E

I EIE.EE

É
É

Ii

is accelerated

A test ive charge

due to electric feild

F É q

force on charge

dew F di

work on charge F de

dew

Saw E q.de

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É Eg

E
Natale diff

distance between

electrodes

Vir rn

Ed E

If

E
He

Electric

F e e

du ft at

if

t F do

GE g

din as

TL9 e

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w I

w
tmw.ir

particle which accelerated

find te L is

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through J it

also find
co

9 C.am z

Boh a Ete

Jokeintx18ntont

19 2 Joules

1 602 10

K E e Coo x

2 1 602
1517

1771

I 3 2 10

17 J

tr E I met 3.2 10

Ia É Exist

ax

Ex

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19 too xN

2 X V E 2 1 602 10 x

uh
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Uh 965 104

WE 902 66 58

231 e

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p.es

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due

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e
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ftp

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TED

Fg É

EDIE LEETTI

F
ED 9g

Iii

Fitting

Fittings

Into

re

to Ee

re

f to

Pe

Voltage

K E

ay y

pm

particle

x past

All go

should foil
gold

the

Ignition E o
an

so Er

rate

tht Egitto

9
f
9

Fi art

as

due

ji

Sam

tdr

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Is

stored in the

Work is
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Potentially

r
E

6 997
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tra.IT

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uniform

age

EEo

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Eth

ta

É É g

d at Eat

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d
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let
at t.EE

