VJDFFDNBKGBK N N

 
 
 
               

 
 

 
 Name -
2022 Scheme
Roll No.
Semester - IV
SAP No.

Microwave & RADAR

Laboratory Manual
MWR221017
Diploma in Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering
          
 Institute
Vision
SBM Polytechnic aspires to be the lead institute in providing need based
technical education.

Mission
 To provide state-of-the-art infrastructure and latest equipment’s for
providing a stimulating learning environment.
 To prepare students to meet the dynamic needs of the industry by periodic
reviewing and up gradation of curriculum through an interactive process
with industry.
 To inculcate a spirit of excellence in terms of academic performance,
research and innovation in faculty by providing appropriate support and
incentive systems.
 To promote and support Co-Curricular, extra-curricular activities and
industry interaction to make students socially sensitive and employable.

Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering Department

Vision
Aspire to develop technically skilled Electronics and Telecommunications
Engineers

Mission
M1: To enhance professional skills required for technological solutions to real world
problems

M2: To create passion amongst graduates by providing industry-oriented learning

M3: To provide opportunities to be a team leader while working in

multidisciplinary area
 Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s
Shri Bhagubhai Mafatlal Polytechnic
Vile Parle W Mumbai

Certificate
This is to certify that Mr / Ms
Roll No SAP No. of
Second Semester of Diploma in Electronics and Telecommunications
Engineering has completed the term work satisfactorily in course
Microwave & RADAR(MWR221017) for the academic year 20
to 20 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place Date

Course Teacher Head of the Department Principal

The image part w ith relationship ID rId19 w as not found in the file.

 
 Shri Vile-Parle Kelavani Mandal's

Shri Bhagubhai Mafatlal Polytechnic

ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Discipline to be followed in Laboratory

Sr.NO INSTRUCTIONS

1 Before entering the lab, switch off your cell phones and keep it in your bag.

2 Before entering the lab keep your bags and belongings in the shelf.

3 Do not play with the knobs of the equipment

4 Carry only the lab manual and required writing material to the practical table.

5 Collect the required material from the lab assistant by producing I card.

6 Do not write anything on the table/equipment. If already something is written,

bring it to the notice of the faculty member.

7 Do not play and spoil the chairs.

8 Maintain silence in the laboratory

9 Switch off the power supply, return all the material, rearrange the

Equipment /chair before leaving the lab.

10 Maintain the decorum of the laboratory.

GENERAL LABORATORY SAFETY RULES

This document is intended to ensure the safe operation of the Electronics and
Telecommunications Engineering Laboratories. Students are expected to conduct practical
/experiments in a safe manner. Students should read and understand all contents of this
document.

BE PREPARED Read and fully comprehend the lab procedure as set forth in the lab manual
before you begin any experiment. If you do not understand the procedure, see your course
teacher/ instructor.

 THINK SAFETY. Work deliberately and carefully. No horseplay

 ALL LABORATORY STUDENTS MUST BE SUPERVISED Never work alone. In
the event of any problems arising while operating a piece of equipment, shut down the
equipment and report the problem to the instructor.
 KNOW THE HAZARDS OF ANY INSTRUMENT OR EQUIPMENT YOU ARE
WORKING WITH The laboratory manual and/or course teacher/ instructor will review
specific safety issues on individual experiments before you perform any tests.
 ALL STUDENTS MUST WEAR APPROPRIATE SAFETY EQUIPMENT When
working on any equipment the appropriate safety equipment for hand, eye and hearing
protection must be used. If in doubt ask!
 ALL STUDENTS MUST WEAR APPROPRIATE LABORATORY ATTIRE No
open toed shoes; no loose-fitting clothing; Jewellery should be removed; long hair should
be tied back.
 NO FOOD OR BEVERAGE IN THE LABORATORY
 KNOW EMERGENCY PROCEDURES Make note of fire escape routes.
 REPORT ANY PERCEIVED SAFETY HAZARDS Immediately report any spills,
equipment malfunctions, injuries or other perceived safety hazards to your teacher
/Instructor or staff member.
 KEEP YOUR WORK AREA CLEAN Keep your working area neat and well organized;
Switch off all equipment when finished and return all meters, material, wires etc to the lab
assistant. Arrange stools properly. Failure to do so will result in curtailment of privileges.
 FAILURE TO CONFORM WITH ANY OF THE ABOVE RULES MAY RESULT IN NOT
BEING ALLOWED TO PARTICIPATE IN THE LABORATORY EXPERMENT
LABORATORY SAFETY AGREEMENT:
I have read and agree to obey all laboratory safety rules. I understand these rules are to ensure
my own safety. I will cooperate to the fullest extent to maintain a safe laboratory
environment. I will follow all written and oral instructions provided by my course teacher /
instructor. I am aware that any violation of these rules may result in not being allowed to
participate in the laboratory experiment, receiving a failing grade, and/or dismissal from the
course.

Student Name:

Roll No.:

SAP No.:

Signature and Date:

 
 Programme Outcomes (POs) to be achieved through Practical of this Course

1. Basic and Discipline specific knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics, science
and engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to solve the engineering
problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify and analyze well-defined engineering problems using codified
standard methods.
3. Design/ development of solutions: Design solutions for well-defined technical problems
and assist with the design of systems components or processes to meet specified needs.
4. Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing: Apply modern engineering tools and
appropriate technique to conduct standard tests and measurements.
5. Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment: Apply appropriate
technology in context of society, sustainability, environment and ethical practices.
6. Project Management: Use engineering management principles individually, as a team
member or a leader to manage projects and effectively communicate about well-defined
engineering activities.
7. Life-long learning: Ability to analyses individual needs and engage in updating in the
context of technological changes.

Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

PSO1: To develop expertise in wired and wireless Communications

PSO2: To imbue knowledge and skills in the domain of Industrial Automation and IoT

Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)

PEO1: To demonstrate technical competence as an Engineer in the fields of Electronics
and Telecommunications
PEO2: Be professional leader in multidisciplinary domain

PEO3: Be an entrepreneur in the fields of Electronics and Telecommunications

SKILL COMPETENCY
The aim of this course is to help the student to attain the following industry identified
competency through various teaching learning experiences.

