Senior High School

NOT

Earth Science
Quarter 2 - Module 11
Stratified Rocks

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

Earth Science- Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 - Module 11: Stratified Rocks
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any
work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government
agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such
work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition
the payment of royalty.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials
from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent
nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro

Schools Division Superintendent: Dr. Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, CESO V

Development Team of the Module

Author: Ritche Razel M. Celestial, PhD

Reviewers: Jean S. Macasero, Shirley Merida, Duque Caguindangan, Eleanor Rollan,

Rosemarie Dullente, Marife Ramos, January Gay Valenzona, Mary Sieras, Arnold Langam,
Amelito Bucod

Illustrators and Layout Artists: Jessica Bunane Cuňado, Kyla Mae L. Duliano

Management Team
Chairperson: Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, Ph.D., CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent

Co-Chairperson: Alicia E. Anghay, Ph.D., CESE

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Members Lorebina C. Carrasco, OIC-CID Chief

Jean S. Macasero, EPS- Science
Joel D. Potane, LRMDS Manager
Lanie O. Signo, Librarian II
Gemma Pajayon, PDO II
Evelyn Q. Sumanda, School Head
Cely B. Labadan, School Head

Printed in the Philippines by

Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro City
Office Address: Fr. William F. Masterson Ave Upper Balulang Cagayan de Oro
Telefax: (08822)855-0048
E-mail Address: cagayandeoro.city@deped.gov.ph
 Senior
Senior High
High School
School

Earth Science
Quarter 2 - Module 11
Stratified Rocks

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed

by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and or/universities. We
encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback,
comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education at action@
deped.gov.ph.

We value your feedback and recommendations.

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

This page is intentionally blank
 Table of Contents

What This Module is About ................................................................................................................... I

What I Need to Know .............................................................................................................................. I
How to Learn from this Module ........................................................................................................... II
Icons of this Module ............................................................................................................................... II

What I Know ........................................................................................................................................... III

Lesson 1:
Stratified Rocks ......................................................................................................................... 1
What I Need to Know .................................................................................... 1
What’s In………………………………………………………………………….. 1
What’s New: Learning Activity 1: Geo-Process Word Search ..................... 2
What Is It: Stratified Rocks ............................................................................ 2
What’s More: Developing Mastery 1: KIM Chart: Stratified Rocks............... 3
What Is It ....................................................................................................... 4
What’s More: Developing Mastery 2: My Geologic History Contribution ..... 4
What’s New: Learning Activity 2: Graphic Organizer:
Rock Strata Correlation …. ........................................................................... 5
What I Have Learned: (Synthesizing your Learning).................................... 6
What I Can Do: Performance Task 1: DIY Edible Rock Layering………….. 6

Lesson 2:
Fundamental Principles of Stratigraphy .........................................................7
What’s In........................................................................................................ 7
What I Need to Know .................................................................................... 7
What’s New: Learning Activity 3: Multiple Causes and
One Effect Diagram ..................................................................................... . 8
What Is It: Fundamental Principles of Stratigraphy…………………………. 8
What’s More: Developing Mastery 3: Stratigraphy-Let’s Do It! .................. 11
What I Have Learned: (Synthesizing your Learning)………………………. 12
What I Can Do: Performance Task 2: Dynoactivity:
A 3D Model of Rock Stratification … .......................................................... 12

Summary………………………………………………………………………………………… 14
Assessment: (Post-Test)………………………………………………………………………. 15
Key to Answers ................................................................................................................... 17
References .......................................................................................................................... 18
This page is intentionally blank
What This Module is About

The major events in Earth’s past has been chronicled based on the study of Earth’s
rock layers known as stratigraphy. The geologic history of various regions and of Earth as a
whole can be reconstructed based on rock strata. The system of geological time scale also
correlates and classifies rock strata in which certain types of fossils are found. Fossils on rock
provide paramount means of establishing Earth’s events with the emergence and
disappearance of widespread species as recorded. The remnants’ record is also used to
outline the beginnings and endings of ages, epochs, periods, and other interval.

Stratigraphy as a mother branch of geology helps geologist to determine the sequence

of events in a sedimentary basin at its most simple level. Stratigraphic studies goal to study
the entire sequence of rock strata to determine the time relationships that are involved
elsewhere. Half of the 20th century, the traditional stratigraphic schemes have led to
somewhat less confusion of nomenclature, thus, more reliable information on which to base
conclusions about Earth’s history.

