Historical Background of Police Force in The Philippines

RESEARCH
PAPER
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Presented to the Faculty of the
College of Criminal Justice Education
PLT College, Inc.
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject Police

Organization and Administration with Police Planning
Submitted by
JUDE TUGUINAY PATNAAN

BSCRIM 4
GRETCHEN MONDIGUING NAHOG

BSCRIM 4
Submitted to
PEMS LORENIO TERNURA

Instructor
January 17, 2022
Police Organization and Administration with Police Planning (PLT College A.Y. 2021-2022)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Acknowledgement
II. About the Researcher
III. Topics
1. Historical Background of Police in the Philippines
2. Overview of Philippine Law Enforcement and Operations in the
Philippines
3. Types of Law Enforcement
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4. Law Enforcement Operations
5. Philippine National Police
GENERAL PROCEDURES
 Police Blotter
 Inter-unit Coordination
 Basic Requirements of Police Intervention Operations
 Warning Shots
 Use of Force
 Procedures in Intervention of Moving Vehicles
BASIC PROCEDURES
 Guidelines and Procedures when Responding to Calls for Police
Assistance
 Protecting and Preserving the Crime Scene
 Arrest
 Warrantless Arrest
 Searches and Seizures
 Spot/Checks/Accosting
POLICE OPERATIONAL PLANNING

 What is a Plan?
 What is Planning?
 What is Police Planning?
 What is Operational Planning?
 What is Police Operational Planning?
STRATEGIC PLANNING
 Strategic Planning process
 Fundamentals of Police Planning
 What are the expectations of police planning?
 Characteristics of a good police plan
 Guidelines in Planning
 Responsibilities in Planning
 Parts of a Police Operational Plan
 Types of Plan in general
 Steps in Police Operational Planning
 How Operational plans are executed in the PNP
 Sample of Police Plans and the PNP Programs and Strategies
CRIME MAPPING
 Types of Crime Mapping
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers wish to convey their insurmountable appreciation to the

Heavenly Father, the source of all energy and wisdom, who bestowed upon them
courage and self-confidence, which strongly motivated them to embark on this
challenging endeavor.
With sincere gratitude, the researchers wholeheartedly acknowledge the

following who helped make this research study a success;
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To the PLT College, Inc. as an institution of higher learning molding
successful and humane professional;
To the College of Criminal and Justice Education for providing us the

knowledge and skills towards our goal of becoming law enforcers in the future;
To our family for giving their full moral and financial support in the
completion of this research paper;
To our instructor for giving us chance to make this research paper to gain
more knowledge which will be used in our future career;
To our friends for motivating us to complete and pursue this research paper.
The researchers,
Jude and Gretchen
ABOUT THE RESEARCHER
PERSONAL DATA
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Name: JUDE TUGUINAY PATNAAN
Date of Birth: July 10, 1998
Age: 23
Sex: Male
Nationality: Filipino
Address: Wangal, Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
Contact Number: 0928-232-0525
E-mail Account: judepatnaan@gmail.com
Parents:
Father: Mateo B. Patnaan
Mother: Jocelyn T. Patnaan
Language/Dialect Spoken: English, Filipino, Tuwali, Ilocano
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary Education:
PLT College, Inc.
Bachelor of Science in Criminology
Secondary Education:
Malabing Valley National High School
Wangal, Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
2015
Elementary Education:
Capisaan Elementary School
Capisaan, Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya
2011
ABOUT THE RESEARCHER
PERSONAL DATA
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Name: GRETCHEN MONDIGUING NAHOG
Date of Birth: June 8, 1996
Age: 25
Sex: Female
Nationality: Filipino
Address: Maasin, Quezon, Nueva Vizcaya
Contact Number: 09605848790
E-mail Account: gretchengohan08@gmail.com
Parents:
Father: George Nahog
Mother: Emily Nahog
Language/Dialect Spoken: English, Filipino, Tuwali, Ilocano
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary Education:
PLT College, Inc.
Bachelor of Science in Criminology
Secondary Education:
Quezon National High School
Baresbes, Quezon, Nueva Vizcaya
2014
Elementary Education:
Maasin Elementary School
Maasin, Quezon, Nueva Vizcaya
2008
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF POLICE FORCE IN THE PHILIPPINES
The Philippine National Police (PNP) originated from the Philippine
Constabulary or the PC, which was inaugurated on August 8, 1901, establishing it as
an insular police force under the American regime. On August 8, 1975, Presidential
Decree no. 765 was issued, establishing the Philippine Constabulary Integrated
National Police or the PC/INP as the country’s national police force. These fragmented
and diverse local police units were integrated into a national police force with the
Philippine Constabulary as its nucleus.
The Philippine Constabulary was a gendarmerie-type police force of the
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Philippines from 1901 to 1991. It was established on August 18, 1901, under the
general supervision of the civil Governor-General of the Philippines, by the authority of
Act. No. 175 of the Second Philippine Commission, to maintain peace, law, and order
in the various provinces of the Philippine Islands. It was created by the American
colonial government to replace the Spanish colonial Guardia Civil.
The Integrated National Police was the municipal police force for the cities and
large towns of the Republic of the Philippines formed on January 8, 1975. It is a police
force in the country along with the Philippine Constabulary.
After the People’s Revolution in 1986, a new Constitution was promulgated

providing for a police force, which is “national in scope and civilian in character.”
Consequently, Republic Act No. 6975 entitled, “An Act Establishing the Philippine
National Police under a Reorganized Department of the Interior and Local government
(DILG),” was signed into law on December 13, 1990, which took effect on January 1,
1991. Subsequently, the PNP was operational on January 29, 1991, whose members
were formerly the PC and the INP and the absorption of the selected members from the
major service units of the Armed Forces of the Philippines such as the Philippine Air
Force Security Command, the Philippine Coast Guard, Philippine Navy, and the
Philippine Army.
Thus, to further strengthen the PNP into a highly efficient and competent police
force, Republic Act No. 8551 entitled “PNP Reform and the Reorganization Act of 1998”
was enacted on February 17, 1998, amending certain provisions of Republic Act No.
6975.
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OVERVIEW OF PHILIPPINE LAW ENFORCEMENT AND OPERATIONS
Until the mid-1970s, when a major restructuring of the nation's police system
was undertaken, the Philippine Constabulary alone was responsible for law
enforcement on a national level. Independent city and municipal police forces took
charge of maintaining peace and order on a local level, calling on the constabulary for
aid when the need arose. The National Police Commission, established in 1966 to
improve the professionalism and training of local police, had loose supervisory
authority over the police. It was widely accepted, however, that this system had several
serious defects. Most noteworthy were jurisdictional limitations, lack of uniformity and
coordination, disputes between police forces, and partisan political involvement in
police employment, appointments, assignments, and promotions. Local political
bosses routinely used police as private armies, protecting their personal interests and
intimidating political opponents.
In order to correct such deficiencies, the 1973 constitution provided for the
integration of public safety forces. Several presidential decrees were subsequently
issued, integrating the police, fire, and jail services in the nation's more than 1,500
cities and municipalities. On August 8, 1975, Presidential Decree 765 officially
established the joint command structure of the Philippine Constabulary and
Integrated National Police. The constabulary, which had a well-developed nationwide
command and staff structure, was given the task of organizing the integration. The
chief of the Philippine Constabulary served jointly as the director general of the
Integrated National Police. As constabulary commander, he reported through the
military chain of command, and as head of the Integrated National Police, he reported
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directly to the minister (later secretary) of national defense. The National Police
Commission was transferred to the Ministry (later Department) of National Defense,
retaining its oversight responsibilities but turning over authority for training and other
matters to the Philippine Constabulary and Integrated National Police.
The Integrated National Police was assigned responsibility for public safety,
protection of lives and property, enforcement of laws, and maintenance of peace and
order throughout the nation. To carry out these responsibilities, it was given powers
"to prevent crimes, affect the arrest of criminal offenders and provide for their
detention and rehabilitation, prevent and control fires, investigate the commission of
all crimes and offenses, bring the offenders to justice, and take all necessary steps to
ensure public safety." In practice, the Philippine Constabulary retained responsibility
for dealing with serious crimes or cases involving jurisdictions far separated from one
another, and the Integrated National Police took charge of less serious crimes and
local traffic, crime prevention, and public safety.
The Integrated National Police's organization paralleled that of the

