MANUAL FOR

GOOD WRITING
What to do and how to do it.

Important definitions and practical strategies to help students improve their

writing skills while developing the writing process.

May, 2018.

TABLE OF
CONTENTS
25
 TOPIC PAGE
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................
Topic 1 – What is Writing?..............................................................................................................
Topic 1 – Elements for writing............................................................................................
Topic 2 – The Writing Process........................................................................................................
Topic 2 – The Brainstorming...............................................................................................
Topic 2 – Listing..................................................................................................................
Topic 2 – Drafting................................................................................................................
Topic 2 – Revising and Editing..........................................................................................
Topic 3 – Types of paragraphs...............................................................................................11 – 13
Topic 4 – Types of essays..................................................................................................................
Topic 4 – Descriptive Essay...............................................................................................
Topic 4 – Analytical Essay................................................................................................
Topic 4 – Argumentative Essay.........................................................................................
Topic 4 – Persuasive Essay................................................................................................
Topic 4 – Compare and Contrast Essay.............................................................................
Topic 4 – Cause and Effect Essay......................................................................................
Topic 5 –Tips for a good Writing...........................................................................................20 - 21
CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................................................
RECOMENDATIONS..................................................................................................................
REFERENCES or BIBLIOGRAPHY....................................................................................24 - 25

Introduction

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As part of the communication for human beings writing has been one of the most important
and primary basis to communicate, also it has been considered a beautiful way to
communicate feelings, thoughts, ideas, arguments and so on. Writings is like painting a
picture but with words. It is true that so many people don´t like writing, but it is part of the
work, school, and media. Good writing is important. It requires to write clear and accurate
text because it is the most useful skill that will help to get or offer a job, at university, etc.
Writing is used to inform, persuade, achieve, require or request any type of information
that maybe it is needed or important. From that it is necessary to know how ideas will be
set in words. Taking into not just rules about writing but also includes how they have to
presented according about the audience that will read those words. Writing is empowering
but also a complex task to achieve. It will affect or benefit according about how the ideas
are establish by following processes, paragraphs and coherence between each word that is
written.
Taking into account those important facts about how writing is important in a regular
basis, the following work presents a manual for a good writing about the process that
includes, types of paragraphs and essays, and tips that will help in the writing process that
will achieve a comprehensive and great writing skill. This manual help to achieve a good
writing by knowing what is the type of information to present, purpose of writing, how it
will be presented, and recommendations to make an impact of that text that will be the tool
to gather what the writer wants.

Topic 1
What is writing?
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In its most basic definition, writing is “a graphic representation of language. However, as
you know from experience, writing is not just one thing. According to Johannah Rodgers
she considers three major categories that can be used to describe the many different aspects
of what writing is. Once you understand each one and the ways in which they relate to and
inform once another will help establish a solid foundation for your further inquiries into and
explorations of writing,
Writing as an Action:
In addition to being a number of different things, writing DOES a number of
different things we use it for example: to describe, to express, to inform, to
document, to analyze and to explain. All these might take place in a variety of
situations such as work, home, school or on the street where the media of use
may be different to.
Though you may do many different things with writing, you may have noticed
that all these activities are used to represent and communicate ideas. Writing is
therefore not only a representation it is also a form of communication, which
sometimes works well and others not at all.
Every act of communication can be described as an interaction amongst a
writer/speaker, purpose and audience. The context of situation that these terms
described is the rhetorical situation of every act of writing or speaking. The most
important thing is to clearly understand your purpose for writing and the needs
and expectations of your audience.

Writing as a Process:
Writing is a process for several reasons. One is because written communication
does not happen all at once, but rather in stages that take place over time.
Though speaking is also a process, the stages and steps that we go through to
communicate in speech are so familiar to us and performed so rapidly that we
are hardly aware of them as steps or stages. Some types of written
communication, such as text messages or e-mails, may also happen very
quickly, but, if you stop and think about them, even these messages are
composed via a process that unfolds over time. Furthermore, communication
involves two distinct processes: The creation/representation of ideas and the
reception/interpretation of those ideas.

Writing As an Object:
Even though writing as an object is multifaceted and multidimensional and can
be described from many different perspectives there are three dimensions and
the key terms associated with them will apply weather you are reading
something or writing something.