ECEFEE

Emv Ee

1r
y

E 9 E

t rate

Voltage gradient

G e 9 V

LOVA.IE

CE

Voltage xd

Gerty

Enga
Gaa

work done

potential Energy

E q d

E 19 d

Voltage Ez f

charge

Ed

Voltage

E q d

Electrical work

V q

MILI KEN'S OIL DROP EXPERIMENT

when an object is allowed to fall freely

tone of friction act

filing object

a on

opposite to the motion object

of

I free of friction due to

air

viscous drag of

direction

of x

fall
to
force of friction is proportional

Stirs

and given by
velocity of fall

6 a V n Viscosity coefficient

FE no radius of object

f is

velocity of
fall

Thus the magnitude of viscous

drug or

with time and

fictional force increases

as soon as it equals to downward force

constant
object attains speed
a

the
At this
speed Ot

called terminal

Point
viscous tone

queue

to buoyancy 6a MY Vt

Egor Pais
1 free of gravity

g
Erika

Fa y Pon
g Far Pair Garett

9h M liken oil drop

Experiment

oil drops from

atomises is allow to freely

fall

from a hole inside a

cylindrical

vessel filled with

a
telescope

Under free fall

Pair 6Th'VE

Egor Poi
g fig

9M z
t

2 foil egos
g

drop is subject to electric feild

Now the oil

which act in direction opposite to free fall

feild

electric is applied so that the

If

oil drop become zero at this point

velocity of

toneof buoyancy

QE electric force jar pair.g

force
ofgravity Etr Pon
g

a P Ca Pair 9 E 3

D and 3 we have

from equation

GE GANZ VE 4

from equation z
Substituting value of

Now r

into 4 we have

equation

qe 6AM
JEYA.gg

CVtk

912 A

q
E
Jfa Pair g

M likens performed this experiment numerous

time each time getting different value of

q When taken Hof of all the q's

he a common factor 1 602 10 19 Coulomb

got

This it proves that value of fundamental

10 19 Coulomb

charge 1 602

charged particles under

if

tg

electric and

influence
My of Magnetic

Electric force F 9 É

direction
of force ofelectric field

direction is

direction
of
electric field is from tetone

Let É is
acting
on charged body J mais

i m and charge g

at

EE
a

charge body when it is

relity of

accelerated for t see

at
EE

u t

D
ÉEÉp

s at Eat

work done force x displacement

work am

done EMIL

work

done Imu

force
Magneticfeild

and

É 9 Fx B

É e
fore on charged body

u velocity of charged body

Magnetic field strength

n
t D B

g Fleming’s left hand rule for prediction of direction of

force from current and eld direction

enters tr to the

if a
charge body

then
direction of magnetic feild

force is given by F qu B Smo

Since O 900
feqo.TL
I

tr to both
J fore

and direction is

and Bs Hence charged body will

start and radius

circulating

circular orbit given by

R
ME If

qub

7 FORCE

h MAGNETIC FIELD

X X X X VELOCITY VECTOR

of PROTON or

X CURRENT
x

É x

y L
y A

x x X T r

Motion of a proton in a I
magnetic eld going into the

plane of paper. Note that

magnetic force act

as

perpendicular to the direction

of motion of proton and

always directed towards T

centre of circle. The

magnitude of magnetic force

F =qvB= mv^2/r

DB
at

q Fleming’s left hand rule for prediction of direction of

j
force from current and eld direction

Toi

Force coming out from plane of paper Force going into plane of paper away

towards you from you

4m

THOMSON'S DETERMINATION OF OF ELECTRON

Theepesiment The election which is produced and

accelerated in an electron gun assembly is allowed

to fall

i in ab sense
of field
any

In presence of electric field

and In presence of magnetic feild

Important and magnetic fields are

Electric

each other and tr to

applied perpendicular to
motion of election

the

electron under the influence

The
hitting point of
is noted Now electric

of magnetic field

is increased till it cancels

field strength
the effect of magnetic feild and by simultaneous

application of electric and magnetic field

elections are made to strike point A

when electric field is applied which cancel the

and elections hit
effect of magnetic feild

point A


E et B magnitude of electric

force magnetic

u E fue

Now electrons are allowed to move in

if it will
feild

magnetic of some strength

trace a circular path with radius given

by expression

mu 9 o B

T e

centrepetal force magnetic force

mu

q B

value R can be estimated or

Now the of

deduced from the horizontal and vertical

displacement of electron under the influence

in Thompson's apparatus

of magnetic field

22

It can be shown that R

2g

gun and point

where se distance betweenelectron A

distance between A and B that

is lateral displacement by magnetic

field

L k s

se distance from T

electron to screen

gun y

Lateral displacement

y in magnetic field v

g y5 ia R
fr.gg

R y 2Ryta R

R 22 92

Ty

En The E y4 v

Alternative treatment

Let n component election is Va

of velocityof

time taken electron to travel distance se

by

n Va t t We

the distance travelled in discretion is

now y
given by uy.tt iz ay E
o

y uy

age Fmy 9
m
sB

y
a
oxm.IT IET

Im B
e

now Vx can be calculated in termsof E and

B G E G vi B Vx E

by using B

using Ym EB az

Thomson model

in

embedded
I

e e

EE i

a
peps
Inking

bullet

Imf

old

item

p a QE

ft I

Honwotrydone def
F dr Gso

dur F dr

JEFE

ar

Jane

