PHIL LIT REVIEWER

Japanese Occupation in the Philippines during World War II

(1941-1945)

Corrigidor - It is an island that located at the entrance of Manila Bay, and it is considered
part of Province of Cavite.

General Douglas McArthur - He was an American military leader who served as General of
the Army of the US, as well as the Philippine Army. And until now we already know his line
( I SHALL RETURN)

JAPANESE- This is the third country who occupied Philippines.

The Japanese influenced the government in the Philippines by enforcing a strict curfew,
adding Japanese currency, instituting a military government and reducing neighborhood
government systems by half.

Haiku -Haiku is a poem of free verse of Japanese origin.

Tanka -Is very similar to haiku

 Written about nature, seasons, love, sadness and other strong emotions.

Japanese Rules for Filipinos (1941-1945)

1. Salute to the Japanese soldiers when you meet them.

2. The Japanese flag should be displayed at every house’s door.

3. Everybody must put the sun-rise armband on the left arm

4. Everybody should have the certificate of residence.

5. Wherever you see Japanese soldiers you must welcome them and not escape from
them. The escaper be considered as the enemy.

6. Unless you do not tell false prices you will be paid reasonable

7. You are absolutely prohibited to walk until the sun-set until the sun-rise without
carrying lamps. The walker who has not lights will be shot by the Japanese
patrolling soldier without any warns.

8. Don’t be fooled and bewildered by false propaganda by Communist, bandits and

Chinese
 9. The incendiarism accidental fire and robbery will be punished

10. The holding of arms is allowed by the army. But the arms-holder must report to the
mayor it and get permission

11. The jobless people can find ones jobs in Japanese army and will be;

12. Be obedient to the orders of governor and mayor who are authorized

The Invasion during World War II

World War II started in the world (1939)

 Nomura Kichisaburo went to US to negotiate for US – Japan relations ( September

1941)

December 7, 1941 - (December 8 in Asia time zones),

The imperial Japanese Navy made its surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, located in Oahu,
Hawaii territory, on Sunday morning.

Damages :

US

 8battleships

 3destroyers

 3light cruisers

 188 planes

 3,435 lives

Japan

 31 warships

 353 raiding planes

 29 planes

 5 submarines

 64 lives

December 8, 1941 - Japan invaded Philippines

  Pampanga

 Nichols Fields

 Aparri

 Cagayan

 Vigan, Ilocos Sur

 Manila

 Lingayen, Pangasinan

December 9, 1941 – Manila also attacked by Japanese forces

Gen. Douglas McArthur declared Manila as an

Open City.

January 2, 1942

 Japanese occupied Manila.

°Edward Ned King Jr. – right hand of McArthur

March 11, 1942- Pesident Roosevelt command McArthur (I SHALL RETURN)

April 3,1942- Heneral Masahamo Homma

April 6,1942- Mt. Samat

April 9,1942- US and Filipino defendants in Bataan surrendered to the Japanese

 American soldiers were force to embark on the DEATH MARCH to a prison camp
more than 65miles to north.

 10,000 prisoners died.

The “Huks”

An organization called Hukbo ng Bayan sa mga Hapon or HUKBALAHAP then later

called “The Huks” during the whole period between 1945 and 1952.

 Hukbalahap was a communist guerrilla movement formed by the farmers of Central

Luzon, they are the one who originally formed to fight the Japanese
 Luis Taruc was the leader

 Castro Alejandro was his right hand

 And the members was simply called “huks”

The Second Republic

September 20, 1943 – KALIBAPI held a party convention.

 Election of 54 members of National Assembly

October 14, 1943 – inauguration of Jose P. Laurel as the third president of the
Philippines and the second Philippine Republic under Japan .

 Pact of alliance with Japan

 Japanese started using propaganda to gain trust and confidence of Filipinos who
refused to cooperate with them.

 Giant posters were hung with slogans as “ the Philippines belong to the Filipinos”

 Newspaper, media, movies, and others publicized the same media.

Return of General MacArthur

 Battle of Leyte Gulf (October 23-26 1944) was the largest naval battle of World War
II.