 Use microwave and RADAR based communication systems.

 
COURSE OUTCOMES (COs) At the end of the semester student will be able to: -
 
CO No. COURSE OUTCOME
CO1 Use specified waveguides in microwave communication system.
CO2 Maintain passive microwave components and devices
CO3 Use active microwave components and devices.
CO4 Interpret RADAR based systems for range detection.

CO5 Illustrate various RADAR systems

Mapping of CO with PO, PSO:

Course and Course Programme Outcomes Programme
Code Outcome Specific
s Outcomes
PO1 PO PO PO PO PO6 PO7 PSO1 PSO2
2 3 4 5
CO1 3 2 3 1 2 1 3 2

CO2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1

#Microwave CO3 2 1 3 1 2 1 2 1
and RADAR
(MWR2210 CO4 3 1 1 1 1 2 1
17)
CO5 3 1 1 1 1 2 1

CO Avg. 2.60 1.33 2.00 1.00 1.60 1.00 2.20 1.20

Correlation Levels: 1: Slightly 2: Moderately 3: Substantially

List of Industry Relevant Skills-

One of the main competencies that an Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering
student should possess is ‘Perform the job of Supervisor in Electronics and
Telecommunications Engineering Industry’. To inculcate this competency following skills
are developed in the student after conducting the practical of this laboratory manual.
1. Use relevant electronic components, measuring instruments, equipment to carryout
experiments.
2. Inspect given component/ electronic circuit.
3. Do circuit connections as per the given circuit diagram, carryout measurements, plot graph
and do necessary calculations.
4. Maintain electronic circuit. 
5. Construct simple electronic circuit. 
 Guidelines to Teachers
1. Students have to write practical related question and answers on A4 size paper.
2. There will be A4 size sheets of blank pages after every practical for the student to write
practical related question, answer and report other matters (if any), which is not mentioned
in the printed manual.
3. For difficult practical, if required, teacher could provide the demonstration of the practical
emphasizing of the skills which the student should achieve.
4. Teachers should give opportunity to students for hands-on after the demonstration.
5. For effective implementation and attainment of practical outcomes, teacher ought to ensure
that in the beginning itself of each practical, students must read through the complete write-
up of that practical sheet.
6. During practical, ensure that each student gets chance and takes active part in taking
observations/ readings and performing practical.
7. Teacher ought to assess the performance of students continuously.

Instructions for Students

1. Students must maintain discipline in laboratory all the time and should not leave the lab
early.

2. Students must maintain a separate long book for practical and carry it every time they come
to lab along with the lab manual and all other necessary writing material, graph papers and
ruled papers etc.

3. Students have to write practical related question and answers on A4 size paper and submit
with experiments.

4. There will be A4 size sheets of blank pages after every practical for the student to write
practical related question, answer and report other matters (if any), which is not mentioned
in the printed manual.

5. For effective implementation and attainment of practical outcomes, in the beginning it self
of each practical, students need to read through the complete write-up including the practical
related questions and assessment scheme of that practical.
6. Student should not hesitate to ask any difficulties they face during the conduct of practical.
 RUBRICS FOR CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT-PRACTICAL
TERMWORK
Skill/Criteria Total Levels of Marks to be Points to be considered for awarding of
marks Achievement awarded marks
Cognitive 04 Excellent 04 Knowledge, understanding, answers all
Domain questions correctly
Knowledge Good 03 Answers 75% questions correctly
Understanding
Retention Satisfactory 02 Answers 50% questions correctly
parameters of
experiment Poor 01 Answers 25% questions correctly

Psychomotor 04 Excellent 04 Able to i) Do experimental setup ii) Take

Domain readings iii) Draw correct setup,
waveforms & plot graphs iv) Takes
To draw, initiative and helps other weak students
To perform from the group
, hands on Good 03 Able to do three things
skills Satisfactory 02 Able to do two things
Poor 01 Able to do only one thing

Affective 02 Excellent 02 Comes in time, Assessment within one

Domain week
Punctuality Good 01 Assessment within two weeks
Neatness Poor 00 Assessment after two weeks
Timely
submission
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 LIST OF PRACTICALS/ASSIGNMENTS

Term Work consists of Journal containing minimum no of 10 experiments/Assignments.

Sr. Title of Approx.Hr CO

No. Experiment/Assignment/Exercise/Tutorial/Drawings s required
1 To Study microwave waveguide bench 4 CO1
2 To measure frequency using cavity wave meter. 2 CO2
3 To measure Standing wave Ratio (VSWR) using microwave 2 CO2
bench for given load
4 To Determine Wavelength using microwave bench 2 CO2
5 To measure Power and Attenuation using microwave bench 2 CO2
6 To Measure impedance using microwave bench 2 CO2
7 To determine characteristics of Directional coupler 2 CO2
8 Use the microwave test bench setup to ensure power division 2 CO2
in microwave tees E-plane, H-plane and E-H plane.
9 To determine coupling factor and insertion loss for the given 2 CO2
circulator/Isolator.
10 Use given microwave test bench setup to measure the gain of 2 CO2
he
horn antenna
11 Use the microwave bench setup to test the performance 2 CO3
characteristics of the given Reflex Klystron tube.
12 Test the performance of Gunn Diode for the following aspects 4 CO3
i. V-I characteristics
ii. Output power and frequency as a function of voltage

13 To investigate the effect of pulse repetition frequency on 2 CO4

RADAR range equation
14 To observe the effect of velocity and direction of arrival of a 2 CO5
vehicle on Doppler frequency
15 Assignment on RADAR fundamentals - CO4
16 Assignment on RADAR systems - CO5
TOTAL 32
 

 
 INTRODUCTION TO MICROWAVE COMMUNICATIONS

Microwaves are electromagnetic waves (E.M. waves) having wavelength in the micron range.
Though microwave frequencies refer to those from 1GHzto 106GHz but generally used for
those wavelengths measured in centimeters, roughly from 10cm to 1cm (3 to 30 GHz) and the
waves having wavelengths less than 1cm corresponds to higher frequencies (>30 GHz) are
called millimeter waves (mm waves).

