
Aerosols and dust
Surface Albedo
Total Solar Irradiance (Solar Constant)
Ozone
Mixed gases (CO2, N2….)

7 DEPLETION OF SOLAR RADIATION BY ATMOSPHERE (cont.)

Some radiation gets reflected back in the atmosphere due
to reflection from the ground, from the clouds, and scattering. This
fraction of radiation reflected back is called albedo of the ground and
on an average the albedo is 0.2.
The solar radiation which reaches on the earth surface unattenuated
(after scattering, reflection and absorption) is called direct radiation or
beam radiation.
The radiation which gets reflected, absorbed or scattered is not
completely lost in the atmosphere and comes back on the surface of
the earth in the short wavelength region and called sky or diffuse solar
radiation.
The sum of the diffuse and direct radiation on the surface of the earth
is called global or total solar radiation.

8 SPECTRAL DISTRIBUTION OF EXTRATERRESTRIAL RADIATION

In addition to the total energy in the solar spectrum (i.e. the solar
constant), it is useful to know the spectral distribution of the
extraterrestrial solar radiation, that is, the solar radiation that would
be received in the absence of the atmosphere.
A standard spectral irradiance curve based on high altitude and space
measurements is shown here which is found to be similar to the 5777K
blackbody spectrum.
From this figure following observations are made:
The peak solar intensity is w/m2 at a wavelength of 0.48 m.
The solar spectrum varies from 0.2 – 3.0 m,
The energy in various spectral ranges is as follows:
Ultravoilet
Visible
Infrared
Download
Wavelength Energy (W/m2) presentation
Percent
0.2 – 0.38m)
88 6
(0.38 – 0.78 m) We think you have liked this presentation. If you wish to
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(0.78 – 3.0 m) Buttons:
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9 Terrestrial solar spectrum
The atmosphere absorbs extraterrestrial radiation at certain 166
wavelengths, resulting in an altered spectral distribution for terrestrial
radiation.

10 Types of Solar Radiation Irradiance (G, W/m2) Direct / Beam

(DNI)
•
Irradiance
Insolation
(G,
(H,
W/m2)
J/m2)
•
Direct / Beam (DNI)
Diffuse irradiance (DHI)
Global / Total solar irradiance
(GHI) = DNI.
Cosθ + DHI
Ground Reflected radiation (Albedo)

11 Radiation Terminology
Irradiance
(W/m2):
Amount
of radiant
energy
incident on a
surface per unit area per unit time.
Direct solar irradiance: Solar irradiance on a surface held
perpendicular to sun rays and diffuse sky radiation obstructed.
Diffuse solar irradiance: Solar irradiance on a horizontal surface due to
sky radiation only.
Global solar irradiance: Solar irradiance on a horizontal surface due to
both direct sun rays and diffuse sky radiation.
Reflected solar irradiance: Upward radiant exitance in the short wave
range.
Net terrestrial radiation: Upward radiant exitance minus downward
irradiance in long wave range through a horizontal surface near earth
surface Download presentation
Net total irradiance: Downward irradiance minus Upward radiant
exitance in entire spectrum
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12 DEFINITION OF SOLAR CONSTANT
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The amount of the suns energy that reaches the
earth (before enteringButtons:
the atmosphere)
The average value of irradiance per year is called the solar constant
(Ion)and is equivalent to , 1367 or 1373 W/m2 depending on who you
believe
1353 (1.5%) from Thekaekara (1976) – derived 166
measurements at very high atmosphere and used by NASA
from
1367 (1%) Adopted by the World Radiation Centre
1373 (1-2%) from Frohlich (1978) - derived from satellite data

13 Radiation measuring Instruments

Pyranometer
Pyrheliometer
Pyrgeometer
Net Radiometer
Sunshine Recorder
First Factor
Second Factor
Third Factor
Sensitivity
Stability
Accuracy