constabulary. The thirteen Philippine Constabulary regional command headquarters
were the nuclei for the Integrated National Police's regional commands. Likewise, the
constabulary's seventy-three provincial commanders, in their capacity as provincial
police superintendents, had operational control of Integrated National Police forces in
their respective provinces. Provinces were further subdivided into 147 police districts,
stations, and substations. The constabulary was responsible for patrolling remote
rural areas. In Metro Manila's four cities and thirteen municipalities, the Integrated
National Police's Metropolitan Police Force shared the headquarters of the
constabulary's Capital Command. The commanding general of the Capital Command
was also the director of the Integrated National Police's Metropolitan Police Force and
directed the operations of the capital's four police and fire districts.
As of 1985, the Integrated National Police numbered some 60,000 people, a

marked increase over the 1980 figure of 51,000. Approximately 10 percent of these
staff was fire and prison officials, and the remainder was police. The Philippine
National Police Academy provided training for Integrated National Police officer cadets.
Established under the Integrated National Police's Training Command in 1978, the
academy offered a Bachelor of Science degree in public safety following a two-year
course of study. Admission to the school was highly competitive.
Integrated National Police was the subject of some criticism, and the repeated
object of reform. Police were accused of involvement in illegal activities, violent acts
and abuse. Charges of corruption were frequent. To correct the Integrated National
Police's image problem, the government sponsored programs to identify and punish
police offenders, and training designed to raise their standard of appearance, conduct,
and performance.
Dramatic changes were planned for the police in 1991. The newly formed
Philippine National Police was to be a strictly civilian organization, removed from the
armed forces and placed under a new civilian department known as the Department of
the Interior and Local Government.
Local police forces were supported at the national level by the National Bureau
of Investigation. As an agency of the Department of Justice, the National Bureau of
Investigation was authorized to "investigate, on its own initiative and in the public
interest, crimes and other offenses against the laws of the Philippines; to help
whenever officially requested, investigate or detect crimes or other offenses; (and) to
act as a national clearing house of criminal records and other information."
In addition, the bureau maintained a scientific crime laboratory and provided

technical assistance on request to the police and constabulary.
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Local officials also played a role in law enforcement. By presidential decree, the
justice system in the barangays empowered village leaders to handle petty and less
serious crimes. The intent of the program was to reinforce the authority of local
officials and to reduce the workload on already overtaxed Philippine law enforcement
agencies.
TYPES OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES

A law enforcement agency (LEA) is any agency which enforces the law. In the
Philippines law enforcement is handled by two agencies: the Philippine National Police
(PNP) and the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI).
THE LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS
The Local Government Code of the Philippines mandates the Barangays to

enforce peace and order and provide support for the effective enforcement of human
rights and justice, resolving and/or mediating conflict at the barangay level through
non-adversarial means. Recourse to this Barangay Justice System is required, with
some specific exceptions, as a pre-condition before filing a complaint in court or any
government offices.
At the national level, law enforcement in the Philippines is handled by two

agencies: the Philippine National Police (PNP) and the National Bureau of Investigation
(NBI). Community policing is done by un-armed barangay tanods who are hired and
supervised by their local barangays, the smallest elected government in the
Philippines. Barangay Tanods are often described as volunteers but they do receive in
some places, small stipends and benefits such as health care. They have some limited
training.
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE
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The Philippine National Police is the armed national police force in the
Philippines. Its national headquarters is located at Camp Crame in Bagong Lipunan
ng Crame, Quezon City.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6975 - AN ACT ESTABLISHING THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL

POLICE UNDER A REORGANIZED DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AND LOCAL
GOVERNMENT, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
Sec. 23. Composition. — Subject to the limitations provided for in this Act,
the Philippine National Police, hereinafter referred to as the PNP, is hereby
established, initially consisting of the members of the police forces who were
integrated into the Integrated National Police (INP) pursuant to Presidential Decree No.
765, and the officers and enlisted personnel of the Philippine Constabulary (PC). For
purposes of this Act, the officers and enlisted personnel of the PC shall include those
assigned with the Narcotics Command (NARCOM) or the Criminal Investigation Service
(CIS); and those of the technical services of the AFP assigned with the PC and the
civilian operatives of the CIS. The regular operatives of the abolished NAPOLCOM
Inspection, Investigation and Intelligence Branch may also be absorbed by the PNP. In
addition, a PC officer or enlisted personnel may transfer to any of the branches or
services of the Armed Forces of the Philippines in accordance with the provisions of
Section 85 of this Act.
In order to be qualified for transfer to the PNP units in Metropolitan Manila and
in highly urbanized cities, an individual must have completed not less than second
year collegiate work or its equivalent in training of seventy-two (72) collegiate units.
Anyone who has any pending administrative or criminal case or has been adjudged
liable or convicted of any crime pending appeal shall be allowed to join the PNP
provisionally without prejudice to final judgment by a body of competent jurisdiction.
The permanent civilian employees of the present PC, INP, Narcotics Command,
CIS, and the technical services of the AFP assigned with the PC, including NAPOLCOM
hearing officers holding regular items as such, shall be absorbed by the Department
as employees thereof, subject to existing laws and regulations.
Sec. 24. Powers and Functions. — The PNP shall have the following powers
and functions:
a) Enforce all laws and ordinances relative to the protection of lives and
properties; chan robles virtual law library
b) Maintain peace and order and take all necessary steps to ensure public safety;
c) Investigate and prevent crimes, effect the arrest of criminal offenders, bring
offenders to justice and assist in their prosecution;
d) Exercise the general powers to make arrest, search and seizure in accordance
with the Constitution and pertinent laws;
e) Detain an arrested person for a period not beyond what is prescribed by law,
informing the person so detained of all his rights under the Constitution;
f) Issue licenses for the possession of firearms and explosives in accordance with
law;
g) Supervise and control the training and operations of security agencies and
issue licenses to operate security agencies, and to security guards and private
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detectives, for the practice of their professions; and
h) Perform such other duties and exercise all other functions as may be provided
by law.
In addition, the PNP shall absorb the office of the National Action Committee on
Anti-Hijacking (NACAH) of the Department of National Defense, all the functions of the
present Philippine Air Force Security Command (PAFSECOM), as well as the police
functions of the Coast Guard. In order to perform its powers and functions efficiently
and effectively, the PNP shall be provided with adequate land, sea, and air capabilities
and all necessary material means of resources.
MEANING OF THE PNP SEAL