MICROWAVE FREQUENCIES
Relationship between the frequency (f) and the wavelength (λ) of an E.M.wave is λ f=c
Where, c is velocity of electromagnetic radiation, usually called the speed oflight.

IEEE Microwave Frequency Band:

Designation Frequency range in

GHz
HF 0.003 to 0.03
VHF 0.03 to 0.3
UHF 0.3 to 1.0
L-Band 1.0 to 2.0
S-Band 2.0 to 4.0
C-Band 4.0 to 8.0
X-Band 8.0to 12.0
Ku-Band 12.0 to 27.0
K- Band 18.0 to 27.0
Ka-Band 27.0 to 40.0
Millimeter 40.0 to 300
Sub-millimeter 300 and above.
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF MICROWAVE AND APPLICATIONS:
Most of the applications of microwave arise from the characteristicFeatures
and their advantages
First important characteristic is that the microwave is highly directive
Which makes it possible for microwave communication used for telephone
networks, radio broadcasting and television systems.
Like any other energy, microwave energy has a heating effect, it is used in
microwave oven for home cooking, drying machine, drying inks, and in food
processing industries.
Microwaves are capable of energetically interacting with matter and so used in
microwave spectroscopy for structural analysis. Apart from scientificresearch
the absorption of microwave by molecular resonance is well suitedfor various
industrial measurements like control of pollution by checking the concentration
of different gases from an exhaust chimney.

MICROWAVE SYSTEMS:
Usually a microwave system consists of a transmitter sub system, consisting of a
microwave oscillator, waveguide, transmission antenna and areceiver sub system;
that includes a receiving antenna, wave guide a microwave detector, power and
frequency meter.
The intermediate region between the transmitter and receiver, as well as the inner
hollow space of the waveguide may be filled up with air or dielectricmedium. The
electromagnetic wave traverses with the speed of light through air but a dielectric
medium such as Teflon and even water will slow down thewaves. If the medium
has the dielectric constant, then wavelength (λd) in the
dielectric is given by, λd= λ0/√є
Where λ0 is the free space wavelength.
 
       BASIC SETUP 
OF                              
MICROWAVE KIT 
 BASIC SETUP
 

 
GENERATOR  VARIABLE  CAVITY RESONATOR  DETECTOR 
 EXPERIMENT NO: ROLL NO:
DATE:
 

BASIC SETUP OF A MICROWAVE KIT

AIM: To familiarize with the microwave components included in the trainer and to build a basic
expertise as required to proceed with more complex experiments.

APPARATUS/EQUIPMENTS:
1. Microwave Trainer
2. Auxiliary Module
3. Slotted line
4. Variable Attenuator
5. Generator
6. Detector
7. Oscilloscope

THEORY:
The signal from the generator (10.75 GHz, frequency and +7 dB m level) passes the adjustable
attenuator (-24 dB max), and finally reaches the detector. The other side of the detector is closed
on a matched termination.
Note how the Auxiliary unit is used to power-supply the generator and to display the level of the
signal from the detector.

PROCEDURE:
1. Set-up the equipment as shown in Fig.
2. Before switching on the equipment, set the variable attenuator for full insertion. Switch on
the equipment. Reduce the attenuation on the path and, if needed, adjust the scale of the
voltmeter indicating the output level.
CAUTION:

 Human eye may be damaged by even low levels of radiation. Do not look into any
waveguide at any time when the units are on.

CONCLUSION:
CAVITY WAVEMETER
AND FREQUENCY
MEASUREMENT
 EXPERIMENT NO: ROLL NO:
DATE:

CAVITY WAVEMETER AND FREQUENCY MEASUREMENT

AIM: To demonstrate how an adjustable resonant cavity can be used to measure the frequency of
the microwave signal.
APPARATUS:
1) Microwave Trainer kit
2) Auxiliary Module
3) Generator
4) Variable Attenuator
5) Cavity Wave Resonator
6) Detector
7) Termination

THEORY:
The Position of the plunger inside the cavity determines the resonance at a certain frequency. If
the frequency would change, another position of the plunger would be needed to achieve
resonance. This means that the scale of the micrometer could be graduated in GHz and MHz rather
than centimeters and the resonance Cavity would turn into Frequency Meter.
Since the Generator used in the trainer is high precision, fixed frequency device, working at 10.75
GHz, we have one calibration point available, while many more will be required for calibrating
the instrument. The principle underlining the use of Cavity for frequency measurement should be
however clear at this point.
Cavity wave meter were practically the only available instrument up to let’s say 10-15 years ago
when Ultra-Fast semi-conductor started to appear on the market. This device allows now the
construction of ultra-fast dividers capable to drive conventional frequency meters working at much
low frequency range. This is a great technical improvement; however, the Classic cavity frequency
meter still maintains its value.
 PROCEDURE:
Set up the equipment as shown in the figure.
The signal from the generator is made to pass through adjustable attenuator and then the cavity
wave meter. Finally, the crystal detector is inserted on line and the output port is terminated by
matched termination.
Switch on the equipment. Adjust the variable attenuator for convenient reading.
Starting with the micrometer of the wave meter in the zero position, slowly tune the plunger until
a “DIP” is obtained (this will be the lowest power reading on the meter). Note that the meter on
the Auxiliary module is provided with an input filter to enhance stability. You might therefore
depass the DIP Point without noticing it, if turning of the cavity is too fast. For this reason, it is
advisable to display the signal of the detector on the CRO.