tg

fw

j. S
i

w.com

mtEf

potentiality

Electric

am
i T.g.EE

PL

P.ee 1

HE

It f met

potentials to

distance

Jdiscgapproachy

t
Pe tQ i

790

E
Gold In

1519 2 1602 1519

9 109

7921602

mls

Izmit EEE

249 109 538 0227101

6
2 72 21 01

FED

o it

team

A Al Blase

IIM satiating

no

I Ix

In

 IT

Ruled say altering experiment

allowed to fall on a thin gold

4 particles are
is
deflection from original path

foil and

observed

Idea was to check the validity of Thompson

model

Plum pudding

that all a particles

It was expected

thin Gold foil since

should go through

was with greatspeed

the particle moving

However Rutherford was surprised to

in to ooo a particle
that m
find

back with a recoil angle more

come

than 90

Tp fsecoil

angle


7 angle

recoil angle
more that 900

This result was least expected

can be
The recoil a only

of particle
if

explained

is
positive charge in atom

All the
concentrated in very small volume

atom is

Almost whole mass

of
concentrated in the volume

Nuclear Model of

Thus Rutherford proposed

atom

There is a time charge nucleus

which is
tively charged

in an atom

nucleus contain almost whole mass

The

atom The negatively charged

ofelection

revolve around the nucleus

circular orbit The

in necessary
centripetal force on this election

electrostatic attraction
balanced
by This

is
model was

nucleus

ofinspired motion of
Planet

by

around Sun

the

Rutherford Expected that most of

will or uninterrupted

a particles go undetected

could

because a dedocalised positive charge

I particles

not repel fast moving

Eat

Irons

Eleelmmagnetic

EMR is a pulse ofVacuum

energy It is
through

which moves

wave in which electric magnetic

a

to

vector oscillate perpendicular

field
each other and perpendicular to

the direction of velocity

waves moves with

An

electromagnetic
vacuum

3 108 m s through

speed

EMR and wavelength

of

The frequency

are related by

vTf

C wave velocity

V frequency

envy
wavelength

is an EMR

Light

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

consist mixture of waves

An EMR of

different wavelength when Emre

of
is allowed to pass through
a
prism

diffraction grating
or
the different
EMR are separated
components of

on a photographic plate

E
E

of

waves

A typical EMR different wavelength

as discreet

spectrum appear

lines on photogsap

plate


electromagnetic spectrum

A typical

0
h Ao 75009

Visible ooo

sRadiowaic
Mayhnsagesuvaevigibleepter
ioooagfsooosse

smferom

1E.foA
at ToooAYoom

known

Rough ranges to be

mseafi

t.seTz

3 108mfs

ENL Ware in Vacuum

Velocity of

vector oscillate
Magnetic field

Electric

1 r to the direction of motion

denser medium it slows down

Through remain constant

but frequency

or

A moving
or
accelerating charge

dipole emits an electro magnetic



radiation

Molecule on Excitation

Atoms

emit Em ways

Em wave is allowed to

When
or diffraction

pass through a
prism

various components

grating Em theradiation are

separated
of an

on

The various component appears

discreet line

photographic plate as

lines is

This arrangement of

called electromagnetic spectrum

Black Body a

A body which can absorb all the

incident on it is called

radiation

a Black body

A which can absorb all the

body
radiate Radiation

radiation will

Thus a

of all wavelength

emitter is a perfect absorber

perfect

No is perfectly a Black body

body

can define or develop

But we
alwaysBlack

an almost perfect Body

Black in thermal equilibrium

A body

is the one

or radiative equilibrium
at constant

which is maintained
and emitting and

temperature all wavelengths

absorbing light of

An ideal black body



jeepney

The probe inside the cavity will act

as

It is emitting as well

as

black body
radiation of all wavelength's

absorbing

Black Body radiation

when radiation emitted from a Black body

is following observation was

analysed

made

is independent of

The BB R

nature material It

ofupon only

depends temperature

As T increases that intensity

increases

I or 14


As T increases the

BBR shift towards

peak of
shorter wavelength side

T
i

T
i
ten

Tmore

a µy

y
is

in a

temperature
there is a
unique
for every

Xanax which carries mase

value
of

Intensity is

or
of

fraction energy

maximum of Amex

Amex
increasing temperature

On
towards shorter wavelength

shifts
higher temperature

thus object at

compared to

aint more violet light



qbjectsatlowerton sperature

Violet 1 101

Ex at 3000K
a 5

look

at

Red 1 8

at Zook

Redi a toy

II at thro tr

if

Etf

f
w
i

I 1

Ii

Xi max

74mm

73 max

KID.dk RayleighJeans
Aj dx

irE

u a I e


u dimensions
ff

plank's formula

u ai

E ee V

E
en ltntaen.se

o en an
if

a is large eY theft

for longer
Might

o e TEF a

for a

7592

ceca

BB radiation

Herne plank's explains the

graph

Assumption Oscillator can oscillate

with amount of energy

any

lead eR
2a

Assumption Oscillator can

with such that

oscillate Energy

E or V

and E h

enrich hw 2h43m

Oscillator can

with discreet Energies

oscillate

amount of energy

oaf'uw

not just any

which this assumption

in S e

is

The proportionality constant

called Plank's constant

ee Kd
2A h c
DX tr Th