1. Lapu-Lapu Hero – The great Filipino hero of Mactan, the prototype of the best
and most noble in Filipino manhood who is the symbol and embodiment of all
the genuine attributes of leadership, courage, nationalism, self-reliance and a
people-based and people powered community defense. The benevolent and
heroic warrior who derived added strength from a cohesive, determined and
loyal people is today a fitting symbol and a prototype as well of people power to
preserve our values, customs, traditions, way of life and the rule of law thru a
solidly community-based police system. Lapu-Lapu also personifies for us today
civilian constitutional authority.
2. Laurel – Green Laurel with 14 leaves, symbolizes the 14 Regional Commands. It

is also a symbol of the honor, dignity and the privilege of being a member of a
noble organization where the call to public service is par excellence a
commitment to public trust.
3. Shield – The symbol of the Philippine Constabulary, the first National Police by
virtue of Organic Act No. 175, enacted by the Philippine Commission on 18 July
1901. The Philippine Constabulary for the close to 90 years of service to the
nation has performed with honor, professionalism and courage. The PC has
carved out a large part of the glorious pages of Philippine history, as attested by
its proudly and deservedly garnering 86 of the 92 “Medals of Valor” the highest
honor that a grateful Filipino nation can bestow on its gallant sons in the
service of the Republic. Most appropriately therefore, the Philippine
Constabulary became the nucleus of the Integrated National Police in 1975 to
nurture the then embryonic concept of the nationalization of the country’s local
police forces.
4. Three Stars – Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao and the 1,700 islands and the
territorial integrity wherein the National Police must enforce the law and
maintain peace and order with professionalism, zeal and dedication in keeping
with the highest ideals and traditions of service to our country and people.
5. Service • Honor • Justice – Added distinct ideals for the officers, men and
women of the PNP to insure efficiency, integrity, cohesiveness, camaraderie and
equanimity to enhance community acceptance and support to attain its mission
of peace keeping and law enforcement.
6. Sun – Symbolize the flowering, maturing and ultimate realization of the glorious
evolution of the PC/INP into a National Police Organization – “national in scope
and civilian in character” – as enshrined in the 1986 Constitution. The
Traditional light rays which represent the fightingest provinces whose ideals of
courage and patriotism the members of the National Police must possess.
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THE PNP BADGE
The PNP Badge pinned on the left breast is the symbol of that legal authority. It
is so placed, nearer your heart, to remind you of the fidelity and dedication to duty
expected of you as a public servant.
PNP Badge symbolism

1. Philippine Monkey Eating Eagle - The National Bird - symbol of swiftness
and ferocity, power, courage and immortality.
2. PNP Shield - Symbol of protection of all citizens.
3. Three Stars - Stands for Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao which constitute the
Republic's Territorial Integrity over which the PNP must enforce the law and
maintain peace and order with professionalism, zeal and dedication in keeping
with the highest ideals and traditions of service to God, Country and People.
4. Eight Sun Rays - Represents the eight (8) provinces whose ideals of courage,
gallantry patriotism led to their revolt against Spain.
5. Lapu-Lapu - Symbolizes the bravery of the Philippine National Police.
6. Service, Honor, Justice - Service is the vibrant and cogent deeds and actions
in response to the needs and wants of the people in distress: Honor could be
the overriding criterion and consideration in the performance of their entrusted
task or mission: and Justice dispensed to everyone whatever is due to him
without favoritism or discrimination of any sort.
7. Laurel Leaves - Symbolizes the competency, brilliance and honor in the field of
endeavor expected from each and every member of the PNP.
8. Philippine National Police - Identity of Solidarity.
THE PNP ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
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In order to accomplish the mission, powers and functions of the PNP, its
structure was provided for as follows:
1. The PNP Command Group is headed by the Chief PNP who is vested with the
power to command and direct the PNP. He is also assisted by two Deputies
assigned to the administration of the PNP and one for operations side.
2. The Chief of the Directorial Staff serves as the Chief Operations Officer of the
PNP. He coordinates, supervises, and directs the Directorial Staff and the PNP
units in the performance of their respective functions.
3. The Internal Affairs Service (IAS) is headed by a Inspector General who

assists the Chief PNP in ensuring operational readiness and investigates
infractions of the regulations committed by the members of the PNP.
4. The Human Rights Affairs Office (HRAO) is headed by a senior police
commissioned officer who serves as a manager of the facility that will supervise
the implementation of the guidelines and policies on human rights laws.
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5. The Center for Police Strategy Management (CPSM) serves as the Central
facility of the PNP in coordinating and integrating all strategy management
processes, sustaining its strategy execution and management, and instilling in
the organization a culture of strategy focus.
6. The Directorial Staff is composed of 16 directorates. Every Director in each

unit has also his defined function in line with his specialization as follows:
o The Directorate for Personnel and Records Management (DPRM) . The
director optimizes the utilization of personnel resources both from the
PNP- uniformed and non- uniformed personnel.
o The Directorate for Intelligence (DI) . The director manages the
gathering/collating of intelligence objectives through effective
management of all intelligence and counter-intelligence activities of the
PNP. He also serves as the linkage of all foreigners with official
transactions with the chief PNP.
o The Directorate for Operations (DO) . The director exercises the
command, the control, the direction, the coordination and the
supervision of all activities on PNP operations such as deployment and
employment of personnel.
o The Directorate for Logistics (DL). The director administers and
manages material resources needed for the PNP operations.
o The Directorate for Plans (DPL) . The director plans and programs
strategic PNP operations. He also represents the PNP in the inter-agency
and international affairs on peace and order.
o The Directorate for Comptrollership (DC) . The director administers
and manages the fiscal financial resources.
o The Directorate for Police-Community Relations (DPCR) . The director
formulates and implements community –related activities, programs and
projects. He also supervises the PNP Salaam Police Center to undertake
close monitoring, networking and liaisoning activities with the Muslim
communities in addressing terrorism and lawless violence in their
respective areas to guarantee that the Muslims are not discriminated,
oppressed or singled-out.
o The Directorate for Investigation and Detective Management
(DIDM). The director coordinates. Controls and supervises all
investigation activities.
o The Directorate for Human Resource and Doctrine Development
(DHRDD). The director formulates policies on matters pertaining to
human resources and doctrine development.
 The Directorate for Research and Development (DRD). The director engages
in research and development and does testing and evaluation of self-reliant
projects.
 The Directorate for Information and Communications Technology
Management (DICTM). The director integrates and standardizes all the PNP
information systems and resources to further improve the frontline services.
 Five (5) Directorates for Integrated Police Operations (DIPOs) . The Directors
of the clustered areas for Integrated Police Operations, namely: Eastern
Mindanao, Western Mindanao, Visayas, Southern and Northern Luzon are given
the responsibility to direct and to supervise the conduct of integrated anti-
criminality, internal security, counter- terrorism operations, to promote inter-
operability with the Armed Forces of the Philippines, and to provide a system to
promote regional socio-economic development.
7. There are 23 National Support Units of the PNP. Eleven (11) of which are
administrative while twelve (12) are operational in nature. The eleven
Administrative Units are as follows:
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 Logistics Support Service (LSS).
 Information Technology Management Service (ITMS).
 Finance Service (FS).
 Health Service (HS)..
 Communications and Electronics Service (CES).
 Chaplain Service (CHS).
 Legal Service (LS).
 Headquarters Support Service (HSS).
 Engineering Service( ES).
 Training Service (TS). and
 PNP Retirement and Benefits Administration Service (PRBS).
The twelve (12) operational support units and their respective functions are as follows:
 Maritime Group (MG). This group is responsible to perform all police functions