As 21st century learners, this module provides information that tackles concepts
related to stratified rocks based on the principles. This module is designed with figures,
pictures, varied activities, and tasks to let your learning exciting and Earth’s history driven in
relation to rock formation. Moreover, the lessons integrated in this module will let you describe
the possible events that occurred in a certain area based on the rock layers found therein.
Along this module, there are several standard symbols or icons used as you go about in the
completion of this module. Each icon gives instruction to guide you as you continuously
endeavour this new normal of learning modality. Together, let us heartily walk through this
module as we understand facts, concepts, and be critical thinkers.

The following are the lessons contained in this module:

1. Stratified Rock;
2. Fundamental Principles of Stratigraphy.

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to describe how layers of rocks (stratified
rocks) are formed (S11/12ES-IIh-35).

I
How to Learn from this Module
To achieve the objective cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• Answer all the given exercises, task, and assessment.

Icons of this Module

What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that

Know are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge.
What’s In This part connects previous lesson with that
of the current one.

What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented
to you.

What Is It These are discussions of the activities as a

way to deepen your discovery and under-
standing of the concept.

What’s More These are follow-up activities that are in-

tended for you to practice further in order to
master the competencies.

What I Have Activities designed to process what you

Learned have learned from the lesson.

What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show-

case your skills and knowledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and situations.

II
 What I Know
Pretest: MULTIPLE CHOICE:
Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the correct answer. Use
separate answer sheet of paper.

1. Who studied the relative positions of sedimentary rocks?

A. Arthur Soo C. Nicholas Steno
B. Harry Hess D. Nicholo Steno

2. It is science of a rock strata.

A. Geology B. Layering C. Polygraph D. Stratigraphy

3. Rock layers are also named ______.

A. layering C. strata
B. rock D. all the choices

4. Which of the following are the basic principles that all geologists used in interpreting the
age and characteristics of a rock layers?
A. Code of ethics C. Law of rocks
B. Ethics and principles D. Stratigraphic laws
5. Which of the following principle states that most sediments when deposited will form a
horizontal or nearly horizontal layers?
A. The Principle of Original Horizontality C. The Principle of Faunal Succession
B. The Principle of Lateral Continuity D. The Principle of Superposition

6. Which of the following principle shows the same vertical changes in fossils that are
embedded in rocks occurred in different places?
A. The Principle of Original Horizontality C. The Principle of Faunal Succession
B. The Principle of Lateral Continuity D. The Principle of Superposition

7. Scientists can relate the stratigraphic correlation of rock layers based on location. This
principle is known as ______________.
A. The Principle of Original Horizontality C. The Principle of Faunal Succession
B. The Principle of Lateral Continuity D. The Principle of Superposition

8. Grand Canyon has the oldest rocks that are exposed at the base called Proterozoic-age
rocks. This proves the Principle of ______________.
A. Original Horizontality C. Faunal Succession
B. Lateral Continuity D. Superposition

9. Which of the following places serves as a very good example of the stratification?
A. Dahilayan Park C. Grand Canyon
B. Grand Canal D. Sumalsag Cave

10. It is any nonliving and naturally formed as aggregate mass of solid matter.
A. Crystal C. Sand
B. Rock D. Sediments

11. The type of rocks that are formed by the layer of precipitated and deposited suspension.
A. Igneous rock C. Sedimentary rock
B. Metamorphic rock D. All of these choices

III
12. What happens when fragmental volcanic material falls into lakes or the sea?
A. It undergoes the process of stratification.
B. It changes its composition.
C. It becomes layered.
D. All of these choices.

13. Why is it that not all sedimentary deposits are stratified?

A. They may be destroyed by plants or animals.
B. This is due to recrystallization of limestone.
C. Due to other disturbances after deposition.
D. All of these choices.

14. Where does the oldest rock found?

A. Above younger layers. C. In between solid and liquid part of layers.
B. Beneath younger layers. B. Cannot be determined.

15. The following are part of the successive events of the Earth’s historical past. EXCEPT:
A. aging and death B. earthquake C. stratification D. weathering

IV
This page is intentionally blank
 Lesson Stratified Rocks
1
What I Need to Know

Unlocking the successive events of the Earth’s historical past gives us the key in
learning about the environment of long ago. The possible geologic events that occurred in a
certain area based on the rock layers are part of the major history in Earth’s past. What evolved
in the past can be best explained by rock formation with proper recording. This part of geologic
process helps everyone to understand the different rocks through cross sections examination
of large masses of rocks.

