Renewable Energy - Introduction Appl. Phys.

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INTRODUCTION

ENERGY SOURCES
Conventional/Non-Renewable
Fossil Fuels: Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas
Nuclear Sources (Uranium)

Renewable/Non-Conventional (Why We Need Them????)

Solar: Direct and Indirect
Wind
Geothermal
Biomass
Hydro
Oceanic: Tidal and Wave
Others

Are Renewable Sources REALLY Renewable????

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Renewable Energy - Introduction Appl. Phys. 506

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Renewable Energy - Introduction Appl. Phys. 506

PERSPECTIVES

Renewable energy in the global energy system (Sørensen, 1992c)

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Renewable Energy - Introduction Appl. Phys. 506

Penetration of Renewable Energy in National Energy Systems

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Renewable Energy - Introduction Appl. Phys. 506

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Renewable Energy - Introduction Appl. Phys. 506

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Renewable Energy - Introduction Appl. Phys. 506

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Renewable Energy - Introduction Appl. Phys. 506

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Renewable Energy - Introduction Appl. Phys. 506

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Renewable Energy - Introduction Appl. Phys. 506

Penetration of Renewable Energy in National Energy Systems

World Averages (W/cap)

Wind Power 0.92

Solid Wood Fuel 221.9

Biomass Waste 3.7

Liquid Biofuels 2.3

Biogas 2.8

Hydro Power 50

Tidal Power 0.01

Geothermal Power 9.3

Geothermal Heat 0.5

Solar Power 0.007

Solar Heat 0.11

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Renewable Energy - Introduction Appl. Phys. 506

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Renewable Energy - Introduction Appl. Phys. 506

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Renewable Energy - Introduction Appl. Phys. 506

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Renewable Energy - Introduction Appl. Phys. 506

GLOBAL SHARE OF R.E.:

Traditional use of Biomass for combustion  global average of 222 W/cap

Food energy in Biomass of animal/vegetable
Hydropower
Biomass waste (used for power or heat),
Biogas, Biofuels, wind power & geothermal heat
Solar heat, Tidal power & Solar power
 146 W/cap
 50 W/cap
 1 W/cap
 < 0.01 W/cap

PRODUCTION COST OF R.E.:

Wholesale market prices for Biomass waste and fuelwood range from about 1 c
per kWh (of “burning value”, i.e. energy of combustion) in India to some 2
c/kWh in industrialised countries (e.g. straw, wood chips 1.6 c/kWh and wood
pellets 1.9 c/kWh)

The cost of Coal before considering externalities is 0.5 c/kWh

The production cost of Biogas is 3.6-7 c/kWh

The production cost of Wind power is 3-7 c/kWh (depending on wind conditions)

The production cost of Photovoltaic Solar power is 40-130 c/kWh

The production cost of Hydropower is 1-5 c/kWh

The production cost of Coal and Gas based power is about 5 c/kWh

Distribution costs from centralized production units to the customers and, in many
countries, taxes and environmental externality payments, leading to customer
prices in excess of 14 c/kWh

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Renewable Energy - Introduction Appl. Phys. 506

PRODUCTION COST OF C.E.:

Oil production costs vary from well under 1 c/kWh at some Middle East wells to
near 2 c/kWh from offshore facilities in the North Sea

Refined products such as Gasoline is currently sold at prices around 4 c/kWh

Liquid Biofuels have production costs of 3-7 c/kWh

The prices of renewable energy only in particular cases can match those of fossil
fuels

The case for increasing the role of renewable energy sources is

therefore linked to uncertainty of future fossil fuel prices (for political
and resource depletion reasons) and increased awareness of the
indirect costs of pollution caused by fossil and nuclear fuels, including
in the fossil case emissions of substances contribution to excess
greenhouse warming

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Proved Reserves of Fossil Fuel on Region-Wise

Region/ OIL Thousand Million Thousand Million

barrels (1994) barrels (2004)
North America 89.8 61
South and Central America 81.5 101.2
Europe and Eurasia 80.3 139.2
Middle East 661.7 733.9
Africa 65.0 112.2
Asia pacific 39.2 41.1
Total world 1017.5 1188.6

Region/Natural gas Trillion cubic meters Trillion cubic meters

(1994) (2004)
North America 8.42 7.32
South and central America 5.83 7.10
Europe and Eurasia 63.87 64.02
Middle east 45.56 72.83
Africa 9.13 14.06
Asia pacific 10.07 14.21
World 142.89 179.53

Region/COAL Million tones

(2004)
North America 254432
South and central America 19893
Europe and Eurasia 287095
Africa and so called middle east 50755
Asia and pacific 296889
World 909064

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World energy consumption pattern

Energy consumption by fuel type (in million tones of oil

equivalent) for the year 2004
Region Oil Gas Coal Nuclear Hydro- Total
energy electricity
North America 1122.4 705.9 603.8 210.4 141.9 2784.4
South & central
221.7 106.2 18.7 4.4 132.1 483.1
America
Europe and
957.3 997.7 537.2 287.2 184.7 2964.0
Eurasia
Middle east 250.9 218.0 9.1 - 4.0 481.9
Africa 124.3 61.8 102.8 3.4 19.8 312.1
Asia Pacific 1090.5 330.9 1506.6 118.9 152.0 3198.8
World 3767.1 242.4 2778.2 624.3 634.4 10224.4

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Greenhouse Gas
A greenhouse gas (GHG) is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and
emits radiation within the thermal infrared range. This process is the
fundamental cause of the Greenhouse Effect.

The primary greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere are:

• Water vapor (H2O)

• Carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Methane (CH4)
• Nitrous oxide (N2O)
• Ozone (O3)
• CFCs

Greenhouse gases greatly affect the temperature of the Earth; without

them, Earth's surface would average about 33°C colder than the present
average of 14 °C (57 °F).

Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the burning of fossil

fuels has contributed to a 40% increase in the concentration of carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere from 280 ppm to 400 ppm.

Anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions (i.e., emissions

produced by human activities) come from combustion of carbon based
fuels, principally wood, coal, oil, and natural gas.

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Effect of pollutants on Human beings

Types Effects
Primary pollutants
CO Heart disease, strokes, pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis,
congestion of brain and lungs.
SOx Acute respiratory infection ( chronic pulmonary or cardiac
disorders)
NOx Chronic respiratory infection ( chromic bronchitis,
emphysema and pulmonary oedema)
HC Lung and stomach cancer
SP Tissue destruction of the respiratory epithelium ( deleterious
effects on the lining of the nose, sinus, throat and lungs)
cancer
Pb and PbOx Brain damage, cumulative poisoning (absorbed in red blood
cells and bone marrow.
Secondary pollutants
PAN and NO2 Attacks of acute asthma and allergic respiratory infections
(chronic bronchitis and emphysema).
O3 Chest constriction, irritation of mucous membrane, headache,
coughing and exhaustion.
Aerosols Asthma, infant mortality and acute respiratory infections
2- -
SO4 and NO3
Others
Aldehydes, olefins, Respiratory tract carcinoma
nitroamines PAH
Acrolein Irritation to eyes

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Renewable Energy Sources

• Wind power
• Hydropower
• Solar energy
• Biomass
• Biofuel
• Geothermal energy
• Oceanogenic Power

Trends in adopting the energy sources since history to future

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World energy scenario since 2000 to 2005

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