What Why How

Writing as an object Writing as an action Writing as a process

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 LITERAL STRUCTURAL
Paragraphs: Five to seven Introduction:
sentences. Preview – purpose of this writing
introduce, inform,
interest, engage.
Sentences: Body: Present –
Subject/phrase/verb explain, lay out,
phrase/object phrase. identify,
enumerate,
analyze and argue.
Words: nouns, verbs, Conclusion:
adjectives, adverbs, articles, Reflect – of the writer in this and clearly have you
conjunctions and prepositions. Consider, asses,
reflect, question.
RHETORICAL PROCESSUAL
Purpose: what is the Brainstorming: What do
you want to write about?
situation? What is the assignment?
To inform, to describe, to- Draw a concept map.
explain, to persuade, to - Write yourself an email.
narrate, to express. - Write in response to an
assignment.
Audience: who is the Drafting: what do you know
audience? and what would you like to
Large/Small know about what you want to
General/Technical write about?
Familiar/Unfamiliar - Junk draft
- First draft
- Second draft
- Third draft
- Final draft
Writer: what is the role Revision: How completely
specific writing communicated your ideas to
situation? yourself and your audience?
Personal/Official - Structural revision
Self/Other - Line editing
Objective/Persuasive - proofreading

If we put all these descriptions together, we end up with a fairly comprehensive description
of what writing is, what it does, and how it happens. Furthermore, these elements can be
used not only to describe writing, but to model and understand the ways what you write,
why you write and how you write are all interrelated. (Rodgers, 2014)

Topic 2
The Writing process

Starting a paper requires an organized and well developed structure, there are steps in the
writing process that promote a cleaner, better and final draft. The general steps are,
prewriting, drafting, revising, editing and publishing.

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 Prewriting (Invention) in this step is necessary to take in count some tools such as
free writing, brainstorming, outlining, or clustering. Also during the prewriting process
is that the writer has to take decisions about audience.
"The objective of prewriting," according to Roger Caswell and Brenda Mahler, "is to
prepare students for writing by allowing them to discover what they know and what else
they need to know.
Free writing is a discovery strategy intended to encourage the development of ideas
without concern for the conventional rules of writing.
The main thing about freewriting," says Peter Elbow, "is that it is non editing. . .. Practiced
regularly, it undoes the ingrained habit of editing at the same time you are trying to
produce"
For example, let's say you are deciding on a setting for a story about a young boy who
suddenly comes into an inheritance. Your list of possible settings might look something like
this:
 A deserted island
 21st century Chicago
 Ancient Greece
What will likely result when you write is a string of slightly connected ideas that hold clues
as to how your story might work best. Let's look at what your free writing on this topic
might be. Remember, there is no need to use perfect grammar during free writing.

Brainstorming  is an invention and discovery strategy in which the writer collaborates
with others to explore topics, develop ideas, and propose solutions to a problem. “The
concept of brainstorming was introduced by Alex Osborn in his book Applied
Imagination: Principles and Practices of Creative Thinking (1953)”
Osborn offered a theory of the steps involved in the creative process, describing it as "a
stop-and-go, catch-as-catch-can operation--one which can never be exact enough to rate as
scientific."
For example:
Situation: The number of customers to a shop has reduced in recent months; the owner is
looking for new ways to attract new customers and to increase the frequency of existing
customers
Problem: How can we get more customers?
The Brainstorming :
 Plan the session – fix the place and time
 The shop employees are invited to participate. However, the supervisor and owner
are not involved in the session
 The session is held away from the shop in a relaxing environment

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  The facilitator is a good communicator and uses a word association game to break
the ice and warm-up the group
 The facilitator raises the question: How can we get more customers? She/he writes
down the problem on a flipchart
 She/he set out the rules of the session; 20 minutes, anyone can produce an idea,
every participant has to respect the ideas of his/her colleague and NOT CRITICISE!
 The facilitator calls for ideas
 The scribe, using a mind map, writes down the ideas generated
 Please have a look at Figure below showing a Mind Map – Summary of ideas
generated during brainstorming session

 A scoring criteria is agreed and each idea is then scored.

