Senior High School

General Chemistry 1
2nd Semester
Module 7.1 Q3 Week 7
IONIC AND COVALENT BONDS
a. Ionic Bond Formation & Lewis Dot Structure
b. Covalent Bond Formation & Lewis Dot Structure
Senior High School
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 Senior High School

General Chemistry 1
2nd Semester
Module 7.1 Q2 Week 7
IONIC AND COVALENT BONDS
a. Ionic Bond Formation & Lewis Dot Structure
b. Covalent Bond Formation & Lewis Dot Structure

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Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to General Chemistry 1 Self-Learning Module on the topic Ionic and
Covalent Bonds.
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by
educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or
facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum
while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims
to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of the
module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help

you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the learner:
Welcome to the Chemistry 1 Self-Learning Module on the topic Ionic and
Covalent Bonds.
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled
to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

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This module has the following parts:

Activity : This will bring understanding to what you already know

and experience to what you should learn further.

Analysis : In this phase, you will process and classify what is valid
and not for a more in-depth understanding.

Abstraction : This part leads you in reinforcing what you know and
should know more. Exercises are presented for
independent practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic.

Application : This stage brings you to a more practical way that you are
going to use what you have learned and think new ways
on how it can be improved further.

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 CONTENTS OF THE MODULE
Page
Content Standard 2
Performance Standard 2
Learning Competency 2
Learning Objectives 2

DAILY LEARNING TASK:

Day Learning Task

1 Introduction 2
Pre-Test 3
2 Review of the Previous Module 5
Presentation of the Module 6
3 Activity 8
Analysis 8
Abstraction 9
Application 10
Reflect 10
Glossary 13
References 14
Answer Key 15

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CONTENT STANDARD
The learners demonstrate an understanding of ionic and covalent bonds
formation in terms of atomic properties.

PERFORMANCE STANDARD
The learners illustrate the reactions at the molecular level in any of the
following:
1. Enzyme action
2. Protein denaturation
3. Separation of components in coconut milk

LEARNING COMPETENCIES
Draw the Lewis structure of ions (STEM_GC11CBIId-g-70) and molecular
covalent compounds (STEM_GC11CBIId-g-78). Apply the octet rule in the formation
of ionic and molecular covalent compounds.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
1. Draw the Lewis dot symbols of atoms and ions.
2. State the Octet Rule and apply in the formation of ionic and molecular covalent
compounds.

INTRODUCTION
Recall that atom has an equal number of protons and electrons making it
electrically neutral. This is the nature of the atom in its free state or in uncombined
nature. However, neutral atoms become charged species when electrons are either
lost or gain. This happens when the atom combines or reacts with another atom to
attain stability. Atoms or elements combine to form compounds.
In this module, the learners are expected to understand how ions are formed
(charged atoms) and why Lewis structures are important. Nonetheless, comprehend
as well the importance of the Octet rule in the formation of compounds (ion and
covalent).

PRE-TEST
Direction: Read each item carefully and answer what is required by
choosing the best answer from the choices. Encircle your best choice.

1. A water molecule (H2O) is an example of a covalent bond because ____.

A. The hydrogen gains an electron an the oxygen loses one.
B. Electrons are shared between the hydrogen and oxygen
C. They do not form a neutral group of atoms.
D. Hydrogen and oxygen are both negative ions
2. Ionic bonds form between what types of elements?
A. Metal to Metal C. Nonmetal to Nonmetal