OBSERVATIONS: -

CONCLUSION: ‐ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

     STANDING WAVE           
MEASUREMENT 
 STANDING WAVE MEASUREMENT

Part ‘A’:
Standing wave measurement with
matched termination
 
  
       

         DETECTOR 

 
 
 
 
 
Auxiliary    Variable 
power             C. R. O. 
Generator  Attenuator 
module 
 
  Internal 
Amplifier 
Part ‘B’: 

Standing wave measurement with 
shorted termination 
Shorted 

Terminati
 
 
 
 
 
 EXPERIMENT NO: ROLL NO:
DATE:

STANDING WAVE MEASUREMENT 

AIM: To study the Standing Wave Patterns & to calculate the voltage standing wave ratio
(VSWR).

APPARATUS/EQUIPMENTS:
1) Microwave Trainer
2) Auxiliary Module
3) Slotted line
4) Variable Attenuator
5) Generator
6) Detector
7) Oscilloscope

THEORY:
At any point along a transmission line or waveguide, we can think of electromagnetic field as a
sum of two waveforms one is travelling towards the load and other is travelling towards the
generator (reflected). The reason for the reflection is impedance mismatch due to inappropriate
waveguide termination.
The slotted line or slide detector is an instrument conceived to study the pattern of stationary
waves i.e. direct & reverse waves. If we observe the pattern of standing wave it would always
appear as a regular sine wave alternative positive and negative lobe.
The Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) is:
VSWR = e max/e min
In order to execute the experiment of Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) measurement, set
up the equipment as shown in the figure. The generator issues a wave which passes through the
slotted line & adjustable attenuator. The wave is terminated by the shorting plate which perfectly
reflects the incident wave. By adjusting the amount of energy reflected i.e. VSWR can be easily
varied.
PROCEDURE:
1) Since the DVM of the auxiliary module is to measure positive voltages only & the detector
of the slotted line delivers a negative voltage, connect oscilloscope to the detectors output.
2) Move the slide of the slotted line from one end to other at equal steps of suitable wideness.
3) Measure the displayed signal voltage & plot the result on a graph.
4) Set the attenuator to -6dB. The stationary pattern shall remarkably change since the amount
of reflected wave is now dropped by 12 dB (6dB in direct travel & 6 dB in reverse travel
slotted line).
5) Record the new stationary wave pattern, then calculate the values of the VSWR for the two
cases by the formula given.

OBSERVATIONS:

SR.NO DISTANCE VOLTAGE SR.NO DISTANCE VOLTAGE

CALCULATIONS: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
RESULT:
 
 
 
 
 
 
CONCLUSION: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                         
 
 
 
 

WAVELENGTH      
               

MEASUREMENT 
 WAVELENGTH MEASUREMENT

Slotted line 
detector 

 
Auxiliary  Variable 
power  Generator 
C. R. O. 
Attenuator 
module 

Internal 
Amplifier 
 
 
Part ‘A’:  Matched 
Wavelength measurement with matched  Terminati
termination 
 
 
 
 
Slotted line 
detector 

 
 
 
 
C. R. O. 
Auxiliary    Variable 
 
power 
Generator  Attenuator 
module 
 
  Internal 
Amplifier 
Part ‘B’: 

Wavelength measurement with  Shorted 
shorted termination 
Terminati

 
 
 
 
   
 EXPERIMENT NO: ROLL NO:
DATE:

 
 
 
WAVELENGTH MEASUREMENT

AIM: To find the Wavelength of the Wave travelling through the waveguide.
APPARATUS:
1) Microwave Trainer kit
2) Auxiliary Module.
3) Generator
4) Variable Attenuator
5) Detector
6) Termination

THEORY:
Frequency and wavelength of an electromagnetic wave are related by the following equation:
f. ƛ= V
Where V is the Wave Velocity.
When the wave travels in an open space, its velocity equals the speed of light, VO=300000 km/sec.
For a general case of propagation in a path other than the open space, the velocity is reduced
according to the formula.

V= VO/ (√ ɛ x µ)
Where ɛ is the relative di-electric constant of the medium and µ is the relative magnetic
permeability of the same medium.
PROCEDURE:
With this experiment, we shall measure the wavelength inside the waveguide and since our
generator is a known frequency source, we shall calculate the wave velocity by the formula above.
Use the setup as shown in the figure, so as to generate a stationary wave inside the waveguide.
Turn on the equipment, connect an Oscilloscope to the detector output, in-order to display the
signal level.
The detected amplitude is negative.
Adjust the attenuator for a suitable value, let’s say -3dB.
Measure and record in the graph for the stationary wave pattern, as already seen in the preceding
worksheet.
The wavelength is twice the distance between 2 consecutive points of max or min (indicated by
‘’d” in the figure).
As a matter of fact, since a precise location of the max and min points is awkward, it is preferable
to locate two “equal level” points in the wave as Y1 and Y2 as shown in the figure.
From the figure obtained for the wavelength and the known frequency of the generator, 10.75 GHz,
calculate the wave velocity.
The second part of the experiment requires removing of the attenuator and shorting plate. The
waveguide remains therefore open at one end and radiates towards the exterior. While proceeding
with the experiment, never glance into the open end of the guide, since this would expose your eye
to an EM radiation, which is weak but potentially hazardous.
Place a metal plate (you may use the same shorting plate held by hand) in front of the open
waveguide end, orthogonally with the direction of propagation. Move the reflecting plate closer to
and farther from the open mouth of the guide, while you monitor the signal level displayed by the
Oscilloscope. You will notice alternate variations of level which reminds you of the stationary
wave pattern already studied.
There are interesting considerations descending from the phenomenon just observed.
The signal out leaving the open guide end is being partially reflected and re-enters the guide where
it generates a stationary wave.
Applying the principles used in the first part of this worksheet, it would be possible to measure the
distance between two consecutive maximum or minimum position of the reflecting plate and then
calculate wavelength and velocity for propagation in the open air.
While the reflecting plate is being moved nearer and farther from the guide mouth, the signal
displayed at the CRO will not simply show an alternance of Max and Min levels, but will have
wider changes as the speed of the plate increases. This is due to the so-called Doppler Effect: The
speed of the plate adds or subtracts (depending on the sense of movement) to the speed of the
wave. The reflected wave consequently re-enters the guide with a frequency slightly different than
the original. The direct and reflected wave mix and the detected display level “waving” at a rate
equaling the difference in frequency of the two waves. This signal might be used to drive an
Alerting system, as it is actually done in certain security systems based on this principle.