14 INSTRUMENTS USED GLOBAL SOLAR RADIATION:

Direct + diffuse radiation on horizontal surface - PYRANOMETER
DIFFUSE SOLAR RADIATION:
Short wave radiation from entire hemispherical sky - PYRANOMETER
WITH SHADING RING / SHADING DISK
DIRECT RADIATION
Direct radiation from sun - PYRHELIOMETER
REFLECTED SOLAR RADIATION
Short wave radiation reflected from ground - PYRANOMETER FACING
DOWNWARDS
LONGWAVE RADIATION
Emitted from ground (upward direction)
Atmospheric radiation (Downward direction) - PYRGEOMETER & NET
PYRADIOMETER

15 Measuring Solar Radiation Thermocouples/ Thermopile

Measurement devices for solar radiation employ thermocouples, which
use the thermoelectric effect : Thermocouples contain two dissimilar
metal conductors in contact, which produce a voltage when heated
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16 A Typical Pyranometer
Pyranometers are used to measure global and diffuse solar radiation
(from the halfspace). The you
We think thermopile
have likedisthiscomposed of Ifseveral
presentation. you wish to
thermocouples, connected in series. The output is a voltage
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proportional to the temperature
system. Sharedifference between
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of the sensor element and the housing as reference. Two quartz
domes and a ventilation system (shall) minimize external influences
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17 Eppley Precision Pyranometer

A pyranometer measures total global solar irradiance from the whole
sky. 166

18 Specifi cations of Eppley Precision Pyranometer

Sensitivity: approx. 9 µV/Wm-2.
Impedance: approx. 650 Ohms.
Temperature Dependence: ±1% over ambient temperature
range -
20 to +40°C
Linearity: ±0.5% from 0 to 2800 Wm-2.
Response time: 1 second (1/e signal).
Cosine:
±1% from normalization 0-70° zenith angle;
±3% 70-80° zenith angle.
Calibration: integrating hemisphere.
Orientation: Performance is not affected by orientation or tilt.

19 A PYRANOMETER SHOULD HAVE THE FOLLOWING

CHARACTERSTICS
It should not be wavelength-selective
Absence of zero drift
Calibration factor must be independent of the intensity
Response time should be as small as possible
Calibration Factor must be independent of time
Temperature response should be minimum
The calibration factor must be independent of temperature
Cosine and azimuthal response or spatial variation in the sensitivity of
the detector should be minimum
Sensitivity should be as large as possible

20 Classifi cation of pyrheliometers

STANDARD PYRHELIOMETERS Absolute cavity radiometer
Angstrom electrical compensation pyrheliometer Abbot silver – disk
pyrheliometer
FIRST – CLASS PYRHELIOMETER Michelson bimetallic pyrheliometer
Linke – Feussner iron – clad pyrheliometer
New eppley pyrheliometer (temperature compensated)
Yanishevsky thermoelectric pyrheliometer
SECOND CLASS PYRHELIOMETERS Moll – Gorczynski pyrheliometer
Old Eppley pyrheliometer (not temperature compensated)
The smithsonian waterDownload presentation
– flow pyrheliometer was omitted from the list
of standard instrument, but it has been one of the primary standard of
the United States.
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21 Instrument characteristics
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Sensitivity Impedance
Receiver Buttons:
9 microvolts per watt meter-2 approx.
650 ohms approx.
Circular 1 cm-2, coated with Parsons’ black optical lacquer
Temperature dependence 166
 1 per cent over ambient temperature range -20 to +40C
(temperature compensation of sensitivity can be supplied over other
ranges at additional charge
Linearity response time cosine
0.5 per cent from 0 to 2800 watts m-2 1 second (i/e signal)
1 percent from normalization 0-70 zenith angle
3 percent 70-80 zenith angle
Orientation mechanical vibration calibration
No effect on instrument performance tested upto 20g’s without
damage integrating hemisphere (approx. 700 watts
/ meter arbient temperature +25C): calibration reference
Eppley primary standards
Readout
Reproducing the World Radiation Reference

22 DETECTORS FOR RADIATION MEASUREMENT

CALORIMETRIC SENSORS
The radiant energy is incident on a high conductivity metal
coated with a nonselective black paint of high absorptance.
THERMOMECHANICAL SENSORS
The radiant flux is measured through bendings of a bimetallic strip.
THERMOELECTRIC SENSORS Radiation Fundamental
Consists of two dissimilar metallic wires with their ends connected. Concepts EGR 4345 Heat
PHOTOELECTRIC SENSORS Transfer.
Photovoltaic instruments are most numerous in the field of solar
radiation measurement. A photovoltaic device is made of a
semiconducting material such as silicon.