over Philippine Territorial waters, lakes, and rivers along coastal areas to
include ports and harbors and small islands for the security and the
sustainability development of the maritime environment.
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 Intelligence Group (IG). This group serves as the intelligence and counter-

intelligence operating unit of the PNP.
 Police Security and Protection Group (PSPG) . This group provides security to
government vital installations, government officials,
visiting dignitaries and private individuals authorized to
be given protection.
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 Criminal Investigation and Detection Group (CIDG). This group monitors,
investigates, prosecutes all crimes involving
economic sabotage, and other crimes of such
magnitude and extent as to indicate their
commission by highly placed or professional
criminal syndicates and organizations. It also
conducts organized- crime –control, all major cases
involving violations of the revised penal Code,
violators of SPECIAL LAWS assigned to them such
as Anti-hijacking, Anti-Carnapping and Cyber
crimes among others and atrocities committed by
Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP)/New
People’s Army (NPA)/National Democratic Front
(NDF).
 Special Action Force (SAF) . This group is a mobile strike force or a reaction
unit to augment regional , provincial, municipal and
city police force for civil disturbance control, internal
security operations, hostage-taking rescue operations,
search and rescue in times of natural calamities,
disasters and national emergencies and other special
police operations such as ant-hijacking, anti-terrorism,
explosives and ordnance disposal. On a special note,
the PNP Air Unit is placed under the supervision of
SAF.
 Aviation Security Group (AVEGROUP). This group provides security to all

airports throughout the country.
 Highway Patrol Group (HPG). This group enforces the traffic laws and
regulations, promote safety along the highways,
enhances traffic safety consciousness through inter-
agency cooperation concerning Police Traffic Safety
Engineering, Traffic Safety Education and Traffic Law
enforcement functions and develops reforms in the crime
prevention aspect against all forms of lawlessness
committed along National Highway involving the use of
motor vehicles.
 Police-Community Relations Group (PCRG). This group undertakes and
orchestrates Police Community Relations program and
activities in partnership with concerned government
agencies, the community, and volunteer organizations in
order to prevent crime and attain a safe and peaceful
environment.
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 Civil Security Group (CSG). This group regulates business operations and
activities of all organized private detectives, watchmen,
security guards/agencies and company guard forces. It
also supervises the licensing and registration of firearms
and explosives.
 Crime Laboratory (CL). This group provides scientific and technical,

investigative aide and support to the PNP and other
investigative agencies. It also provides crime laboratory
examination, evaluation and identification of physical
evidence gathered at the crime scene with primary
emphasis on medical, biological and physical nature.
 PNP Anti-Kidnapping Group (PNP-AKG). This Group serves as the primary

unit of the PNP in addressing kidnapping menace in the
country and in handling hostage situations.
 PNP Anti-Cybercrime Group (PNP- ACG). This Group is responsible for the
implementation of pertinent laws on cybercrimes and
anti-cybercrime campaigns of the PNP.
8. For the main PNP operating units, there are seventeen (17) Police Regional
Offices nationwide which correspond to the Regional subdivisions of the
country. Directly under the Police Regional Offices are seventeen (17) Regional
Public Safety Battalions (RPSB), eighty (80) Police Provincial Offices which
correspond to the number of Provinces in the country and twenty (20) City
Police Offices (CPOs) in highly urbanized and independent cities , which are
equivalent to a Provincial Police Office.
The Police Provincial Offices have their respective Provincial Public Safety
Companies (PPSC) which is utilized primarily for internal security operations (ISO).
The number of platoons in a Provincial Public Safety Company is dependent on the
existing peace and order situation in the province concerned.
Finally, a total of 1,766 Police Stations are established nationwide and they

are categorized as follows: 90 Component City Police Stations and 1,507 Municipal
Police Stations under the Police Provincial Offices, 131 Police Stations under the City
Police Offices, and 38 Police Stations/City Police Stations in the National Capital
Regional Police Office which serve as the main operating arms of the PNP for the anti-
criminality campaign
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THE PNP RANK CLASSIFICATION
The PNP also has a significant feature in line of its rank classifications. It
adopts a different structure for purposes of attaining a more efficient administration,
supervision, and control as compared to the Armed Forces.
These distinct considerations serve as bases for comparison between the ranks
of the PNP and ranks of AFP.
PNP Ranks AFP Ranks
Police Commissioned Officers Commissioned Office
Director General General
Deputy Director General Lieutenant General
Director Major General
Chief Superintendent Brigadier General
Senior Superintendent Colonel
Superintendent Lieutenant Colonel
Chief Inspector Major
Senior Inspector Captain
Inspector 1st and 2nd Lieutenant
Police Non-Commissioned Officers Non-Commissioned Officers
Senior Police Officer IV Master Sergeant
Senior Police Officer III Technical Sergeant
Senior Police Officer II Staff Sergeant
Senior Police Officer I Sergeant
Police Officer III Corporal
Police Officer II Private First Class
Police Officer I Private
OLD AND NEW PNP RANK
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GENERAL PROCEDURES
POLICE BLOTTER
A police blotter is a logbook that contains the daily registry of all crime incident
reports, official summaries of arrest, and other significant events reported in a police
station. A separate Police Blotter, however, shall be maintained for crime incident
reports involving violence against women and children and those cases involving a
child in conflict with the law to protect their privacy pursuant to Republic Act Number
(R.A. No.) 9262 (Anti-Violence Against Women and Children Act of 2004) and R.A. No.
9344 (Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006), respectively. (Specifications of the
police blotter shall be provided by the concerned PNP office).
Each PNP operating unit shall maintain an official police blotter where all types
of operational and undercover dispatches shall be recorded containing the five “Ws”
(who, what, where, when and why) and one “H” (how) of an information.
INTER-UNIT COORDINATION
Team Leaders (TL) of Local Police Units operating outside their territorial
jurisdiction and National Support Units (NSUs) shall coordinate, personally or through
an official representative, with the Police Office within whose jurisdiction the operation
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shall be conducted. Prior to the launching of the operation, except in cases where the
formal (in writing) inter-unit coordination cannot be made due to the nature and/or
urgency of the situation such as, but not limited to, cross jurisdictional pursuit
operations, coordination should be made formally using the prescribed Coordination
Form.
In cases where formal inter-unit coordination is not feasible, the Police Unit
concerned shall endeavor to notify the territorial police office through any
practical/available means of communication at any time during the operation and, if
not possible, shall accomplish and furnish the territorial Police Office a written
incident report immediately after the termination of the operation.
BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF POLICE INTERVENTION OPERATIONS