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 B. Metal to Nonmetal D. Metal to Semimetal
3. Covalent bonds form between what types of elements?
A. Metal to Metal C. Nonmetal to Nonmetal
B. Metal to Nonmetal D. Metal to Semimetal
4. Which of the below elements will most likely form an Ionic Bond?
A. P and O B. Cs and O C. Li and Mg D. Ne and Cl
5. Which of the below elements will most likely form a Covalent Bond?
A. K and Cl B. H and O C. Al and Mg D. K and Na
6. How many electrons does chlorine need to gain in order to have a full outer shell?
A. 7 B. 0 C. 1 D. 8
7. A charged Particle is called an
A. isotope B. Ion C. Molecule D. Compound
8. The number of _____ is most important in determining how an atom will bond.
A. Neutrons C. Protons
B. Valence Electrons D. Electrons in the innermost shell
9. What is the rule for figuring out if it is ionic or covalent?
A. Covalent bonds form between two metals.
B. Ionic bonds form between two metals.
C. Covalent bonds form between a metal and a non-metal.
D. Ionic bonds form between a metal and a non-metal.
10. What is a valence electron?
A. The sum of neutrons and protons.
B. The # of electrons in the last shell.
C. A type of bond. D. A popular compound.
11. Which of the following is the correct Lewis dot structure for the molecule fluorine
(F 2 )?
A. Structure D B. Structure A. C. Structure B D. Structure C

12. Which of the following is the correct Lewis structure for the compound PBr3?

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 A. Structure D B. Structure A. C. Structure B D. Structure C
13. Choose the structure that forms a triple bond. You will need to write these
structures.
A. Hydrogen (H 2 ) B. Fluorine (F 2 ) C. Oxygen (O 2 ) D. Nitrogen (N 2 )
14. Which is the correct molecular structure for carbon dioxide? Try working this one
out before choosing.

A. B.

C. D.

15. NH3 has how many lone pairs? You may need to write this one down to figure it
out.
A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 3

REVIEW ACTIVITY
In the previous module, you learn how the electrons of an atom are distributed in
an orbital diagram. More so, have gained knowledge on the energies acquired by the
electron which influence the atomic spectra emitted as electron goes back to ground
state after cascading to higher subshell or energy level called excited state.
Before moving on to the next learning-lesson, let us check your mastery of the
previous lesson by answering the following requirements.

Review questions:
Direction: Answer as required:

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1. Out from your memory write down the pattern or mnemonic of electron
configuration.
2. Give the laws governing electron configuration or electron distribution.
Describe/explain each.

PRESENTATION OF THE MODULE

Ionic Bond and Covalent Bond

In combining with other atoms, only outer electrons, the valence electrons, are
involved. To keep track of these valence electrons, the Lewis dot symbol is used.
The Lewis dot symbol consists of the symbol of an element and one dot for each
valence electron in an atom of the element. See examples below.

Element Electron Number of Lewis Dot

Configuration valence electrons Symbol
H 1 s1 1 H∙
Li 1s2 2s1 1 Li ∙
Mg 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 2 ∙ Mg ∙
C 1s2 2s2 2p2 4 ·
∙C ∙
∙

Before going any further……Answer the activities/questions provided below…

Activity1:
1. Complete the data required:
Element Atomic No. Electron Number of val. Lewis Dot
configuration electrons Symbol
B
N
O
F

Very Good!!!

2. What common features exist for the dot symbols of the representative elements
shown in the table below?
‫׃‬
The Lewis dot symbols of the representative elements are shown in the table below.

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 A.) Ionic Bond
An ionic bond is an electrostatic force that holds ions together in an ionic bond. The
formation of ionic compound LiF, can be represented using the Lewis Dot as:

..
Li + : F → Li+ : F : - Li + ‫׃‬F‫׃‬
..
The two ions, Li+ and F-, now attract each other to form Li+F- or LiF.
Activity2

1. Using the Lewis dot symbol, show the ionic bond formation for Ca2+O2- or
CaO.

B.) Covalent Bond

It was Gilbert Lewis who suggested that the chemical bond is formed by sharing
of electrons in atoms. For the hydrogen molecule, this is depicted by

H∙+∙H H‫׃‬H
The representation of the covalent compound above is called the Lewis structure.
In the Lewis structure, shared electrons that form a bond is represented by a line or a
pair of dots; lone pairs are represented by dots above the atom. Only valence electrons
are included in Lewis structures.

Activity 3: Given the Lewis dot structure of covalent molecule F 2 , answer the
following:

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 1. How many electrons are around each fluorine atom in F2?
2. How many bond pairs are there in the F2 molecule?