23 General characteristics of sensors for radiant energy

measurements
Effect used
Wave length (m)
Sensitivity
Linearity
Selectivity
Calorimetric Thermoelectric Photoelectric Photographic Visual
All 5
2
1.2
0.4 – 0.75 Download presentation
Low Good High High high
V. Good Good Poor Bad Bad
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24 Absolute cavity Radiometer from Eppley
25 MeasurementButtons:
of Direct radiation at normal incidence
26 NORMAL INCIDENCE PYRHELIOMETER
27 Normal Incidence Pyrheliometer from Eppley Laboratory,
USA 166
( SPECIFICATIONS)
Sensitivity: approx. 8 µV/Wm-2.
Impedance: approx. 200 Ohms.
Temperature Dependence: ± 1% over ambient temperature range -20
to +40°C.
Linearity: ±0.5% from 0 to 1400 Wm-2.
Response time: 1 second (1/e signal).
Calibration reference : Eppley primary
standard group of pyrheliometers.

28 Measurement of global and diffuse solar radiation on

horizontal surface
29 Pyranometer with shading disk
Diffuse solar irradiance can be measured by adding a shadowing
device to a pyranometer, which blocks the direct component of total
irradiance.

30 Hand held pyranometers

Handheld pyranometers use less precise sensors than precision
pyranometers but are more suitable for field measurements.

31 Ground measurements vs. satellite derived data

Satellite data
Advantages
Advantages
high accuracy (sensor dependent)
high time resolution
spatial resolution
long-term data (more than 20 years)
effectively no failures
no soiling
no ground site necessary
low costs
Disadvantages
high costs for installation & O&M
soiling of the sensors
sometimes sensor failure
no possibility to gain data of past
Disadvantages Download presentation
lower time resolution
low accuracy without ground measurement
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32 SRRA Network MNRE through its autonomous institute,
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National
Institute of wind energy (NIWE) at Chennai, has established solar
radiation resource assessment (SRRA) stations (in phase-1 and phase-
2) in different parts of country which fall in the zones expected 166to
receive good solar radiation. It is also proposed that the project will be
extended to other parts of the country and monitored through NISE.

33 Parameters being Measured

1
Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI): The total amount of solar radiation
per unit area that is intercepted by a flat, horizontal surface.
2
Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI): The amount of direct beam solar
radiation per unit area that is intercepted by a flat surface that is at all
times pointed in the direction of the sun.
3
Diffuse Horizontal Irradiance (DHI): The amount of diffuse solar
radiation per unit area that is intercepted by a flat, horizontal surface
that is not subject to any shade or shadow and does not arrive on a
direct path from the sun.
4
Humidity
8
Barometric Pressure
5
Wind Speed
9
Rainfall
6
Wind Direction
10
Aerosol Optical Depth (Not Required but recommended to include at
few sites)
7
Temperature
Frequency of Measurement:
1 minute interval
Duration of Measurement:
10 years, in order to establish TMYs
 34 A TYPICAL SOLAR RADIATION RESOURSE ASSESSMENT
STATION
35 Sl.No Download presentation
State/UT
Phase
I We think you have liked this presentation. If you wish to
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1
Andhra Pradesh Buttons:
6392
Bihar
-
Chhattisgarh 166
4
Gujarat
11 13 5
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
7
Jammu & Kashmir
8
Jharkhand
Karnataka
10
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
12
Maharashtra
Orissa
14
Punjab
15
Rajasthan
16
Tamil Nadu
17
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
18
West Bengal
19
North-East
20
Union Territories
51 60
111

36 Solar Resource Assessment

Information of solar radiation as available on the ground surface
•Quantity
•Spatial distribution
•Temporal characteristics
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37 E-mail : hpgarg01@rediffmail.com
INDIA SOLAR RESOURCE We think you have liked this presentation. If you wish to
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ByProf. (Dr.) H.P. Gargsystem.
Sr.Consultant,
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National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE) Gwal Pahari,Gurgaon Phone
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