All police intervention operations (arrest, raid, search and seizure, checkpoint,
demolition, civil disturbance management) shall be conducted:
a. with a marked police vehicle;

b. preferably led by a Police Commissioned Officer (PCO); and
c. with personnel in prescribed police uniform.
WARNING SHOTS
In military and police contexts, a warning shot is an
intentionally harmless artillery shot or gunshot with intent to
enact direct compliance and order to a hostile perpetrator or
enemy forces. It is recognized as signaling intended confrontations
on land, sea, and air.
Always remember that, “The police shall not use warning shots during police
interventions.”
USE OF FORCE
The police officer must first issue a warning before he could use force against
an offender. The warning is issued for the police officer to identify himself and to give
opportunity to the offender to surrender. The duty to issue a warning is however not
absolute. The directive to issue a warning is necessary only in situations where several
options are still available to the police officer but in cases where the threat to the life of
a police officer is already imminent, and there is no other option but to use force to
subdue the offender, the law enforcer’s failure to issue a warning is excusable.
REASONABLE FORCE
During an armed confrontation, only such necessary and reasonable force
should be applied as would be sufficient to overcome resistance put up by the
offender; subdue the clear and imminent danger posed by him; or to justify the
force/act under the principles of self defense, defense of relative, or defense of
stranger. The Officer-in-Charge of the operation shall, at all times, exercise control
over his men in the area, and
shall exhaust all possible means so that no innocent civilian is caught in the crossfire.
The reasonableness of the force employed will depend upon the number of
aggressors, nature and characteristic of the weapon used, physical condition, size and
other circumstances to include the place and occasion of the assault. A police officer,
however, is not required to afford a person attacking him the opportunity for a fair or
equal struggle. His duty requires him to overcome his opponent. In the lawful
performance of his duty, the police officer must stand his ground to accomplish his
mandated task of enforcing the law and maintenance of peace and order.
The excessive use of force is prohibited. The use of weapon is justified if the
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suspect poses imminent danger of causing death or injury to the police officer or other
persons. The use of weapon is also justified under the Doctrines of Self-Defense,
Defense of Relative, and Defense of Stranger. However, one who resorts to self-defense
must face a real threat on his life, and the peril sought to be avoided must be actual,
imminent and real. Moreover, unlawful aggression should be present for self-defense
to be considered as justifying circumstance.
PROCEDURES IN INTERVENTION OF MOVING VEHICLES

A moving vehicle shall not be fired upon except when its occupants pose
imminent danger of causing death or injury to the police officer or any other person,
and that the use of firearm does not create a danger to the public and outweighs the
likely benefits of its non-use.
In firing upon a moving vehicle, the following parameters should be considered:

a) the intent of the fleeing suspect/s to harm the police officer or other
persons;
b) the capability of the fleeing suspect/s to harm in certainty the police
officer or other persons; and
c) accessibility or the proximity of the fleeing suspect/s with the police
officer and other persons.
BASIC PROCEDURES
1. GUIDELINES AND PROCEDURES WHEN RESPONDING TO CALLS OF
POLICE ASSISTANCE
a. Gather and note down in your patrol logbook all available data as to the nature
of the calls, date, time and name of the caller. It may be regular, urgent or
emergency in nature.
b. In all cases, the driver of the mobile patrol should avoid reckless driving.
c. The manner of approach will be dependent on the nature of the call either with
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haste/secrecy or with/without flashing lights and sirens.
d. Consider the pertinent factors like the time, condition of traffic, the possibility
of greater damage and the neighborhood characteristics.
e. Stop the car at some distance away from the scene.
f. Approach the scene on foot in complete silence and exercising extreme caution.
g. Immediately attend to the injured unless the other members of the patrol are in
immediate danger.
h. Focus all efforts to arrest criminals; however, priority shall be given to aiding
the injured.
i. Determine the crime committed, identify and question briefly the
victim/complainant and possible witnesses at the scene.
j. When the suspects or criminals have "ed the scene before your arrival,
immediately relay the composition, armament, appearance, and mode and
direction of escape of the suspects to the Tactical Operation Center (TOC) for
the conduct of dragnet operations.
k. When responding to street lights/brawls, the patrol member should call for
back-up before intervening. If there are no injuries and insufficient
corroborative statements obtained to identify who started the light, disperse the
crowd and make complete notes.
l. Never treat calls or complaints of loud noises caused by barking dogs, drunks,
appliances and parties as negligible or a nuisance. They only need courteous
and tactful intervention and not enforcement actions.
m. When responding to call for police assistance due to planted or found
explosives, never attempt to handle, move or lift the object. Instead contact TOC
and request for Explosive Ordnance Disposal Team (EODT). On-lookers must be
promptly led to a safe distance.
n. When responding to calls from owners of beerhouses, bars or inns or any other
similar establishments during night time, request the owner to put the lights on
first before entering the establishments.
o. Do not attempt to arbitrate and resolve conflicts/differences between neighbors,
landlords/tenants, husband and wife. However, you should allow both sides to
tell their stories
2. PROTECTING AND PRESERVING THE CRIME SCENE
a. Respond as soon as possible. Record the time of arrival, weather condition and
situation at the crime scene, and if possible, take photographs of the scene and
its immediate vicinity.
b. Establish the police lines and exclude unauthorized persons from the scene.
c. Avoid touching or stepping on anything that may represent evidence.
d. Check and protect adjacent areas from the scene where firearms, footprints,
dropped articles and bloodstains could be found.
e. Look for the presence of bloodstains and other body fluids.
f. Turn over all initial information and pieces of evidence gathered to the
responding investigation unit/elements.
3. ARREST
What is arrest?
An arrest is the act of apprehending and taking a person into custody, usually
because the person has been suspected of or observed committing a crime. In other
words, it is the taking of a person into custody so he can answer for the commission of
an offense.
What are the rights of person arrested?

1) The right to remain silent. (MIRANDA DOCTRINE)
2) If he waives his right to remain silent, anything he says can be used in
evidence against him in court.
3) The right to counsel of his own choice.
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4) If he cannot afford one, he shall be provided with an independent and
competent counsel.
5) The right to be informed of such rights (1-4).
4. WARRANTLESS ARREST
Under Rule 113, Section 5 of the Revised Rules of Criminal Procedure and
stated under the PNP guidelines, A peace officer or a private person may, without a
warrant, arrest a person:
a. When, in his presence, the person to be arrested has committed, is actually

committing, or is attempting to commit an offense;
b. When an offense has just been committed and he has probable cause to
believe, based on personal knowledge of facts or circumstances, that the
person to be arrested has committed it; and
c. When the person to be arrested is a prisoner who has escaped from a penal
establishment or place where he is serving final judgment or temporarily
confined while his case is pending, or has escaped while being transferred
from one confinement area to another
5. SEARCH AND SEIZURE

What is search?
Search is an examination of an individual’s person, house, papers or effects
other buildings and premises to discover contraband or some evidence of guilt to be
used in the prosecution of a criminal action.
What is search warrant?

It is an order in writing issued in the name of the People of the Philippines,
signed by a judge and directed to a peace officer, commanding him to search for
personal property described therein and to bring it before the court.
What are the properties to be seized?