This module will tackle rock formation and stratification. The separation between
individual rock layers are termed stratification planes. Through stratification, the past record
movements of the Earth’s surface is preserved. With the interpretation of such events, this
permits practical results of mineral deposits, petroleum fields, and groundwater reservoirs
locations.
Specifically, in this lesson, you are expected to describe how layers of rocks or
stratified rocks are formed. The Pretest that you have just answered identified your
preparedness about the lessons in this module

What’s In

Earth changes through its natural processes either in slow or in rapid way. Erosion
and weathering are some of the slow processes on Earth. Meanwhile, landslides, volcanic
eruptions, tsunamis, and earthquakes are due to rapid processes. In the previous lesson, we
talk about ocean basin structure and formation. The evolution of different structures and
features of ocean basins were brought about by slow processes that have been taking place
on the Earth’s surface.

Ocean basins are the maximum sites and intrabasinal for deposition of sediments from
the continents. In areas near the active submarine volcanoes, the rate of the deposition of
sediments can be very high. However, there are areas where magmatism is difficult to access
due to intense building of volcanic structures above sea level. But numerous sample of rocks
have been recovered and studied through drilling, dredging, and expeditions of small
submarines to the ocean floor. Some drilling expeditions have reached through the sediment
cover and into the oceanic crust. The successive Earth’s geologic events have paved the way
to go further expeditions, thus adding to the Earth’s history.

Another slow process that takes place on Earth’s surface is the rock formation. The
formation and characteristics of rocks provide us information regarding the past. There are
natural processes that influence rock layering such as weathering, erosion, heat, pressure,
compacting, cementing, cooling, and melting. Cross-sectional examination of large masses of
rocks in a certain place can be the best way to understand the historical events on the surface
of the Earth.
1
 What’s New
Before we discuss further, kindly answer the learning activity below. This will also help
you recall the different Earth’s geologic processes. There are slow and rapid processes that
you can find on the activity.

Learning Activity 1: Geo-Process Word Search

Directions: Search the word/s that tells about Earth’s Geologic
Processes. For your clue, there are twenty (20) processes that you can
search. Enjoy and let’s make learning fun!

S O L V E V I C C T S C C C
A B Y Y S O L S R S U O N D
D E L A N L E P Y U V N V V
S D R O C C K R S N O V E M
A D O O R A K E T A K E N S
S I N G S N N A A M P R D S
H N W O R I K D L I M G D D
F G O N E S O I L S S I E S
A L T E R M O N I G W N P N
L A Y E R I N G Z M E G O E
L A P S S V I N E M A I S A
S O U N D R I F T H T T I R
M A G M A T I S M A H A T T
E R U P T I O N C B E C I H
L E G A K L M I N E R O O Q
L F R P W X F R Z G I V N U
E G J Q X I X R Y R N S E A
F A U L T I N G Q E G P D K
R H L A X Z Z V J V S P P E
S I R L A N D S L I D E S D
S T A T S E T S L D S S S R
S N O I T A M R O F K C O R

Figure 1: Geo-Process Word Search

Did you find all the geologic processes? Refer to the answer key provided for your
reference. How’s the activity? Are you now ready to continue with your learning regarding
stratified rock? On the succeeding pages, there are discussions of the activities as a way to
deepen your discovery and understanding of the concept.

What Is It

Stratified Rocks
The learning activity above tells us that Earth has undergone various changes and
processes. As you are continuously learning from all the lessons about Earth’s processes,
you can further find out that its history has indeed evidences. This will also help you
understand why and how the Earth’s surface experience natural occurrences.

2
 As mentioned earlier, one of the evidence of Earth’s history is the rock formation and
stratification. Now, let us know some significant terms to facilitate your understanding on rock
stratification. Definition and description of these words were provided for you to explore the
lesson.
Let’s unlock Terms:
 Bedding is also called stratification which describes the sedimentary rocks
layering, and sometimes, the layering found in metamorphic rock.
 Sedimentary rock is a type of a rock formed by the accumulation of sediments
with subsequent cementation of mineral, or organic particles on ocean floor or
other bodies of water at the Earth's surface.
 Strata is also referring to rock layers.
 Stratigraphic Laws are basic principles used and applied by geologist to
determine the age and characteristics of a rock layers.
 Stratigraphy is the study of a rock strata or layers.