OBSERVATION:

SR. Distance Voltage SR. Distance Voltage

No. No.

CONCLUSION:
                                 
 
 
 
 
 
 

                            POWER  
      AND 
ATTENUATION                         
MEASUREMENTS 
 

 
 EXPERIMENT NO: ROLL NO:
DATE:

POWER AND ATTENUATION MEASUREMENTS

AIM: To study attenuation provided by the attenuator (24 dB flap) & the provided by the
generator to the detector under different attenuation levels.

APPARATUS/EQUIPMENTS:
1) Microwave Trainer kit
2) Auxiliary Module
3) Variable attenuator
4) Generator
5) Detector
6) Oscilloscope
7) Matched Termination

THEORY:
The most popular type of microwave detectors is the "Point Contact" germanium or silicon
diodes. These devices are
generally named as Crystal detectors. They consist of a thin Tungsten wire (cat whisker) brought
in contact with a small silicon wafer. The whole body of the diode is exposed to RF wave and
therefore becomes a source of induced EMF voltage. This is due to the one-way conduction
characteristic of the diode; a rectified voltage appears across the diode. The parasitic capacitance
and inductance of the output connector transforms the RF rectified voltage into a DC level.
Assume that in a given microwave circuit the indication of the detector is V1, & in other operating
condition is V2 = K.V1. The E field intensity in the second case is k times in the first case.
The power levels within the microwave systems are most commonly handled in decibels (dB).

Slotted line detector 

P0 is the reference. The power of an RF microwave is proportional to the square of the field
intensity ‘E’ which in turn is proportional to the indication of the microwave detector. If the
detectors indication is V0 in a certain situation & V1 in another
situation the ratio of powers shall equal the square of the detector’s indication.

P[dB] = 10 log (P/P0) 

The generator supplies a nominal +7 dB level referred to 1 mW. The wave passes the adjustable
detector and ends up in the matched load. We shall measure the attenuation (and power) for of the
variable attenuator.

PROCEDURE:
1) At first keep the flap of the attenuator completely extracted.
2) Increase the attenuation to half of the previous one. Keep the flap at -12dB. In this case
the voltage reading is half of the previous & thus the power reaching the detector 1/4th

OBSERVATIONS:
CALCULATIONS:

RESULT:

CONCLUSION:

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 EXPERIMENT NO: ROLL NO:
DATE:

GUNN DIODE CHARACTERISTICS

Objective: To study the I-V characteristics of Gunn diode

Components & Equipment Required:

Sr. No Name of the Item Specifications Quantity
1. Gunn Oscillator 8.6 to 11.6 GHz 1
2. Gunn Power Supply Min. Output Power: 10 1
mW
3. Isolator Min. Isolation:20 dB; 1
Min. Insertion Loss:0.4
dB
4. Frequency Meter 8.2 to 12.4 GHz 1
5. Variable Attenuator Average Power:2 W; 1
Max. Insertion Loss:0.2
dB
6. Detector Mount IN23 1
7. Wave Guide Stand - 5
8. Frequency :1 KHz; 1
VSWR Meter Range :70 dB Minima in
10dBsteps
9. PIN Modulator Max. RF Power: 1 W 1
10. BNC Cable - 2
11. Cooling Fan for - 1
Gunn Oscillator

Theory:
The Gunn oscillator is based on negative differential conductivity effect in bulk
semi-conductors which has two conduction bands minimum separated by an
energy gap (greater than thermal agitation energies). A disturbance at the
cathode gives rise to high field region which travels towards the anode. When
thishigh field domain reaches the anode, it disappears and another domain is
formed at the cathode and starts moving towards anode and so on. The time
required for the domain to travel from cathode to anode (transit time) gives
oscillation frequency.
In a Gunn oscillator, the Gunn diode is placed in a resonant cavity. In this case
the oscillation frequency is determined by cavity dimension rather than by
diode itself.
 FIG. 1 Setup for Study of Gunn Oscillator

FIG. 2 Characteristics of Gunn Oscillator.

Procedure:
1. Set the components and equipment as shown in the Fig 1.
2. Initially set the variable attenuator for maximum attenuation.
3. Keep the control knobs of Gunn power supply as belowMeter switch – ‘OFF’
Gunn bias knob – Fully anticlockwise
Pin bias knob – Fully anti-clockwise
Pin mod frequency – Any position
4.Keep the control knobs of VSWR meter as below
Meter switch – Normal
Input switch – Low Impedance
Range dB switch – 40 dB
Gain control knob – Fully clockwise
5. Set the micrometer of Gunn oscillator for required frequency of operation.
6. Switch ‘ON’ the Gunn power supply, VSWR meter and Cooling fan.
7. Measure the Gunn diode current corresponding to various voltages from thepanel meter by
turning meter switch to voltage and current positions. Do not exceed the bias voltage above
10Volts.
8. Plot the voltage and current readings on the graph as shown in Fig 3.
9. Measure the threshold voltage which corresponds to maximum current.

Observations:

SR. NO. Voltage(volts) Current(mA)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
FIG. 3 I-V Characteristics of Gunn Diode.
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Result:

Conclusion:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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EXPERIMENT NO: ROLL NO:
DATE:
 

REFLEX KLYSTRON CHARACTERISTICS

Objective:

To study the repeller mode characteristics of the Reflex Klystron.