A search warrant may be issued for the search and seizure of the following
personal property:
a. Property subject of the offense;
b. Property stolen or embezzled and other proceeds of fruits of the offense; and
c. Property used or intended to be used for committing an offense.
Lawful Warrantless Search and Seizures

a) Search made incidental to a valid arrest - Person lawfully arrested may be
searched for dangerous weapons or anything which may be used or
constitute proof in the commission of an offense without a search warrant.
The warrantless search and seizure as an incident to a lawful arrest may
extend beyond the person of the one arrested to include the premises or
surroundings under his immediate control.
b) Search of moving vehicles - If the police officers who will conduct the
search had reasonable or probable cause to believe, before the search, that
either the motorist is a law offender or they will find the instrumentality or
evidence pertaining to a crime in the vehicle to be searched, the vehicle may
be stopped and subjected to an extensive search.
c) Seizure of evidence in plain view - Any object in the plain view is subject
to seizure and may be introduced as evidence. Requirements under the Plain
View Doctrine are:
 The police officer must have prior justification for an intrusion
or, otherwise, must be in a position from which he can view a
particular area.
 The discovery of the evidence in plain view is unintentional;
 It is immediately apparent to the police officer that the item he
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observes may be evidence of a crime, contraband, or is a valid
subject of seizure.
d) When there is waiver of the right or there is consented search - To
constitute a waiver of this constitutional right, it must appear, first, that the
right exists; second, that the person involved had knowledge, either actual
or constructive, of the existence of such right; that said person had an
actual intention to relinquish the right.
e) Searches Under Stop and Frisk Rule - The police officer has the right to
stop a citizen on the street, interrogate him, and pat him for weapons
whenever he observes unusual conduct which convinces him that a criminal
activity exists.
f) Emergency and Exigent Circumstances - A search warrant could be
validly dispensed with in cases of exigent and emergency situation, and the
police officers have reasonable ground to believe that a crime was being
committed, and they have no opportunity to apply for a search warrant from
the courts because the latter were closed.
g) Tipped Information - If the police officers have reasonable grounds to
believe that the subjects are engaged in illegal activities, the tipped
information is sufficient to provide probable cause to effect a warrantless
search and seizure.
What are the types of searches?

1. Wall Search. The purpose is to
place the subject in an off-
balance" position requiring the
use of both arms and legs to keep
him from falling to the ground
This is the safest type of search It
does not necessarily require a
wall, any object that can support
the weight of the subject (such as
a car) can be sued.
The procedures are:

a) Requiring subject to place
hands on the wall slightly
higher than his waist
Spread hands as far as
possible. Palms should be
placed against the wall:
finger extended.
b) Extended the subject's feet
back away from the wall as far as possible. Spread then as far apart
as possible, toes pointed out. Buttocks should not be an arched
position
c) The subject's head should be down or bowed at all.
d) Mechanics in executing the Wall Search"
e) If there is only one subject, the leader of the search should be placed
himself at one side while his subordinate is on the other side.
f) To search the other side, the subordinate should move to the opposite
side.
g) If there are two or three subject, the leader conducting the searches
in the wall but out of reach of the others.
h) Search both sides of subject, the leader conducting the searchers and
the subordinate guarding the others.
i) Move one subject at a time.
j) Subject's head should be down at all times.
k) Subject's head should action of the leader concentrate on the actions
of the subjects and not the
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l) When there are more than three subjects, additional personnel
should be summoned.
m) Imperious apprehensions, the searches should hold his weapon in
ready position throughout the search.
n) The body must be searched systematically with the foot of the
searchers placed tightly against subject's foot, right with right left
with left anklebone against anklebone.
o) Remove any object found, then examine the palm of the hand,
including between the fingers.
2. Standing Search
a) Raise subject's hand
over his head and
spread his feet as far
apart as possible.
b) This is not
recommended
because the subject's
is in an "on-balance"
position.
3. Kneeling Search
a) Subject kneels on the
ground with hands raised over his
head
b) This is also discouraged for the same
reason as the standing search.
4. Prone Search
a) Subject lies on his stomach with
arms and legs outstretched.
b) Subject has both arms and legs free
and is at all times in an “on-balance”
position.
c) Front part or clothing cannot be
searched.
d) This can be extremely dangerous if
the subject has knowledge.
What are the methods of restrained (handcuff)?
1) Take position directly behind the subject.
2) The handcuff is applied when the subject has placed his hands of his back.
3) Do not reach out for the hands of the subject as it will provide him with an
opportunity to grasp the hand of the investigator and throw him off-balance.
4) When applying handcuffs, give the following orders to the subject and follow
the procedure:
 First Order: "Take your right hand off the wall and place it on
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the small of your back." Fasten the handcuff to this hand and
firmly hold the other handcuff.
 Second Order: "Move up and put your hand against the wall."
Allow the subject to move closer to the wall making certain his
feet remain back far enough to keep him "off-balance"
 Third Order: "Take your other hand off the wall and place it on
the small of your back" Fasten the other handcuff and double-
lock both handcuffs.
 Final Order: "Stand up and face the wall." Help the subject in
doing the edge of judo.
6. SPOT/CHECKS/ACCOSTING AND PAT DOWN SEARCHES

Grounds for Spot Check Accosting
The police officer may stop an individual for the purpose of conducting a spot
check/accosting only when reasonable suspicion exists. Reasonable suspicion must
be more than just a hunch or feeling. In justifying the stop, the police officer must be
able to point to specific facts
that, when taken together with rational inferences, reasonably warrant the
stop. Such facts include, but are not limited to, the following:
a) The appearance or demeanor of the individual suggests that he is part of a
criminal enterprise or is engaged in a criminal act;
b) The actions of the individual suggest that he is engaged in a criminal
activity;
c) Questionable presence of the individual in the area;
d) The subject is carrying a suspicious object;
e) The suspect’s clothing bulges in a manner that suggests he is carrying a
weapon;
f) The suspect has been found in the time and place proximate to an alleged
crime;
g) The police officer has knowledge of the suspect’s prior criminal record or
involvement in criminal activity; and
h) The individual flees at the sight of a police officer.
Procedures and Guidelines for Spot Checks/Accosting

a. When approaching the individual, the police officer shall clearly identify
himself as a police officer. If not in uniform, by announcing his identity and
displaying official identification card and/or badge.
b. Police officers shall be courteous at all times but maintain caution and
vigilance for suspicious movements like tending to retrieve weapon, conceal
or discard contraband, or other similar actions.
c. Before approaching more than one individual, police officers should
determine whether the circumstances warrant a request for back-up and
whether the spot check/accosting can and should be delayed until such
back-up arrives.
d. Police officers shall confine their questions as to suspect’ identity, place of
residence, and other inquiries necessary to resolve the police officer’s
suspicion. However, in no instance shall a police officer hold a suspect
longer than the period reasonably necessary to be able to make these limited
inquiries and to resolve suspicions.
e. Police officers are not required to give the suspect Miranda Warning unless
the person is placed under arrest.
Grounds for Body Frisk/Pat-Down Search

A police officer has the right to perform a pat-down search if the individual has
been legitimately stopped with reasonable suspicion and when the police officer has
reason to believe that the individual possesses
weapon/s on his person and poses a threat to the police officer’s or another person’s
safety. Circumstances which may justify pat-down search:
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a. The type of crime believed to be committed by the subject – particularly
crimes of violence where the threat of use or use of deadly weapon is
involved;
b. Where the police officer handles several suspects;
c. The time of the day and the location where the pat-down search took place;
d. Prior knowledge by the police officer of the suspect’s use of force and/or
propensity to carry deadly weapons;
e. The appearance and demeanor of the suspect;
f. Visual indications suggesting that the suspect is carrying a firearm or other
deadly weapon; and
g. Whenever possible, pat-down searches should be performed by police
officers of the same gender.
Procedures for Pat-Down Search