Listing is just to put the ideas a list that helps to map or outline them. Example:
"Like brainstorming, listing involves the unmonitored generation of words, phrases, and
ideas.
Listing offers another way of producing concepts and sources for further thought,
exploration, and speculation. Listing is distinct from freewriting and brainstorming in that
students generate only words and phrases, which can be classified and organized, if only in
a sketchy way. Consider the case of a postsecondary academic ESL writing course in which
students are first asked to develop a topic related to modern college life and then to
compose a letter or editorial piece on the subject. One of the broad topics that emerged in
freewriting and brainstorming sessions was 'The Benefits and Challenges of Being a
College Student.' This simple stimulus generated the following list:

Benefits Challenges
a) financial and social
a) independence responsibilities
b) living away from b) paying bills
home c) managing time
c) freedom to come and d) making new friends
go e) practicing good study
d) learning responsibility habits
e) new friends

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The items in this preliminary list overlap considerably. Nonetheless, such a list can offer
students concrete ideas for narrowing a broad topic to a manageable scope and for selecting
a meaningful direction for their writing." (Dana Ferris and John Hedgcock, Teaching ESL
Composition: Purpose, Process, and Practice, 2nd ed.Lawrence Erlbaum, 2005)
Clustering is a structured technique based on the same associative principles as
brainstorming and listing. Clustering is distinct, however, because it involves a slightly
more developed heuristic  (Buzan & Buzan, 1993; Glenn et al., 2003; Sharples, 1999;
Soven, 1999). Clustering procedures vary considerably, although the fundamental objective
is to equip students with tools for arranging words, phrases, concepts, memories, and
propositions triggered by a single stimulus (i.e., a piece of information, a topic, a
provocative question, a metaphor, a visual image). As with other [invention]
techniques . . ., clustering should first be modeled and practiced in class so students can
eventually incorporate the tool into their own repertoire of invention and planning
strategies." (Brizee, 2011)
(Dana Ferris and John Hedgcock, Teaching ESL Composition: Purpose, Process, and
Practice, 2nd ed. Lawrence Erlbaum, 2005). Example:

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 Drafting (Draft document) is the beginning of “writing”  During this phase, writers
use prewriting activities to generate a piece of writing in rough form.  Informal
conferences with teachers or peers can occur during this phase to provide focused
feedback to the writer. Draft is generally messy and repetitive and full of mistakes--and
that's just fine. The purpose of a rough draft is to capture ideas and supporting details,
not compose a perfect paragraph or essay on the first attempt.
For example, an author may decide to write an essay about dogs.  He could have developed
his prewriting notes with information about three topics relating to dogs:  Show dogs,
working dogs, and dog racing. These are all topics that could stand alone in an essay.
During drafting, the author should choose just one of these topics for his piece of writing
Once he has chosen a topic, he should identify a purpose for the essay.  For instance, if the
writing was meant to be informational, he might choose to write about working dogs, his
purpose being to impart information.  On the other hand, if he chose to write a persuasive
essay, perhaps he would choose to write about dog racing, arguing for or against this
controversial topic.  After determining a purpose for a piece of writing, it is easy to begin
drafting. Any information that is unrelated to the topic and its purpose should be
eliminated from the prewriting.
Revising (Revision) In this step the writer organize the work for clarity , adding or
deleting content making the style and contents appropriate and consider changes that
would improve the text. There are five traits are essential for effective revision of the
content: Ideas,Organization, Voice, Word Choice, and Sentence Fluency.
- Ideas: Add,delete or change details to develop topic
- Organization: The structure of the text; how the paragraphs are ordered; how the
paragraphs flow from one to the next.
- Voice: Talk right to the reader.The way the writer brings the topic to life, depending on
the intended audience.
- Word Choice: The specific vocabulary the writer uses to convey tone and meaning, the
Writer can change  weak verbs to strong verbs, change vague language to precise
language.
- Sentence Fluency:The way the words and phrases flow throughout the text.

Editing (Proofreading) Upon completion of a rough draft, the writer should take on
the first edit of his work.  Editing is an on-going process, not a onetime event. When an
author edits his work, he is checking the piece for errors.  These are typically errors in
spelling, punctuation, capitalization, and formatting (indenting of paragraphs, etc.). A
writer should be encouraged to edit as much of his own paper as possible.  Early writers
should, with some prompting, be able to check a paper for correct capitalization and
punctuation. As a child ages, he will be able to correct other errors on his own. Some
students find it beneficial to read their work out loud while editing.  This makes it easier

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 to find mistakes. Editing should not be a negative process. This is a time to work on
creating a polished piece of writing that will make the author proud. The author should
be reminded that he will need to edit his work at least two more times.  He will edit
before composing a final copy and then use the same process to check over his final
product.
Editor Chris King describes her work as "invisible mending." "An editor," she says, "is like
a ghost, in that her handiwork should never be apparent" ("Ghosting and Co-Writing" in
The Ultimate Writing Coach, 2010)

Topic 3
Types of Paragraphs

What is a
paragraph?