Components & Equipment Required:

Sr. No Name of The Item Specifications Quantity

1. Klystron Power Supply Beam Voltage 240-400 V, 1
Repeller Supply 10-270 V
2. Klystron Tube - 1
3. Isolator Min Isolation:20 dB; 1
Min Insertion Loss:0.4 dB
4. Frequency Meter 8.2 to 12.4 GHz 1
5. Variable Attenuator Average Power:2 W; 1
Max. Insertion Loss:0.2 dB
6. Detector Mount IN23 1
7. Wave Guide Stands - 5
8. VSWR Meter Frequency :1 KHz; Range :70 dB 1
Minima in 10 dB Steps
9. Oscilloscope 30 MHz 1
10. BNC Cable - 2
11. Fan for cooling Reflex - 1
Klystron Tube

Theory:
The Reflex Klystron makes use of velocity modulation and current modulation to transform
a continuous electron beam into microwave power. Electrons emitted from the cathode are
accelerated and passed through the cavity resonator. The electron velocity is either
accelerated or retarded depending on the instantaneous ac voltage across the resonator
(velocity modulation).
The electrons that leave the resonator and travel towards reflector need different times to
return due to change in their velocities. As a result, returning electrons group together in
bunches (current modulation). As the electron bunches pass through resonator, they interact
with voltage at resonator grids. The bunches pass the grid during negative ac cycle and the
electrons transfer their energyto the grid. This process is repeated once per ac cycle and
sustained oscillations are obtained.
The frequency of oscillations is primarily determined by the dimensions of resonant cavity.
Hence, by changing the dimensions of resonator (mechanicaltuning of Klystron), frequency
of oscillations can be varied. Frequency variation can also be obtained by adjusting the
reflector and beam voltages (Electronic Tuning). The specifications of various Microwave
Components and Equipmentare given in Appendix A.
 09891440856/09410640271
The Reflex Klystron makes use of velocity modulation and current modulation to transform
a continuous electron beam into microwave power. Electrons emitted from the cathode are
accelerated and passed through the cavity resonator. The electron velocity is either
accelerated or retarded depending on the instantaneous ac voltage across the resonator
(velocity modulation). The electrons that leave the resonator and travel towards reflector
need different times to return due to change in their velocities.
As a result, returning electrons group together in bunches (current modulation). As the
electron bunches pass through resonator, they interact with voltage at resonator grids. The
bunches pass the grid during negative ac cycle and the electrons transfer their energyto the
grid. This process is repeated once per ac cycle and sustained oscillations are obtained.
The frequency of oscillations is primarily determined by the dimensions of resonant cavity.
Hence, by changing the dimensions of resonator (mechanicaltuning of Klystron), frequency
of oscillations can be varied. Frequency variation can also be obtained by adjusting the
reflector and beam voltages (ElectronicTuning). The specifications of various Microwave
Components and Equipmentare given in Appendix A.
 09891440856/09410640271
.

KLYSTRON POWER
SUPPLY

KLYSTRON
TUBE

MICRO-
AMMETER

  VSWR
VARIABLE
FREQUENCY DETECTOR METER
ISOL- ATTENUATOR
KLYSTRON MOUNT
ATOR METER

OSCILLO-
SCOPE

FIG.1 Set up for Reflex Klystron Characteristics.

Procedure:

I. Carrier Wave Operation

i. Connect the components and equipment as shown in the Fig 1.
ii. Set the Variable Attenuator at the maximum attenuation position.
iii. Set the Mod-Switch of Klystron Power Supply at CW position, beam voltage
control knob to fully anti clock wise and reflector voltage controlknob to fully
clock wise and the Meter Switch to ‘OFF’ position.
iv. Rotate the Knob of frequency meter to one side fully.
v. First connect the D.C micro-ammeter with Detector.
vi. Switch on the Klystron Power Supply, VSWR Meter and Cooling fan.
vii. Switch on beam voltage and rotate the knob slowly clockwise up to 300 V.Observe
beam current value. “The Beam Current should be less than 30 mA”
viii. Vary the reflector voltage slowly and watch ammeter. Set the voltage formaximum
deflection in the meter.
ix. Tune the plunger of Klystron Mount for the maximum output.
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x. Rotate the Knob of frequency meter slowly. At some particular position there will
be a dip in micro-ammeter. Note down the frequency meter reading where output
current is lowest. Read frequency directly between two horizontal lines and vertical
marker in case of direct reading type wavemeter and use the frequency chart to find
frequency from micrometer reading.
xi. Change the reflector voltage and read the current and frequency for eachreflector
voltage.

I. Square Wave Operation

i. Connect the equipment and components as shown in the Fig 1.
ii. Set Micrometer of variable attenuator at some position.
iii. Set the range switch of VSWR meter at 40 dB position, input selector switchto crystal
impedance position, meter switch to narrow position.
iv. Set Mod-selector switch to AM-MOD position, beam voltage control knobto fully
anticlockwise position.
v. Switch ‘ON’ the Klystron Power Supply, VSWR meter and cooling fan.Wait for
few minutes.
vi. Switch ‘ON’ the Beam voltage switch and rotate the beam voltage knobclockwise
up to 300 V deflections in meter.
vii. Keep the AM-MOD amplitude knob and AM-FRE, knob at the mid-position.
viii. Rotate the reflector voltage knob to get deflection in VSWR meter.
ix. Rotate the AM-MOD amplitude knob to get the maximum output in VSWRmeter.
x. Maximize the deflection with frequency knob to get the maximum output inVSWR
meter.
xi. If necessary, change the range switch of VSWR meter 30 dB or 50 dB ifthe
deflection in VSWR meter is out of scale or less than normal scale respectively.
Further the output can also be reduced by variableattenuator to set the output for
any particular value.

II. Mode study on Oscilloscope.

i. Set up the components and equipment as shown in Fig 1.
ii. Keep position of variable attenuator at minimum attenuation position.
iii. Set mode selector switch to FM-MOD position, FM amplitude and FMfrequency
knob at mid position, keep beam voltage knob fully anticlockwise and reflector
voltage knob to fully clockwise and Beamswitch to ‘OFF’ position.
iv. Keep the Time/division scale of oscilloscope around 100Hzfrequency
(t=0.01sec) measurement and Volt/division to lower scale.
v. Switch ‘ON’ the Klystron Power Supply and Oscilloscope.
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vi. Switch ‘ON’ Beam voltage and set beam voltage to 300 V by beamvoltage
control knob.
vii. Keep amplitude knob of FM Modulator to maximum position and rotate thereflector
voltage anticlockwise to get modes on the oscilloscope. The horizontal axis
represents reflector voltage and vertical axis represents output power.
viii. By changing the reflector voltage and amplitude of FM modulation, any mode of
Klystron tube can be seen on Oscilloscope. Model Waveformsare shown in Fig 2.