When reasonable suspicion justifies a pat-down search, the search
should be performed with due caution, restraint, and sensitivity. Pat-down
searches should be conducted in the following manner:
a. Whenever possible, pat-down searches should be conducted by at least two

(2) police officers, one to perform the search while the other provides
protective cover.
b. Because pat-down searches are cursory in nature, they should be performed
with the suspect in a standing position, or with hands placed against a
stationary object, and feet spread apart. However, should an officer visually
observe a weapon, a more secure search position may be used like the prone
(lying face down) position.
c. In a pat-down search, officers are permitted only to feel the outer clothing of
the suspect. Police officers may not place their hands inside the pockets of
the subject’s clothing unless they feel an object that could probably be a
weapon, such as a gun, knife, club, or the likes.
d. If the suspect is carrying an object such as handbag, suitcase, briefcase,
sack, or other similar items that may conceal a weapon, the police officer
should not open the item but instead put it in a place out of the suspect’s
reach.
e. If the external patting of the suspect’s clothing fails to disclose evidence of a
weapon, no further search may be made. If a weapon is found and the
possession of which amounts to a violation of the law, the police officer shall
arrest the suspect and conduct a complete search.
Reporting after the Spot Check/Accosting or Pat-Down Search

If after conducting a spot check/accosting or pat-down search, the
police officer has no basis for making an arrest, he should record the facts
of such spot check/accosting or pat-down search and forward a report to
the appropriate authority. If the spot check/accosting or pat-down search
gives a justification for a valid warrantless arrest, then an arrest shall be
made.
What are the prohibited acts in the conduct of search by virtue of search
warrant)?
a. Houses, rooms, or other premises shall not be searched except in the
presence of the lawful occupant thereof or any member of his family or, in
the absence of the latter, in the presence of two (2) witnesses of sufficient
age and discretion residing in the same locality.
b. Lawful personal properties, papers, and other valuables not specifically
indicated or particularly described in the search warrant shall not be taken.
POLICE OPERATIONAL PLANNING

What is a plan?
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A plan is an organize schedule or sequence by methodical activities intended to
attain a goal and objectives for the accomplishment of mission or assignment. It is a
method or way of doing something in order to attain objectives. Plan provides answer
to 5W’s and 1 H.
What is planning?
Hudzik and Cordner defined planning as “thinking about the future, thinking
about what we want the future would be, and thinking about what we need to do now
to achieve it.”
Planning is a management function concerned with visualizing future
situations, making estimates concerning them, identifying issues, needs and potential
danger points, analyzing and evaluating the alternative ways and means for reaching
desired goals according to a certain schedule, estimating the necessary funds, and
resources to do the work, and initiating action in time to prepare what may be needed
to cope with the changing conditions and contingent events.
What is police planning?

Police Planning is an attempt by police administrators in trying to allocate
anticipated resources to meet anticipated service demands. It is the systematic and
orderly determination of facts and events as basis for policy formulation and decision
affecting law enforcement management.
What is operational planning?

Operational Planning is the use of rational design or pattern for all
departmental undertaking rather than relying on change in an operational
environment. It is the preparation and development of procedures and techniques in
accomplishing of each of the primary tasks and functions of an organization.
What is operational police planning?

Police Operational Planning is the act of determining policies and guidelines for
police activities and operations and providing controls and safeguards for such
activities and operations in the department. It may also be the process of formulating
coordinated sequence of methodical activities and allocation of resources to the line
units of the police organization for the attainment of the mandated objectives or goals.
Objectives are a specific commitment to achieve a measurable result within a
specific period of time. Goals are general statement of intention and typically with time
horizon, or it is an achievable end state that can be measured and observed. Making
choices about goals is one of the most important aspects of planning.
STRATEGIC PLANNING
Strategic planning is a series of preliminary decisions on a framework, which in turn
guides subsequent decisions that generate the nature and direction of an organization.
This is usually long range in nature. The reasons for Strategic Planning are:
1. VISION – A vision of what a police department should be.
2. LONG-RANGE THINKING – Keeping in mind that strategy is deciding where
we want to be
3. STRATEGIC FOCUS
4. CONGRUENCE
5. A STRATEGIC RESPONSE TO CHANGE
6. STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK
STRATEGIC PLANNING PROCESS
TASK 1 – Develop Mission and Objectives
TASK 2 – Diagnose Environmental Threats and Opportunities
TASK 3 – Assess Organizational Strengths and Weaknesses
TASK 4 – Generate Alternative Strategies
TASK 5 – Develop Strategic Plan
TASK 6 - Develop Tactical Plan
TASK 7 – Assess Results of Strategic and Tactical Plan
TASK 8 – Repeat Planning Process
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In the process, the police administrator can use the potent tool of alternatives.
Alternatives (options) are means by which goals and objectives can be attained. They
maybe policies, strategies or specific actions aimed at eliminating a problem.
Alternative do not have to be substitutes for one another or should perform the same
function. For example, our goal is to “improve officer-survival skills.” The plan is to
train the officers on militaristic and combat shooting. The alternatives could be:
Alternative 1 – modify police vehicles, Alternative 2 – issuing bulletproof vests,
Alternative 3 – utilizing computer assisted dispatch system, or Alternative 4 –
increasing first-line supervision, etc.
FUNDAMENTALS OF POLICE PLANNING

1. To increase the chances of success by focusing on results and not so much on
the objectives.
2. To force analytical thinking and evaluation of alternatives for better decisions.
3. To establish a framework for decision making consistent with the goal of the
organization.
4. To orient people to action instead of reaction.
5. To modify the day-to-day style of operation to future management.
6. To provide decision making with flexibility.
7. To provide basis for measuring original accomplishments or individual
performance.
8. To increase employee and personnel involvement and to improve
communication.
What are the expectations of police planning?

a. Improve analysis of problems
b. Provide better information for decision-making
c. Help to clarify goals, objectives, priorities
d. Result is more effective allocation of resources
e. Improve inter-and intradepartmental cooperation and coordination
f. Improve the performance of programs
g. Give the police department a clear sense of direction
h. Provide the opportunity for greater public support
i. Increase the commitment of personnel
Characteristics of good police plan

a. With clearly defined Objectives or Goals.
b. Simplicity, Directness and Clarity
c. Flexibility
d. Possibility of Attainment
e. Must provide Standard of Operation
f. Economy in terms of Resources needed for implementation
What are the guidelines of police planning?

The five (5) W’s and one (1) H
1. What to do – mission/objective
2. Why to do – reason/philosophy
3. When to do – date/time
4. Where to do – place
5. Who will do – people involve
6. How to do – strategy
What are the responsibilities of police planning?

a. Broad External Policy Planning – is the responsibility of the legislative
branch of the government. The main concern of the police in this broad external
policy planning is assisting the legislature in their determining of police
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guideline through the passage of appropriate laws or ordinances for the police
to enforce.
b. Internal Policy Planning – is the responsibility of the C/PNP and other chiefs
of the different units or headquarters within their area of jurisdiction to achieve
the objectives or mission of the police organization. They are responsible for
planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, controlling, reporting and
budgeting for the police organization within existing policies and available
resources. For maximum police effectiveness, they shall be responsible for the
technical operation of the police organization and management of its personnel.
What are the parts of police operational plan?