A paragraph is a collection of related sentences dealing with single issue. Sentences in a

paragraph are used in a variety of ways, particularly to cite evidence, supporting the
specific issue being discussed, to explain the issue, or to comment on it. Introductory, Body
and Concluding Paragraphs each have a distinct purpose. (Rodgers, 2014)

Introductory Paragraphs
Introductions invite your reader Concluding Paragraphs
in, provide necessary Conclusions reflect on and
background and contextual consider the possible
information for your essay, and implications. Of your argument
hopefully engage the attention of and findings. They may also
your reader. The introductory raise questions for future
paragraph ENDS WITH A consideration and /or explain the
CONCISE STATEMENT OF Body Paragraphs importance pf your findings.
YOR ARGUMENT, ex: A Each body paragraph lays out 25
THESIS one key element point in your
STATEMENT. overall argument. Try to begin
each body Paragraph with a topic
 paragraph.

Elements of a
paragraph

Unity: All sentences included into a paragraph, has to be connected each other to
reinforce the principal idea.
Coherence: To make written works easy to read and understand, sentences has to
follow a chronological order.
Basic Rule: Is precisely to maintain one single idea into one paragraph, it can be a main
idea and many others to support it. Different ideas have to place into different
paragraphs.
Topic sentence:  This let the reader to know what the paragraph is about.

Descriptive
paragraph

It is used to describe in a detailed way a scene, a person, an animal or a thing. By being

specific in details like using five senses, the narrator could lead the reader into live a vivid
scene. It is must use by fiction genre writers in graphic novels, children's books, etc.
Example
Sunset is the time of day when our sky meets the outer space solar winds. There are blue,
pink, and purple swirls, spinning and twisting, like clouds of balloons caught in a blender.
The sun moves slowly to hide behind the line of horizon, while the moon races to take its
place in prominence atop the night sky. People slow to a crawl, entranced, fully forgetting
the deeds that still must be done. There is a coolness, a calmness, when the sun does set.

Narrative
paragraph

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It tells a situation by presenting ideas in a cohesive and organized way, an incident, story or
event can be narrated. It is used to tell a story, often one that is based on personal
experience. This genre of work comprises works of nonfiction that hew closely to the facts
and follow a logical chronological progression of events. Writers often use anecdotes to
relate their experiences and engage the reader.
Example
On July 16, 1969, the Apollo 11 spacecraft launched from the Kennedy Space Center in
Florida. Its mission was to go where no human being had gone before—the moon! The
crew consisted of Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, and Buzz Aldrin. The spacecraft
landed on the moon in the Sea of Tranquility, a basaltic flood plain, on July 20, 1969. The
moonwalk took place the following day. On July 21, 1969, at precisely 10:56 EDT,
Commander Neil Armstrong emerged from the Lunar Module and took his famous first
step onto the moon’s surface. He declared, “That’s one small step for man, one giant leap
for mankind.” It was a monumental moment in human history!

Expository
paragraph

It purpose is try to give information, explanations. It describes instructions or procedures.

This kind of writing relies on detail to describe or define a person, place, thing, or
experience. Writing may be either objective or subjective.

Persuasive
paragraph

It tries to convince the reader of a particular point of view.

Example
“I am going to PERSUADE my neighbors to buy tickets to the school fair”.
The school fair is right around the corner, and tickets have just gone on sale. We are selling
a limited number of tickets at a discount, so move fast and get yours while they are still
available. This is going to be an event you will not want to miss! First off, the school fair is
a great value when compared with other forms of entertainment. Also, your ticket purchase
will help our school, and when you help the school, it helps the entire community. But
that’s not all! Every ticket you purchase enters you in a drawing to win fabulous prizes.
And don’t forget, you will have mountains of fun because there are acres and acres of great
rides, fun games, and entertaining attractions! Spend time with your family and friends at
our school fair. Buy your tickets now!. (Teaching, 1973)

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 Topic 4
Types of Essays

Descriptive Essay:
The descriptive essay is all about well, describing
topic. With the main purpose of getting the reader to
through the eyes of the writer, and entertain, capture,
or enlighten with the unique experience and thoughts
of the writer. “It is an essay whose purpose is to
describe or portray something, someone, or some
place with enough detail to help the reader create a
mental picture of it”. (Vance, 2009, p.105).
When the writer starts writing a descriptive essay,
his job is to paint a mental picture about the
character, place, or thing for the reader. Which it is a
huge challenge to achieve with the readers. This type
of essay encourages the ability to be able to create a
complete picture in someone else mind. The best
about this essay is to provide the opportunity of an
artistic freedom. That means, that is important to
apply all senses and to add details in each part, and
the most important is to use the complete
imagination.