Observations:
I. Carrier Wave Operation:

Beam Voltage: - 300 Volts

Repeller Voltage (Volts) Micrometer reading Frequency meterreading

Sr.No. µ
(A) (α power) (GHz)

II. Square wave operation:

S No. Reflector Voltage (in Volts) Amplitude (from display) Frequency (in GHz)

 
 
 
 
 
                                               

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Fig. 2 Mode study of Reflex Klystron.

Result:

Conclusion:

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EXPERIMENT NO: ROLL NO:

DATE:

ATTENUATION MEASUREMENT
Aim:
To study the characteristics of fixed attenuator, viz., to determine
1) Input VSWR.
2) Insertion Loss

Components & Equipment Required:

Sr. No Name of TheItem Specifications Qty

1. Klystron Power Supply Beam Voltage 240-400 V, 1

Repeller Supply 10-270 V
2. Klystron Tube - 1
3. Isolator Min Isolation Loss:20 dB; 1
Min Insertion Loss:0.4 dB
4. Frequency Meter 8.2 to 12.4 GHz 1
5. Variable Attenuator Average Power:2 W; 1
Max. Insertion Loss:0.2 dB
6. Detector Mount IN23 1
7. Wave Guide Stand - 5
8. Frequency :1 KHz; 1
VSWR Meter Range :70 dB Minima in10 dB
9. Slotted line Max Residual VSWR 1.01 W 1
10. BNC Cable - 2
11. Cooling Fan for Klystron - 1
Tube.

Theory:
The attenuators are two port bidirectional devices which attenuate some power
when inserted into the transmission line.
Attenuation A (dB) = 10 log10 (P1/P 2)
Where,
P1= Power delivered to the load without the attenuator in the line.
P2= Power delivered to the load with attenuator in the line.

The attenuator consists of a rectangular wave guide with a resistive vane insideit to absorb
microwave power according to its position with respect to side wall of the waveguide. As
electric field is maximum at the center in TE 10 mode, the attenuation will be maximum if
the vane is placed at the center of the waveguide. Moving from center towards the side wall,
attenuation decreases.

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VSWR

PROBE

MICRO
FREQUENCY
WAVE METER VARIABLE SLOTTED MATCHED
ATTENUATOR
SOURCE ISOLATOR ATTENUATOR LINE LOAD

FIG.1 Set up for VSWR Measurement

V.S.W.R
METER

MICRO-
WAVE FREQUENCY VARIABLE SLOTTE DETECTOR
ISOLATOR METER ATTENUATOR DLINE MOUNT
SOURC
E

ATTENUATOR DETECTOR

FIG. 2 Set up for Insertion Loss and Attenuation Measurement.

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Procedure:

A. INPUT VSWR MEASUREMENT

i. Connect the equipment as shown in the Fig 1.

ii. Energize the microwave source for maximum power at any frequencyof operation.
iii. Measure the VSWR with the help of tunable probe, slotted line and VSWR meter as
described in the experiment of measurement of lowand medium VSWR.
iv. Repeat the above step for other frequencies if required.

B. INSERTION LOSS / ATTENUATION MEASUREMENT

i. Remove the tunable probe, attenuator and matched termination from the slotted
section in the above set up.
ii. Connect the detector mount to the slotted line, and tune the detector mount also for
maximum deflection on VSWR meter. (Detector mount’s output should be connected
to VSWR meter asShown in Fig 2).
iii. Set any reference level on the VSWR meter with the help of variable attenuator and
gain control knob of VSWR meter. Let it beP1.
iv. For measurement of attenuation of fixed attenuator, carefullydisconnect the detector
mount from the slotted line withoutdisturbing any position obtained up to step 3.
v. Place the test attenuator to the slotted line and detector mount to the other port oftest
attenuator.
vi. Record the reading of the VSWR meter. Let it be P 2. Then theattenuation value of
fixed attenuator will be P1 -P2 dB.

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Observations:

Result:

Conclusion:

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EXPERIMENT NO: ROLL NO:
DATE:

VSWR MEASUREMENT
Objective:

To determine the standing wave ratio and reflection coefficient

Components & Equipment Required:

Sr. No Name of The Item Specifications Quantity

1. Klystron Power Supply Beam voltage 240-400 V, 1
Repeller supply 10-270 V
2. Klystron Tube - 1
3. Isolator Min Isolation Loss:20 dB; 1
Min Insertion Loss:0.4 dB
4. Frequency Meter 8.2 to 12.4 GHz 1
5. Variable Attenuator Average Power:2 W; 1
Max. Insertion Loss:0.2 dB
6. Detector Mount IN23 1
7. Wave Guide Stand - 5
8. VSWR Meter Frequency :1 KHz;
Range :70 dB Minima in10 dB Steps 1
9. BNC Cable - 2
10. Slotted Line Max Residual VSWR 1.01 W 1
11. Tunable Probe Detector: IN23 1
12. Movable Short - 1
13. Matched Termination Average Power: 2.0 W 1
14. Cooling Fan for Klystron - 1
Tube

Theory:

The electromagnetic field at any point of transmission line may be considered as sum of
two traveling waves: the incident wave propagating from generator and the reflected wave
propagating towards the generator. The reflected wave isset up by reflection of incident
wave from a discontinuity on the line or from the load impedance. The magnitude and phase
of reflected wave depends upon amplitude and phase of the reflecting impedance. The
presence of two traveling waves, gives rise to standing wave along the line. The maximum
field strength isfound when two waves are in phase and the minimum when the two waves
are in opposite phase. The distance between two successive minima (and maximum) is half