January 9, 1945

 US liberation forces successfully docked at Lingayen Gulf

 After the intense fighting before Japanese finally surrendered on February 23, 1945

 July 4, 1946 used to be considered an important national holiday in the Philippines (

from 1946 – 1961)

 June 12, 1962 – under the proclamation No. 28, s. 1962 it declared as the special
public holiday
Period of New Society ( 1972-1980)

Cenaculo – describes the place where Jesus and his disciples celebrated the Last Supper.

Zarzuela – It is a theatrical play that contains musical arts.

Embayoka- a topical singing done in moderate tempo.

The peiod of New Society started on September 21,1971.

Period of New Society – tried to stop pornography.

Ministry of Public Affairs – established by the ministry government.

Themes
Green Revolution
Family Planning
Proper Nutrition
Environment
Drug Addiction
Pollution

Old plays revived by the government

Cenaculo, Zarzuela, Embayoka

Theaters Built

1. Cultural Center of the Philippines

2. The folk art Theatre
3. Metropolitan Theater

Singing both Filipino and English songs received fresh incentives. KISLAP NG LIWAYWAY

Literature during the New Society

Bilingual Education – initiated by the board of NAational Education as early as 1958 and
continued up to the period of Martial Rule In September 21, 1972

Forms of Literature
Essay, Debate, Poetry

Some books that came out during this period:

1. I married a newspaperman by: Maria Luna Lopez, 1976

2. The modern Filipino by : Patricia Melendez Cruz, 1980
3. Cross currents in Afro-asian Literature by: Rustica D. Carpio 1976
4. Brief time to love by: Ofelia F. Limcaco
5. Medium rare and tell the people by: Julie Yap Daza

Period of the New Society

Filipino Poetry During the Period of the New Society

Ponciano Pineda

 Filipino writer, teacher, linguist, and lawyer.

  Ponciano Pineda is considered as the "Father of the Commission on Filipino
Language“.

Aniceto Silvestre

• was born in San Mateo, (which is now Rizal Province) on April17, 1898.

Bienvenido Ramos

 Writer

 Kamaong Asero(1981)

 Tomcat (1979)

 Mucho Dinero(1959)

 Died April 24, 2012

Pelagio Sulit Cruz

Vicente Dimasalang

Cir Lopez Francisco

Jose Garcia Revelo

Slogans of the New Society

Sa ikauunlad ng bayan, Disiplina ang kailangan.

Tayo’y kumain ng gulay, Upang humaba ang buhay

Magplano ng pamilya, nang ang buhay ay lumigaya.

Ang pagsunod sa magulang, tanda ng anak na magalang.

Tayo’y magtanim, upang mabuhay.

Tayo’y magbigayan, at huwag magsiksikan.

Some of the Composers

During the Period of the New Society

Tito, Vic & Joey

• Vicente “Tito” Castelo Sotto III

 -born on August 24, 1948

• Marvic “Vic” Castelo Sotto -born on April 28, 1954

• Jose “Joey” Maria Ramos de Leon

-born on October 14, 1946

Freddie Aguilar

• Ferdinand Pascual Aguilar

• born on February 5, 1953

• folk musician from Philipnes

Greatest Hit Song:

 ANAK

 BAYAN KO

 MAGDALENA

 BULAG, PIPI AT BINGI

Jose Mari Chan

• Jose “Joe” Marie Lim Chan

-born on March 11, 1945

Greatest Hit Songs

• Beautiful Girl

• Deep in my Heart

• Christmas in our Hearts

“Father of Philippine Christmas Music”

The Play under The New Society

Tagalog Zarzuela

a play that empowers the appreciation of Filipino culture and values and is packaged in a
comical and musical style.
Cenaculo

a play depicting the life and sufferings of Jesus Christ.