A Danish scientist named Nicholas Steno, studied the relative positions of sedimentary
rocks. Further, Steno made mention that solid particles settle according to their relative weight
and size. First to settle is the largest and heaviest one while the smallest and lightest are last
to deposit. He said that layering is the most evident feature of sedimentary rocks. Particle size
and composition of the materials contributed much to the layering.

The scientific discipline concerned with the description of rock successions and their
interpretation in terms of a general time scale is called stratigraphy. This discipline provides a
basis for historical geology and found application such as petroleum and archaeology.
Moreover, through the use of stratigraphic concept and data, the process of locating reservoir
traps has been done significantly.

. What’s More
In order for you to develop mastery of the competency of this lesson, accomplish this
required task.

Developing Mastery 1: KIM Chart: Stratified Rocks

What to Do?
1. Identify the Key words/ideas or concepts that you have learned so far related
to stratified rocks. Identify as many as you can.
2. Give Information such as a definition or description that matches the key
idea.
3. Draw/illustrate/cut-out pictures for the visual representation of the concept
as for the Memory Clue.
4. Use the table below to show your KIM Chart. A sample is given below. Use
separate sheet of paper.

Key word/idea or concept Information Memory Clue

Example:

strata rocks layering

3
 What Is It

A rock strata is composed of preserved and fossilized species. This understanding

helps the scientists to piece together the evolutionary history of a group of organisms and
Earth’s history as a whole. The Grand Canyon in Arizona is the good example of rock
stratification. This place is a natural formation distinguished by layered bands of red rock that
reveals millions of years of geological history in a cross-section. A simple figure below shows
how Grand Canyon shows rock layering.

Figure 2: Grand Canyon at Arizona

Source: Grand Canyon National Park: Mather Point Pano 03." Flickr at
https://www.flickr.com/photos/grand_canyon_nps/7553734530.

What’s More
Developing Mastery 2: My Geologic History Contribution

Materials Needed: pencil, bond papers, and any coloring materials

What to Do?
 Imagine yourself as a geologist who is observing rock layers in an area
or place.
 Construct a simple geologic history of that area or place by illustrating
your own rock strata. You will consider the simple sequence in which
the oldest part is at the bottom while the youngest is found at the top.
Use different colors and shapes to represent the fossilized species in
every sequence and location.
 Write a brief but concise description of your own stratified rock geologic
history contribution.

4
 What’s New

Geologists conduct studies that locate rocks and how rock layers are formed.
Moreover, geologists use the term ‘rock strata’ in a generic sense when referring to many rock
layers that appear over large areas and found almost everywhere. They are also interested in
determining layers in separate strata that are exactly the same age.

Geologists are 'earth detectives' who need clues that can help explain what happened
in the past. Through correlation geological technique, information about the changes that have
taken place at various times in Earth history can be recorded. There are two ways to correlate
rock strata such as by comparing the physical characteristics of strata with each other
(physical correlation); and by comparing the type of fossils found in various strata (fossil
correlation).

However, during rock formations, unconformities represent erosional surfaces or

intervals of missing strata that can be traced and mapped over great distances. The amount
of missing rock section represented by an unconformity can also vary from place to place.

Now, to explore your understanding about rock strata correlation, answer Learning
Activity 2 below. You may use relevant sources as your references.

Learning Activity 2: Graphic Organizer: Rock Strata Correlation

Directions: Design your own graphic organizer that would make
picture and demonstrate relationships between facts, concepts, or
ideas of your thought regarding rock strata correlation.

Materials Needed: Bond paper and pen

Kindly refer to the rubric below as your guide on how you are going to design
and present your output. This is also the basis of giving points for graphic
organizer.
Rubric 1: Graphic Organizer

Criteria 4 3 2 1
Exemplary Accomplished Developing Beginning

Organization Extremely well Organized structure Somewhat Poorly organized

organized with illustration and organized structure and
structure and flow of concepts structure with illustration
visually presented illustration of
with flow of concepts
concepts

Content Thorough and Complete Shows some Shows incomple

insightful understanding of understanding of te understanding
understanding of concepts concepts of concepts
concepts

Ideas Insightful and well Ideas Ideas are Ideas are not
considered ideas are considered; somewhat with the clear;
making a lot of more than one topic; makes some few connections
connections thoughtful connections
connection is made

5
 What I Have Learned

To process what you have learned from Lesson 1 of this module, answer the
following questions. Be brief but concise.