ANALYSIS
In the formation of ionic and covalent bonds, valence electrons play an
important role to determine how much number of electrons will be donated or gained
and shared respectively to achieve the Octet rule requirement. In your analysis,

1. How the formation of ionic bond differs from the formation of covalent bond?
2. What atoms will possibly undergo covalent bonds, Ionic bonds?

REFLECTION

The attraction you have towards your lesson will get you bonded with
it.

ABSTRACTION
A) Ions and Their Lewis Structures
How are ions formed?
Most metals have one to three valence electrons, which can be easily removed
because of their relatively low ionization energy. Group 1A elements can easily give
up or lose 1 electron to achieve a noble gas configuration (helium configuration, and
octet period for period 3 and above). The group number where the element belongs
indicates the valence electron. Note that the number of electrons that the neutral
atom loses is numerically equal to the charge of its ion.
To illustrate these concepts, consider lithium and magnesium which are both
metallic are atoms.

Li: 1s2 2p1 ‫־‬1e Li+ : 1s2

P P P P same as He: 1s2 P

Mg : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 ‫ ־‬2e Mg 2+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6

P P P P U UP PU UP P same as Ne: 1s2 2s2 2p6
P P P P P P

octet

Note that in the illustration, once metallic atoms lose electrons, the charge becomes
+ because the number of protons is now more than the number of electrons. Positive
charge ions are called cations.
Nonmetals, having high electron affinity, can gain valence electrons to fill their s
and p orbitals and form an octet. Groups 5A, 6A, and 7A can gain three, two, and 1
electron/s, respectively to form their anions (negative charge ion). Similar to cation
formation, the number of electrons gained by an atom is numerically equal to the
charge of its anion.

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Consider the illustration below:

Cl: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 +1e Cl‫ ־‬: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
P P P P P P P U UP PU UP P

octet
2 2 6 2 6
same as Ar: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p

P : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 +3e P3- : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
octet
2 2 6 2 6
Same as Ar: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p

Lewis Structures of Ions:

Ions may be represented using Lewis structures by simply removing (or adding)
the number of dots that corresponds to the electron lost (or gained) by the neutral
atom. Consider the example below: Charge is positive because the atom has more
protons than electrons.

Na ∙ -e Na+
∙Mg∙ -2e Mg2+
∙ ∙Al ‫ ׃‬-3e Al3+ P

For anions, gained electrons are represented as additional dots in the configuration
of the neutral atom, basically forming an octet enclosed in brackets. The charge of the
ion is added at the upper right-hand corner of the configuration.
Illustration showed negative charge because the atoms acquire more electrons than
protons.

.. .. - .. .. 3-
: Cl . +1e : Cl : , .N: +3e :N:
.. .. ..

Formation of Ionic Compounds

In forming ionic compounds, the nonmetals gain the electrons given off by the
metal. In short, ionic compounds form between metal and nonmetal, where metal
donate electrons and nonmetal accept the electron to attain stability. The reaction is
illustrated below.

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 https://www.britannica.com/science/ionic-bond
Notice that since the valence shell of the sodium atom is emptied, no dots remain
in the last orbital of its ion. The valence shell of chlorine atom, which formerly had
seven electros, receives the electron from sodium. Both have 8 electrons in the outer
shell or valence shell.

B) Formation of Covalent Bonds

Covalent bonds are formed by sharing of electrons.

Air contains oxygen; not in the form of ions (O2-) nor of neutral oxygen atom (O), but
as diatomic molecules (O 2 ). Molecules are group of atoms bound together by covalent
bonds. Covalent bonds exist between nonmetal atoms, which have small
electronegativity difference. Because nonmetals have relatively similar
electronegativities, they tend to attract valence electrons equally (or almost equally) or
just share them to achieve an octet (or duet).