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 09891440856/09410640271
the guide wavelength on the line. The ratio of electrical field strength of reflected and
incident wave is called reflection coefficient. The voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is
defined as ratio between maximum and minimum field strength along the line.
Hence, VSWR, S = Emax
Emin
= |Ei| +| Er|
|Ei| - | Er|

Reflection coefficient ρ = Er
Ei
= Z - Z0
Z + Z0
Where, Z is the impedance at a point on line, Z0 is characteristic impedance.
The above equation gives, ρ = S - 1
S+1
Where,
Emax = Maximum field strength along the line
Emin = Minimum field strength along the line
Ei = Voltage of the incident wave
Er = Voltage of the reflected wave

V.S.W.R
Meter

Probe

Microwave Isolator Frequency Variable Slotted S.S Matched

Source Meter Attenuator Line Termination
Tuner

FIG. 1 Set up for VSWR Measurement

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Procedure:

i. Set up the equipment as shown in the Fig 1

ii. Keep the variable attenuator at maximum position.
iii. Keep the control knobs of VSWR Meter as below:
a. Range dB - 40 dB/50 dB
b. Input Switch - Impedance Low
c. Meter Switch - Normal
d. Gain (Coarse-Fine) - Mid Position approx.
iv. Keep the control knobs of Klystron Power Supply as below:
a. Meter Switch - ‘OFF’
b. Mod Switch - ‘AM’
c. Beam Voltage Knob - Fully anticlockwise
d. Reflector Voltage Knob - Fully clockwise
e. AM Frequency & Amplitude Knob - Mid Position
v. Switch ‘ON’ the Klystron Power Supply, VSWR Meter and Cooling Fan.
vi. Turn the meter switch of klystron power supply to beam voltageposition and set
the beam voltage at 300V.
vii. Adjust the reflector voltage to get deflection in VSWR Meter.
viii. Tune the output by tuning the reflector voltage, amplitude and frequency of AM
modulation.
ix. Tune for maximum deflection by tuning the plunger of klystron mount. Alsotune for
maximum deflection by tuning the probe.
x. If necessary, change the range db-switch, variable attenuator position andgain control
knob to get maximum deflection in the scale of VSWR meter.
xi. Move the probe along slotted line, the deflection in VSWR meter willchange.

A. MEASUREMENT OF LOW, MEDIUM VSWR

1. Move the probe along with slotted line to maximum deflection in VSWRMeter.
2. Adjust the VSWR Meter gain control knob or variable attenuator until themeter
indicate 1.0 on normal SWR scale (0-∞)
3. Keep all the control knobs as it is, move the probe to next minimumposition.
Read the VSWR on the scale and record it.
4. Repeat the above step for change of S.S Tuner probe depth and
record the corresponding SWR.
5. If the VSWR is between 3.2 and 10, change the range dB switch to next higher
position and read the VSWR on the second VSWR scale i.e., 3 to 10.

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C. MESUREMENT OF HIGH VSWR (DOUBLE MINIMA METHOD)

1. Set the depth of S.S. Tuner slightly more for maximum VSWR
2. Move the probe along the slotted line until a minimum is indicated.
3. Adjust the VSWR meter gain control and variable attenuator to obtain areading of
3dB on normal db scale (0 to 10dB) of VSWR meter.
4. Move the probe to the left on slotted line until full scale deflections obtained i.e. ‘0’
dB on 0 to 10 dB scale. Note and record the probe position onthe slotted line. Let it be
d1.
5. Repeat the step 3 and 4 and then move the probe right along slotted line untilfull scale
deflection is obtained on 0 -10 dB normal dB scale. Let it be d2.
6. Replace the S.S. Tuner and termination by short circuit termination.
7. Measure the distance between two successive minima. Twice this distance is guide wavelength λg.
8. Compute SWR, S = λg
[π(d1~d2)]
9. Calculate ρ = (1 - s)
(1 + s)

OBSERVATIONS:

RESULT:

CONCLUSION:

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LAB QUESTION BANK

1) To Study microwave waveguide bench

Q1. Name and identify the various microwave components in the microwave waveguide bench
Q2. What is the frequency of GUN diode source?
Q3. What is the frequency of Klystron source?
Q4. State the function of Isolator
2) To measure frequency using cavity wave meter.

Q1 What is a cavity wave meter?

Q2. State application of cavity wave meter
3) To measure Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) using microwave bench for given load

Q1. Define VSWR

Q2. What is the significance of VSWR?
Q3. What is the range of VSWR?
4) To Determine Wavelength using microwave bench
Q1. Compare Wavelength inside the guide with free space wavelength
Q2. What is a standing wave?
5) To measure Power and Attenuation using microwave bench

Q.1 What is a variable attenuator?

Q2. State principle of Attenuator
6) GUNN diode

Q1. State the principle of Gunn diode

Q2. State applications of Gunn diode
7) Reflex Klystron

Q1. State principle of Klystron

Q2. State applications of Klystron
8) RADAR

Q1. What is RADAR?

Q2. Give classification of RADAR
Q3. State the factors affecting RADAR range equation
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RUBRICS FOR ORAL EXAM

Program:
Semester: …………IV……………
………EXTC……………………………….
Course: Microwave & RADAR Code: (MWR221017) ……….
Duration: 16…Weeks. Batch: FULL CLASS
Name of Teacher: …Mr.L.B.
Term: From 24.1.2023…To 12.5.2023
DESHPANDE……

Sr.No. Criterion/Activity Weightage/Marks

1. Answers 90% to 100% questions correctly based on 90% to 100%
Remember, Knowledge, Understanding, Application (23 to 25)

2. Answers 80% to 90% questions correctly 80% to 90%

(20 to 23)

3. Answers 60% to 80% questions correctly 60% to 80%

(15 to 20)

4. Answers 40% to 60% questions correctly 40% to 60%

(10 to 15)

5. Answers less than 40% questions correctly less than 40%

less than 10(Fail)
TOTAL MARKS 50

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