Q1: Where is the youngest and oldest possible layer of a completed

sequence or stratified rocks?
Q2: Why is it necessary to observe and correlate the rock layers at
several different locations?

Q3: Explain how it is possible that a specific type of fossil may be found
in one location but absent from that same layer at another location.

Q4: What characteristics could a geologist use to distinguish between

rock layers?

What I Can Do

This part of the module is designed to showcase your skills and knowledge
gained, and applied into real-life concerns and situation. To do this, do Lesson 1 Performance
Task 1 at home.

Lesson 1: Performance Task 1: DIY Edible Rock Layering

Materials Needed:
 cookies
 chocolate chips
 marshmallows
 crushed biscuits
 gummy worms
 sprinkles
 transparent glass
Key Points: Rock layering is most obvious feature of sedimentary
rocks. They are formed particle by particle and bed by bed, and are
piled one on top of the other.
Procedure:
1. Make your DIY (Do-It-Yourself) edible rock layering using those materials above. Arrange
them according to basic sequence (from bottom to top).
2. See to it that you have your representation of the following composition: Bedrock, parent
material, subsoil, topsoil, and organic material.
3. Take a picture of your step by step DIY edible rock layering and the finished output. Label
them according to important composition.
4. After you have done this activity, enjoy eating your own model. Then, do not forget to answer
the learning insight questions below. Submit the required output as requested by your teacher.

Learning Insights:
1. How did you design your DIY edible rock layering?
2. What are the possible materials or compositions of rock strata?
3. How about the other factors that lead to rock stratification?
4. Describe your DIY edible rock layering?

6
 Lesson Fundamental Principles of
2 Stratigraphy

What’s In

Is there a specific order of the layers of rocks? Actually, there is no specific answer to
this because rocks change over time. But, as the principle of stratigraphy explains that the
bottom layer of rocks is the oldest and the top pile is considered youngest. Besides, the strata
may range from thin sheets that cover many square kilometers to thick that extend only a few
meters laterally. During deposition, the stratification in sedimentary rocks may result changes
in texture or composition. The order of rock layering may appear as alternations of coarse and
fine particles. Color changes resulting from differences in mineral composition or merely as
layers of same feature separated by distinct planes of parting.
In 17th century, Nicolaus Steno, a Danish scientist and theologian, presented the
organic origin known as fossils. This was the time when the guiding principles of paleontology
and historical geology began to worked on by few individuals. Besides, the major objective of
this work is to establish the history of Earth from its origin to the present. In geologic history,
the geometric relationships of rocks with respect to each other, such as layered rocks or strata,
the relative ages of which may be determined by simple principles application.

What I Need to Know

Module 11 Lesson 2 discusses the four fundamental principles of stratigraphy. Figures

of these principles are provided to help you understand the importance and application of
Stratigraphic Laws.

Stratification is the process by which layers of soil and debris are laid down on top of
one another over time can be related to making ‘mango float’. First, you place down the first
layer of crust (biscuits), then sliced ripe mango on top of that, then whipped cream, then
another layered of crust, and so on. There is no way for you to put the bottom layer of crust
on before you add the cream on, and still maintain the same sequence of these different layers.

The delivery of this module is also explorative because the discussion of the concepts
are accompanied with figurative presentation. Again, follow the icons as to complete this
module. The icons will guide you according to paces to make your learning more specific and
explorative.

7
 What’s New

Now, do learning activity 3 before going further with the discussion. Don’t forget
to follow the instruction given to you before doing the activity.

Learning Activity 3: Multiple Causes and One Effect Diagram

Directions: This activity is a modified way of identifying causes and
effect using the multiple causes and one effect diagram. The effect is
given already, just give the possible causes why and how stratification
of rocks take place. Have your own diagram on a sheet of paper and do
the rest.

Causes

Effect

Stratification of
Rocks

What Is It

How’s your learning activity 3? Did you able to identify possible causes of
stratification of rocks? Now, let’s continue with this module to deepen your learning. This time,
you will be provided with the information on how the layers of rocks are formed or stratified.
Illustrative data is also given to comprehend the four fundamental principles of stratigraphy.
About 17th to 19th centuries, based upon the work of Nicholas Steno, James Hutton, and
William Smith, stratigraphy laws was developed. Note that these principles are the foundation
of more comprehensive history of Earth when we talk about stratified rocks.
We will discuss one by one the principles of stratification on the next part of this
module.