Types of Covalent Bonds

Depending upon the number of shared electron pairs, the covalent bond can be
classified into:

1. Single Covalent Bond

2. Double Covalent Bond
3. Triple Covalent Bond

Single Covalent Bond: For Example, HCL molecule has one Hydrogen atom with
one valence electron and one Chlorine atom with seven valence electrons. In this
case, a single bond is formed between hydrogen and chlorine by sharing one electron.

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 https://byjus.com/jee/covalent-bond/

Double Bonds: A double bond is formed when two pairs of electrons are shared
between the two participating atoms. It is represented by two dashes (=). Double
covalent bonds are much stronger than a single bond, but they are less stable.

Example: Carbon dioxide molecule has one carbon atom with six valence electrons
and two oxygen atom with four valence electrons.

https://byjus.com/jee/covalent-bond/

To complete its octet, carbon shares two of its valence electrons with one oxygen atom
and two with another oxygen atom. Each oxygen atom shares its two electrons with
carbon and therefore there are two double bonds in CO2.

Triple Bond: A triple bond is formed when three pairs of electrons are shared between
the two participating atoms. Triple covalent bonds are represented by three dashes
(≡) and are the least stable types of covalent bonds.

For Example :

https://byjus.com/jee/covalent-bond/

In the formation of a nitrogen molecule, each nitrogen atoms having five valence
electrons provides three electrons to form three electron pairs for sharing. Thus, a
triple bond is formed between the two nitrogen atoms.

Polarity of Covalent Bonds

Polar Covalent Bond: This type of covalent bond exists where the unequal sharing of
electrons occurs due to the difference in the electronegativity of combining atoms.
More electronegative atom will have a stronger pull for electrons. The electronegative
difference between the atoms is greater than zero and less than 2.0. As a result, the
shared pair of electrons will be closer to that atom.

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Example: Molecules forming hydrogen bonding as a result of an unbalanced
electrostatic potential. In this case, the hydrogen atom interacts with electronegative
fluorine, hydrogen, or oxygen.

Nonpolar Covalent Bond: This type of covalent bond is formed whenever there is an
equal share of electrons between atoms. The electronegativity difference between two
atoms is zero. It occurs wherever the combining atoms have similar electron affinity
(diatomic elements).

Example, Nonpolar Covalent Bond is found in gas molecules like Hydrogen gas,
Nitrogen gas, etc.

Ionic Vs Covalent Bond

(Difference between Ionic and Covalent Bond)

Covalent Ionic
A covalent bond is formed between two This type of bond is formed between a
similar electronegative non-metals metal and non-metal
Bonds formed from covalent bonding Ionic Bonds have No definite shape
have a Definite shape
Low Melting Point and Boiling Point High Melting Point and Boiling Point
Low Polarity and more Flammable High Polarity and less Flammable
Covalent Bonds are in Liquid or gaseous At room temperature, Ionic Bonds have
State at room temperature Solid-state.
Examples: Methane, Hydrochloric acid Example: Sodium chloride, Sulfuric Acid

APPLICATION
After acquiring knowledge on Ionic and covalent bonds and their formations: Give
practical application or site some practical science utilizing these compounds. Just
focus on the substances provided below.
• Describe the practical science or practical application of dry ice, and sports
drinks.

POST TEST
Direction: Read each item carefully and answer what is required by
choosing the best answer from the choices. Encircle your best choice.

1. Which of the below elements will most likely form a Covalent Bond?
A. K and Cl B. H and O C. Al and Mg D. K and Na
2. How many electrons does chlorine need to gain in order to have a full outer shell?
A. 7 B. 0 C. 1 D. 8
3. A charged Particle is called an