 Analytical Essay: 25
According to Cappelen in his website
of Access to English: Social Studies
25
  Argumentative Essay
Pamphlet Master (2014) defines the argumentative
essay as the one which not just gives information but
also presents and argument with the PROS as
supporting ideas, and CONS as the opposing ideas of an
argumentative issue. Its main goal is to provide
arguments for and against a particular position that the
writer is showing.
This kind of essay is similar to one of the types of
essays that is for IELTS, which requires advantages and
disadvantages arguments. Also, it looks for a major
principle is to characterize the main phenomenon by
organizing the ideas and the examples which the writer
wants to provide. This type of essay will be possible
just if there was a rigorous research because the writer
has to provide basis and material about his arguments.
So, the writer has to investigate the topic, collect,
generate, and evaluate evidence, to make it part of the
written essay. For the part of research, it is considering
one of the most extensive written essays.

Persuasive Essay
Persuading someone is a
hard task to achieve,
especially if there is a large
number of readers. Because
it requires to make a point
to convince readers that the 25
given point is the right on
e. Guillain (2016) defines
persuasive writing as “A tex
t that tries to persuade its
reader to agree with a certain
point of view. The writer
presents one
 e him or her agree”.
It is important to persuade the
readers that the writer
´s opinion is viable. This
is a type of essay which
involves discussion. It means
that instead of providing
informative facts and genera
l overview, the main task is
to persuade to accept the
ideas of what the writer is
providing. The writer can
manipulate reader´s feelings
and emotions. It tries to convi
nce the reader to adopt an
issue or point of view which
is been presented in the
essay. Arguments are import
ant to provide.
.

 Compare and Contrast Essay 25

A writer is always comparing and contrasting different
possibilities and chooses the best choice according about what is
  Cause and Effect Essay 25

An event causes something happen, and that

situation leads to another event, and also causes another
25
 Topic 5

Tips for Good Writing

A brilliant writing is a simple writing. To be a good writer you should take in consideration the
following tips, by Gordon, W. (2010) and Reik, D. (2017):

Organize Your Thoughts Good Grammar

Before Writing. Set a Regular Schedule.
It is necessary to use
A good way to perfect you Proofreading to make sure your
It really helps to sit down and
writing is setting a schedule and writing does not have
organized your ideas beforehand,
sticking to it. You will feel grammatical errors. It is also
it will be easier if you put
motivated to write if you keep to important to keep learning new
together long-form pieces.
your schedule. words.

Have something to say Be Specific Use simple words

It will be easier if you have The more specific you write, the Do not use long words unless if
something to say, otherwise, you easier the reader will become your meaning is so specific no
will be forced to write sentences engage with your writing. other words will do.
that do not delivered anything.

1.

Don’t be redundant
Write short sentences Avoid writing the same thing over
25
and over. Say something once
Short sentences and paragraph are
rather than several times,
easier to be read. Each sentence
otherwise your reader will get
should have one simple though.
Know you mistakes and Lean from other good
avoid them. writers.
Know which mistakes are your Never stop reading, and always
most common, and focus on keep an eye on what famous
fixing them one at a time, you can writers are saying about the
also consider autocorrect them as strategies they use to write well.
you write.

Conclusions
25
Writing is the process we use to share our thoughts and ideas in a written form using sings,
symbols and punctuation marks, making sure it has sense and making coherent words and
sentences.

Writing an essay is not just placing ideas or concepts in a document, more than that, it is
knowing, how to write a document that has the purpose of correctly informing the person who
wishes to communicate what is established. Writing an essay should be one of the most
important skills for students at all levels, high school or college. As an educational tool, the
essays should be practiced within the classrooms as part of the communication courses

Given the importance of knowledge and learning of the types of essays, it should be noted that
writing will always be present in the history of humanity and we must respect and maintain the
art of good writing, leaving the following generations with the good habit of the correct writing,
since with the advance of the technology the communication undergoes changes leaving aside
the words for images.

It is the correct way for writing an academic work. As a book, novel, essay, scientific report,
etc. The writers should have in mind a specific topic to speak about. Gather information for
supporting their research and at the same time make this research easy to the reader´s
comprehension. Finally, the writers must respect the steps that they have to follow in order to
present their work in public.