8
Fundamental Principles of Stratigraphy
1. The Principle of Original Horizontality. This law states that most sediments when deposited
will form a horizontal or nearly horizontal strata under the action of gravity.

Figure 4: The Principle of Original Horizontality

2. The Principle of Lateral Continuity. This principle states that layer of sediment initially
extend laterally sideways in the same order. There are similar rocks but separated by a valley
or other erosional feature, still, they can be assumed to be originally continuous. In the same
manner scientist can correlate layers at one location to another.

Figure 5: The Principle of Lateral Continuity

9
3. The Principle of Superposition. This geochronology law states that in any uninterrupted
structure of rocks deposited in layers, the youngest layer is on top and the oldest on bottom.
The rock fragments must be older than the rock containing fragments.

Figure 6: The Principle of Superposition

4. The Principle of Faunal Succession. William Smith, an English engineer in the late 1700s,
developed this principle. He noticed that the same vertical changes in fossils are embedded
in rocks occurred in different places through time. With this, we know that the rocks are the
same age when we find the same kinds of fossils in rocks from different places.
Geologists can tell the relative ages of the rock layers through geologic events
occurring at one location and of the same age. This process or system is called correlation
which developed by geologists for correlating rocks by its similarities in composition,
sequences, and location. The geologists used the index fossils which are existed for a very
short time and where distributed over a large geographic area.

Figure 7: The Principle of Faunal Succession

10
 In stratigraphic record, sedimentary rocks generally occur in layers that reflect the
pattern of sedimentation of the original sediments. However, there are times that fragments of
a rock unit enclosed in another rock unit according to James Hutton. This is known as the Law
of Inclusions which states that if a rock body (Rock B) contained fragments of another rock
body (Rock A), it must be younger than the fragments of rock it contained. The obtrusive rock
(Rock A) must have been there first to provide the fragments. Now proceed to developing
mastery activity 3 to apply what you have learned.

What’s More

In order for you to develop mastery of the learning competency, answer the following
activity on separate sheet of paper.

Developing Mastery Activity 3: Stratigraphy- Let’s Do It!

Directions: Applying the Stratigraphic Laws, answer the following
questions and refer to figure 8 below.

Figure 8: The Stratigraphic Laws

Questions:
Q1. Write the line segments in the correct order. Note that the oldest has been done
to help understand how to write line segments.

Answer
Youngest: __________
__________
__________
__________

Oldest: __________ AB

Q2. Based on figure 8, what principles of stratigraphy being illustrated?

Q3. What are the factors that affect the stratification of rocks?

11
 What I Have Learned
To process what you have learned from Lesson 2 of this module, answer the following
questions briefly and concisely on separate sheet of paper. The same rubric for essay will be
used.
Q1. How did geologists determine the sequence of stratified rocks?

Q2. Explain the importance of fundamental principles of stratigraphy.

Q3. What happens to the rock stratification hence the Earth is constantly in motion?

What I Can Do

This part of the module is designed to showcase your skills and knowledge gained,
and applied into real-life concerns and situation. To do this, a performance task entitled
Dynoactivity is assigned to you. You can do the task at home and present your output to your
teacher.
Lesson 2: Performance Task 2: Dynoactivity: A 3D Model of a Rock Stratification

Materials Needed:
 The Sedimentary Layers Puzzle (Figure 3, next page)
 Pair of scissors
 Paste
 Any available or indigenous material for your 3D, such as small
boxes, wrappers, and the like.
KEY POINTS:
Sediments such as sand and silt were laid down and compressed to
form sedimentary rock layers for over million years. Records of ancient
landscapes, climates, and organisms were preserved. The correct sequence
of sedimentary rock layers using the fossils found within them was oftentimes
determined by scientists. They figure out and compare if two layers are from
the same geologic time period or not.
Procedure:
1. Photocopy The Sedimentary Layers Puzzle found on the next page of this activity and cut
it out into five strips of paper. The strips represent sedimentary rock layers formed during
certain periods.

2. Arrange them into correct sequence according to the Principle of Faunal Succession. The
letters from the puzzle represents each period of succession.

3. With the use of any available indigenous materials, make your 3D model of the said
principle. Rubric is provided to guide you and serves as rating criteria.