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 A. isotope B. Ion C. Molecule D. Compound
4. The number of _____ is most important in determining how an atom will bond.
A. Neutrons C. Protons
B. Valence Electrons D. Electrons in the innermost shell
5. What is the rule for figuring out if it is ionic or covalent?
A. Covalent bonds form between two metals.
B. Ionic bonds form between two metals.
C. Covalent bonds form between a metal and a non-metal.
D. Ionic bonds form between a metal and a non-metal.
6. What is a valence electron?
A. The sum of neutrons and protons.
B. The # of electrons in the last shell.
C. A type of bond. D. A popular compound.
7. A water molecule (H2O) is an example of a covalent bond because ____.
A. The hydrogen gains an electron and the oxygen loses one.
B. Electrons are shared between the hydrogen and oxygen
C. They do not form a neutral group of atoms.
D. Hydrogen and oxygen are both negative ions
8. Ionic bonds form between what types of elements?
A. Metal to Metal C. Nonmetal to Nonmetal
B. Metal to Nonmetal D. Metal to Semimetal
9. Which of the following is the correct Lewis dot structure for the molecule fluorine
(F2)?
A. Structure D B. Structure A. C. Structure B D. Structure C

10. Which of the following is the correct Lewis structure for the compound PBr3?

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 A. Structure D B. Structure A. C. Structure B D. Structure C
11. Choose the structure that forms a triple bond. You will need to write these
structures.
A. Hydrogen (H2) B. Fluorine (F2) C. Oxygen (O2) D. Nitrogen (N2 )
12. Which is the correct molecular structure for carbon dioxide? Try working this one
out before choosing.

A. B.

C. D.

13. NH3 has how many lone pairs? You may need to write this one down to figure it
out.
A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 3
14. Covalent bonds form between what types of elements?
A. Metal to Metal C. Nonmetal to Nonmetal
B. Metal to Nonmetal D. Metal to Semimetal
15. Which of the below elements will most likely form an Ionic Bond?
A. P and O B. Cs and O C. Li and Mg D. Ne and Cl

You did well. Congratulations!

GLOSARY
Bond- refers to the attraction between atoms.
Ion – Charge particle. Atom becomes charged once it either gains or lose
electron.
Covalent bond- refers to the attraction between non-metallic atoms by sharing
their valence electrons.

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REFERENCES
Books:
Lincuanan, P. B et al. Teaching Guide for Senior High School, General Chemistry 1,
Published by the Commission on Higher Education, 2016 in collaboration with
Philippine Normal University

Bayquen, A. V, & Peña, G. T (2016). Exploring Life Through Science, General

Chemistry 1, Phoenix Publishing House.

Mapa, A. & Trinidad, F.(2001). Science and Technology, Chemistry Textbook. SD

Publications Incorporated.

Website:

Covalent Bond - Definition, Types, Properties, and Examples retrieved from

https://byjus.com/jee/covalent-bond/

ANSWER KEY
Pretest
1. B 6. C 11. B
2. B 7. B 12. A
3. C 8. B 13. D
4. B 9. D 14. A
5. B 10.B 15. B

Review Questions
1.

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2. A. The Aufbau Principle which is also known as the building up principle- states that
electrons must occupy first the orbital with the lower energies than those of higher
energies
B. Pauli Exclusion Principle- states that there only be a maximum of two electrons
that can occupy an orbital at opposite spins
C. Hund’s Rule – states that in filling the orbitals with electrons there must be
singling first before pairing.
Presentation of Module
Activity 1
1.
2. All elements belonging to the same group have the same number of valence
electrons. They have the same number of dots around the element symbol. For
example, all Group 1A elements have only one valence electron represented by one
dot. All Group 7A elements have 7 valence electrons represented by 7 dots.
Activity 2
Ca + : O → Ca2+ :O:2-
2 2 2 4
2s 1s 2s 2p [Ar] [Ne]
Ca after it gives 2 electron, it has stability of Ar; and O after receives 2 electrons
coming from Ca, has the stability of Ne

Application
Answers Vary
Post- Test
Post-test
1. B 6. B 11.D
2. C 7. B 12. A
3. B 8. B 13. B
4. B 9. B 14. B
5. D 10. A 15. B

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Schools Division of Surigao del Norte

Peñaranda St., Surigao City
Surigao del Norte, Philippines 8400
Tel. No: (086) 826-8216
Email Address: surigao.delnorte@deped.gov.ph

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