Also keep in mind that the difference types of essays are tools that writers use for transmit their
ideas, emotions, or feelings, to a public. The essays, as a resource for academic works,
establishing the rules for writers, and the methodology on how to transmit them. Each type of
essay obeys to the writer´s needs.

To perform a good writing, it´s necessary to consider some tips. A good writer should organize
his thoughts before start writing, he must have something good to transmit, also, make it simple,
not using long or complex words, in addition, be specific on what he wants to deliver to avoid
being redundant. Basically a writer must have clear what he wants to say and create a good
piece that the readers will enjoy.

Recommendations
In order to write a good essay, you must know the need for the statement. Also the constant
reading helps in a great way to expand the vocabulary and this same will be useful for the good
writing of some document.

Write an academic speech or book it is not as easy as it seems. For that reason, the writers
should know about a variety of topics: politic, social environment, economy, technology, etc.
and apply all that knowledge in a writing work, well designed and structured.

25
 Only the practice makes a student better day after day. And practicing the different types of
essays can transform student´s strategies and organization, especially in grammar or idioms, so
if the first time does not work writer must continue trying over and over and in some point,
writer can reach an excellent writing work.

We also recommend to increase your knowledge about writing and the writing process by
making your own research to improve your writing skill.

Our recommendation for a good writing would be to have a clear message of what you want to
transmit, set a schedule to write and follow it, in addition, you should try to make it as simple as
possible and always be open to learn about your own mistakes to fix them.

Do not surprise the reader with new information anywhere else in the paper. If you have new
information to present, add it to the discussion or other appropriate section of the paper. Note
that, although no actual new information is induced, it’s where you describe the value of your
research.

Demonstrate that you understand the material that you’ve presented and locate your finding
whit in the larger context of the topic.

If you want to get better at something, you have to practice – and writing is no exception. If you
follow the information and steps provided in this manual it might transform you into an
amazing writer overnight, even the most talented writers had to learn their craft over a period of
many years.

If you want to improve your writing skills, writing on a regular basis will not only diminish
your fear of the blank page (or blinking cursor), it will also help you develop a unique style. So,
even if nobody reads it, keep writing. Practice makes perfect.

References
What is Writing:

- Bibliography
Johannah, R. (2014).What is Writing? . A Brief introduction to Writing As an Act of
Communication
Rodgers, J. (2014). What is Writing? Broklyn New York: mimeograpgh.

The Process of Writing:

- Professor Jer Bryant, Writing Center Director, Instructor of English.

25
https://www.lynchburg.edu/academics/writing-center/wilmer-writing-center-online-writing-lab/the-
writing-process/
- Richard Nordquist (March 19, 2018)
https://www.thoughtco.com/listing-composition-term-1691131
- Virginia Wilkerson, Master's degree in Curriculum and Development and a Ph.D. in English
https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-free-writing-definition-topics-examples.html

Types of Paragraphs:
- by Pattern Based Writing. Writing Without Teachers (New York: Oxford UP, 1973, 1-7.).
Center for Learning, Teaching, Communication, and Research /Draper 106 CPO 2149 Ext.
3404.
http://patternbasedwriting.com/elementary_writing_success/paragraph-

Types of Essays:
- Book

 Vance Rollins, Brenda. (2009). Master Writing – Big Book. Writing Skills Series. San

Diego, CA: Classroom Complete Press.

 Guillain, Charlotte. (2016). What is persuasive writing? Great Britain: Raintree.

 Zemach, Dorothy and Stafford-Yilmaz, Lynn. (2008). Writers at Work: The Essay.

United States: Cambridge University Press.

- Internet

 Cappelen Damm. (2008). Four types of essay: expository, persuasive, analytical,

argumentative. https://access-socialstudies.cappelendamm.no/

 Smith, Sheldon. (2018). Cause and Effect essays. http://www.eapfoundation.com

- E-book

 Pamphlet Master (2014). Argumentative Essay (How to Guide Writing an Essay

Edition). United States: Dot EDU.

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 Tips for good Writing:

- Englishclub. (2018). What is writing? Retrieved 10 May, 2018, from

https://www.englishclub.com/writing/what.htm
- Gordon, W. (2010). Top 10 Tips for Better Writing. Retrieved 10 May, 2018, from
https://lifehacker.com/5689093/top-10-tips-for-better-writing
- Reik, D. (2017). 11 Smart Tips for Brilliant Writing. Retrieved 10 May, 2018, from
https://www.copyblogger.com/brilliant-writing-tips/

“Either write something worth reading or do something worth writing”

Benjamin Franklin.

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