Embayoka of the Muslims

poetic debate of the Muslims

Tales of Manuvu (1977)

Performed by:

Celeste Legaspi, Lea Navarro, Hadji Aejandro,

Boy Camara, Anthony Castelo, Rey Dizon, and

Choreographed by: Alice Reyes

Organizations contributed a lot to the Development of plays:

 PETA: of Cecille Guidote and Lino Brocka

 Repertory Philippines: of Rebecca Godines and Zenaida Amador

 UP Repertory: of Behn Cervantes

 Teatro Filipino: by Rolando Tinio

RADIO AND TELEVISION

Radio can continued to be patronized during the period.The plays series like:
• SI MATAR • DAHLIA • ITO ANG PALAD KO,and • MR.LONELY were the forms of recreation
of those without television. Even the new songs were first heard over the airwaves.

Performing artist in radio who moved over to television because of higher pay. •Agusto
Victa •Gene Palomo •Mely Tagasa •Lina Pusing,and •Ester Chavez Popular televesion plays
were GULONG NG PALAD,FLOR DE LUNA, and ANNALISA. SUPERMAN and TARZAN were
also popular with the youth.

FILIPINO FILMS

New kinds of films without sex or romance started to be made but which were nevertheless
well-received by the public like: •MAYNILA...SA MGA KUKO NG LIWANAG written by
Edgardo Reyes and filmed under the direction of Lino Brocka.Bembol Roco was in the lead
role. •MINSA'Y ISANG GAMU-GAMO Nora Aunor was the principal performer here.
•GANITO KAMI NOON..PAANO KAYO NGAYON lead by Christopher de Leon and Gloria Diaz.
•INSIANG by Hilda Koronel •AGUILA lead by Fernando Poe Jr.,Jay Ilagan and Chrisptopher
de Leon.

COMICS,MAGAZINES AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS

The leading papers during this period:

•BULLETIN TODAY
•TIMES JOURNAL
•PEOPLE'S JOURNAL
•BALITA
•PILIPINO EXPRESS
•PHILLIPINE DAILY EXPRESS •EVENING POST
•EVENING EXPRESS

Other magazines: •KISLAP •BULAKLAK •EXTRA HOT,and •JINGLE SENSATION

Comics also proliferated everywhere and were enjoyed by the masses like: •PILIPINO
•EXTRA •LOVE LIFE •HIWAGA •KLASIK •ESPESYAL

Morning Sun – newspaper published in Pittsburg, Kansas, United States. Though its history
dates to the 1880s, it has been known as the Morning Sun Since 1937. It was a daily paper,
but decreased to five print editions a week ( Tuesday to Friday, and Sunday) as of April
2017.

The Rebirth of Freedom (1946- 1970)

The Americans returned in 1945. Filipinos rejoiced and guerrillas who fled to the
mountain joined the liberating American Army. Not all the books published during the
period reflected the war year; some were compilations or second editions of what
have been written before.

b) The State Of Literature During This Period- The early post-liberation period was
marked by a kind of “struggle of mind and spirit” posed by the sudden
emancipation from the enemy, and the wild desire to see print.

Filipinos had, by this time, learned to express themselves more confidently but post-
war problems beyond language and print-like economic stability, the threat of new
ideas, and mortality – had to be grappled with side by side.

There was a proliferation of newspapers like the:

 FREE PRESS, MORNING SUN of Sergio Osmeña Sr.

 DAILY MIRROR ofJoaquin Roces

 EVENING NEWS of Ramon Lopezes

 Bulletin of Menzi

Journalists had their day. They indulged in a more militant attitude in their reporting
which bordered on the libelous.Gradually, as normality was restored, the tones and themes
of the writings turned to the less pressing problems of economic survival.

c) Some of the writers and their works of the periods are:

1. THE VOICE OF THE VETERAN – a compilation of the best works of some Ex-USAFFE
men like Amante Bigornia, Roman de la Cruz, Ramon de Jesus and J.F. Rodriguez.

2. TWILIGHT IN TOKYO and PASSION and DEATH OF THE USAFFE by Leon Ma. Guerrero.

3. FREEDOM AND DEMOCRACY – by S.P. Lopez

4. BETRAYAL IN THE PHILIPPINES – by Hernando Abay.