4. Present your best performance output and be rated by your teacher using the rubric as
shown on the proceeding page. To process this activity, answer the questions presented
below as your learning reflection.
Learning Insight:
In your own point of view, what happens to the succeeding animals based on the sedimentary
layers puzzle? Which period (A, B, C, D, and E) of time went extinct first? How about the last
to exist? How helpful is the rock stratification to Earth’ history and why?

12
Figure 9: The Sedimentary Layers Puzzle
13
 Rubric 2: 3d Model
Criteria 4 3 2 1
Exemplary Accomplished Developing Beginning

Organization Extremely well Organized Not so organized Poorly organized

& organized structure and structure and structure and
Presentation structure and presentation of presentation of presentation of
presentation of concept flows concept concept
concept is smoothly
compelling and
flows smoothly

Content & Thorough and Complete Shows some Shows incomplete

Ideas insightful understanding of understanding of understanding of
understanding of content and ideas content and ideas material
content and ideas

Output & Contributed and Contributed and Contributed and Contributed little
Visual showed showed great showed fair effort effort to meet the
Appeal exceptional effort effort to meet the to meet the desirable
beyond expectation and expectation and expectation and no
expectations with creativity is little creativity originality.
imaginative and acceptable used
original
Summary
1. The geologic history of various regions and of Earth can be reconstructed based on
rock strata.
2. The geological time scale correlates and classifies rock strata in which certain
types of fossils are found on Earth’s surface.
3. Geologists can tell the relative ages of the rock layers through the process of
correlation.
4. Stratigraphy is a branch of geology that determines the sequence of events in a
sedimentary basin at its most simple level.
5. Rock layering or bedding is composed of fossilized species which settled as
sediments with subsequent cementation of mineral, or organic particles on ocean floor
or other bodies of water at the Earth's surface.

6. Nicholas Steno is a Danish scientist who studied the relative positions of

sedimentary rocks.

7. The Principle of Original Horizontality states that most sediments when deposited
will form a horizontal or nearly horizontal strata under the action of gravity.

8. The Principle of Lateral Continuity states that layer of sediment initially extend
laterally sideways in the same order.
9. The Principle of Superposition states that in any uninterrupted structure of rocks
deposited in layers, the youngest layer is on top and the oldest on bottom.
10. The Principle of Faunal Succession illustrates the assemblages of fossilized
species that are embedded in rocks occurred in different places through time.
14
 11. Rock mass that supplied the inclusion material must be older than the rock
containing the inclusion. This is known as the Law of Inclusions.

12. Stratigraphic laws are basic and fundamental principles used and applied by
geologist to determine the age and characteristics of rock layers.

Assessment: (Post-Test)
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE:
Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the correct
answer. Use a separate answer sheet of paper.

1. Where does the oldest layer of a rock is located according to the Principle of Superposition?
A. bottom B. middle C. random location D. top

2. This evidence of ancient life can be found in the stratified rock.

A. fossil B. layering C. puzzles D. all of the above

3. Rock strata can be the most closely correlated if they have contained the same _____.
A. elements B. fossils C. shapes D. types of rocks

4. The following are natural processes influencing rock stratification, EXCEPT:

A. burning B. cementing C. cooling D. melting

5. If a sandstone in contact with a granite contains fragments of the granite, what can
you infer?
A. The sandstone and granite are the same age.
B. The granite was intruded into the sandstone.
C. The sandstone is older than the granite.
D. The granite is older than the sandstone.

6. The branch of geology concerned with the analysis of the order and position of layers of
archaeological remains.
A. Archeology B. Geography C. Geographical Correlation D. Stratigraphy

7. Dikes and faults are being used for establishing sequences of events. This activity applies
the principle of ___________________.
A. faunal succession B. original horizontality
B. lateral continuity C. superposition

For items 8-10, refer to figure 9.

8. Which of the statement about the age of the fossil is most likely correct based on the
diagram?
A. Fossil A and C are of the same age
B. Fossils A is older than fossil B
C. Fossil B is older than fossil C
D. Fossil D is older than fossil C

15
 Figure 9: Fossils Age

9. Which Principle of Stratigraphy is NOT obviously shown in Figure 9?

A. The Principle of Original Horizontality C. The Principle of Faunal Succession
B. The Principle of Lateral Continuity D. The Principle of Superposition

10. Which of the following is the youngest?

A. A B. B C. C D. D

II. TRUE or FALSE.

Directions: Write True on the space provided if the statement is correct
and False if NOT. Use your answer sheet for this.

_____1. The term, 'rock strata' refers to the layers of sedimentary rocks.

_____2. Rock layers at surface are older strata.

_____3. Stratification is the process of layering sedimentary rocks.

_____4. Layers of stratified rocks are the same throughout.

_____5. Crustal movement and displacement of soil causes stratification.

16
 Key to Answers

Module 11 Lesson 1: Learning Activity 1:Crossword

Pretest: Puzzle
1. C ASHFALL
2. D BEDDING
3. C CONVERGING
4. D CRYSTALLIZE
5. A DEPOSITION
6. C DIVERGE
7. B DRIFT
8. B EARTHQUAKE
9. C EROSION
10.B ERUPTION
11.C FAULTING
12.D LANDSLIDES
13.D LAYERING
14. B MAGMATISM
15. A ROCK FORMATION
Post Test SPREADING
Part I Part II STRATIFICATION
1. A 1. True TSUNAMIS
2. A 2. False VOLCANISM
3. B 3. True WEATHERING
4. D 4. False
5. D 5. True
6. D
7. B
8. D
9. B
10. A

17
References

Accessed May 29, 2020.

https://faculty.uml.edu/nelson_eby/87.201/Instructor%20pdfs/Sedimentary%20Rocks%20Cl
ass.pdf.

DepEd Cagayan de Oro City Division. "Senior High School - Google Drive." Bitly | Custom
URL Shortener, Link Management & Branded Links. Accessed May 29, 2020.
https://bit.ly/3dF9Kdb.

Enclopedia Britannica. "Stratigraphy." Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed July 8, 2020.

https://www.britannica.com/science/stratigraphy-geology.

Geology.com. "What is Geology? - What Does a Geologist Do? - Geology.com." Google. Last
modified 2020.
https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:mprSJmdiR34J:https://geology.c
om/articles/what-is-geology.shtml+&cd=11&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=ph.

"Grand Canyon National Park: Mather Point Pano 03." Flickr. Accessed July 8, 2020.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/grand_canyon_nps/7553734530.

"Image Result for Geological Stratification Diagrams | Salt Wash, Mancos, Geology."
Pinterest. Last modified April 7, 2011.
https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/328833210278929692/.

"Laws of Stratigraphy." Share and Discover Knowledge on LinkedIn SlideShare. Last

modified November 18, 2014. https://www.slideshare.net/alaydesai28/laws-of-stratigraphy.

"Law of Superposition." Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed June 5, 2020.

https://www.britannica.com/science/law-of-superposition.

Misachi, John. "Where Is the Grand Canyon?" World Atlas. Last modified August 1, 2017.
https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/where-is-the-grand-canyon.html.

"Principles of Geology." Time Scavengers. Last modified July 16, 2017.

https://timescavengers.blog/introductory-material/geologic-time/principles-of-geology/.

"Principles of Stratigraphy." Share and Discover Knowledge on LinkedIn SlideShare.

Accessed June 5, 2020. https://pt.slideshare.net/wwlittle/principles-of-stratigraphy/13.

"Sequencing Rock Layers - Quiz." Quizzes: Free Quizzes for Every Student. Accessed
June 5, 2020. https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5cd99888abe020001b5fbc10/sequencing-
rock-layers.

"Solve Sedimentary Layers Puzzle for Grade Schoolers | AMNH." American Museum of
Natural History. Accessed May 29, 2020. https://www.amnh.org/learn-teach/curriculum-
collections/dinosaurs-activities-and-lesson-plans/sedimentary-layers-puzzle.

18
"Stratigraphic Laws." Accessed June 5, 2020. https://4.files.edl.io/a8cf/01/17/20/200226-
0241217d-a4e5-46ca-894a-57838ed04c96.pdf.

"Stratigraphy Worksheet." Accessed May 29, 2020.

https://4.files.edl.io/a8cf/01/17/20/200226-0241217d-a4e5-46ca-894a-57838ed04c96.pdf.

The editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Stratification." Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed

May 29, 2020. https://www.britannica.com/science/stratification-geology.

19
For inquiries and feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

DepEd Division of Cagayan de Oro City

Fr. William F. Masterson Ave Upper Balulang Cagayan de Oro
Telefax: ((08822)855-0048
E-mail Address: cagayandeoro.city@deped.gov.ph