1) Security Classification
2) Number of Copies and Pages
3) Name of Headquarters
4) Plan Title or Name
5) Reference – The source of authority in formulating a plan is based on:
 Organizational Policy or Guidelines
 Orders of Superior Officers or Authorities
 Documents, maps, books, etc.
6) Situation – General Situation and Specific Situation
7) Mission
8) Task Allocation
9) Coordinating Instructions – Refers to the manner of giving alarm or signal when
encountering such problems which needs immediate action
10) Command – Refers to the relationship between operating personnel or units
with that of Police Headquarters; who to summon for assistance.
11) Signal – Defines communication network, which is to be used during a
particular operation like using passwords.
12) Signature
13) Distribution – Refers to what unit will be given copies of the plan. For instance,
A – All units, B – Selected units, C – Very selected, and D – Only 1 unit
Types of Plans in General

A. Reactive Plans are developed as a result of crisis. A particular problem may
occur for which the department has no plan and must quickly develop one,
sometimes without careful preparation.
B. Proactive Plans are developed in anticipation of problems. Although not all

police problems are predictable, many are, and it is possible for a police
department to prepare a response in advance.
C. Visionary Plans are essential statements that identify the role of the police in
the community and the future condition or state to which the department can
aspire. A vision may also include a statement of values to be used to guide the
decision-making process in the department.
D. Strategic Plans are designed to meet the long-range, overall goals of the
organization. Such plans allow the department to adapt anticipated changes or
develop a new philosophy or model of policing (e.g. community policing). One of
the most important aspects of strategic planning is to focus on external
environmental factors that affect the goals and objectives of the department and
how they will be achieved. Important environmental factors include personnel
needs, population trends, technological innovations, business trends and
demand, crime problems, and community attitudes.
E. Operational Plans are designed to meet the specific tasks requires to implement
strategic plans. There are four types of operational plan:
1. Standing Plans provide the basic framework for responding to organizational
problems. The organizational vision and values, strategic statement, policies,
procedures, and rules and regulations are examples of standing plans.
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Standing plans also include guidelines for responding to different types of
incidents; for example, a civil disturbance, hostage situation, crime in
progress, and felony car stops.
2. Functional Plans include the framework for the operation of the major
functional units in the organization, such as patrol and investigations. It
also includes the design of the structure, how different functions and units
are to relate and coordinate activities, and how resources are to be allocated.
3. Operational-efficiency, effectiveness, and productivity plans are essentially

the measures or comparisons to be used to assess police activities and
behavior (outputs) and results (outcomes). If one of the goals of the police
department is to reduce the crime rate, any change that occurs can be
compared to past crime rates in the same community or crime in other
communities, a state, or the nation. If the crime rates were reduced while
holding or reducing costs, it would reflect an improvement not only in
effectiveness but also in departmental productivity.
4. Time-specific Plans are concerned with specific purpose and conclude when
an objective is accomplished or a problem is solved. Specific police programs
or projects such as drug crackdown, crime prevention program, and
neighborhood clean-up campaign are good examples of time-specific plans.
Steps in Police Operational Planning

1. Frame of Reference – This shall base on a careful view of the matters relating to
the situation for which plans are being developed. Opinions or ideas of persons
who may speak with authority of the subjects and views of the police
commanders, other government officials, and other professionals shall be
considered.
2. Clarifying the Problems – These calls for the identification of the problems,
understanding both its records and its possible solution. A situation must exist
for which something must and can be done. For example, an area in a city or
municipality is victimized by a series of robbers. There is a need for reaching
the preliminary decision that robberies may be reduced in the area, and that
the pattern of operation, in general, is one by which the police can reduce them.
3. Collecting all Pertinent Facts – No attempt shall be made to develop a plan until
all facts relating to it have been carefully reviewed to determine the modus
operandi, suspects, types of victims, and such other information as may be
necessary. Facts relating to such matters as availability, deployment, and the
use of present personnel shall be gathered.
4. Developing the Facts – After all data have been gathered, a careful analysis and
evaluation shall be made. These provide the basis from which a plan or plans
are evolved. Only such facts as any have relevance shall be considered.
5. Developing Alternative Plans – In the initial phases of plan development, several

alternative measures shall appear to be logically comparable to the needs of a
situation. As the alternative solutions are evaluated, one of the proposed plans
shall usually prove more logical than the others.
6. Selecting the Most Appropriate Alternative – A careful consideration of all facts

usually leads to the selection of the best alternative proposal.
7. Selling the Plans – A plan, to be effectively carried out, must be accepted by

persons concerned at the appropriate level of the plan’s development. For
example, in a robbery case, the patrol division head may be preparing the plan.
At the outset, the detective chief is concerned and shall be consulted. As the
2
planning develops, there may be a need it involve the head of the personnel,
records and communication units and all patrol officers.
8. Arranging for the Execution of the Plan – the execution of a plan requires the
issuance of orders and directives to units and personnel concern, the
establishment of a schedule, and the provision of manpower and the equipment
for carrying out the plan. Briefing shall be held and assurance shall be received
that all involved personnel understood when, how, and what is to be done.
9. Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Plan – The results of the plan shall be
determined. This is necessary in order to know whether a correct alternative
was chosen, whether the plan was correct, which phase was poorly
implemented, and whether additional planning may be necessary. Also, the
effects of the executed plan or other operations and on total police operations
shall be determined. Follow-up is the control factor essential for effective
command management.
How Operational Plans executed in the Philippine National Police?

The plans are made, same shall be put into operation and the result thereof
evaluated accordingly. Operations in the PNP shall be directed by the police
commander to attain the following objectives: (1) protection of persons and property;
(2) preservation of peace and order; (3) prevention of crimes; (4) repression of
suppression of criminal activities; (5) apprehension of criminals; (6) enforcement of
laws and ordinances and regulations of conduct; (8) prompt execution of criminal
writs and processes of the courts; and (9) coordination and cooperation with other law
enforcement agencies.
A. Prevention of Crimes – This activity requires the members of the PNP to mingle
with the members of the community where criminal activities originate and bred
and criminalistic tendencies of individuals are motivated to indulge in anti-
social behavior; and seek to minimize the causes of crime. This activity or
mission also requires the individual members of the PNP to understand the
people and the environment in which they live.
B. Repression or Suppression of Criminal Activities – This activity or mission

emphasizes the presence of an adequate patrol system including the continuous
effort toward eliminating or reducing hazards as the principal means of
reducing the opportunities for criminal action. The saying “the mouse will play
while the cat is away” is equally true in law enforcement and in public safety.
The presence of a policeman in uniform would be deterred or discouraged the
would-be criminal or would-be offender-regulations. Crime repression means
the elimination of the opportunity that exists on the part of the would-be
criminal to commit a crime.
C. Preservation of Peace and Order – This activity or mission requires the

individual members of the PNP to gain the sympathy of the community to close
ranks in combating crimes and any other anti-social behavior of the non-
conformists of the law and order. The community, therefore, should be informed
through proper education, of their share and involvement in law enforcement
and public safety.
D. Protection of Lives Properties – The responsibilities of the members of the PNP

in providing for the safety and convenience of the public are analogous with
those of the doctor. The doctor protects life by combating diseases while the
PNP promotes public safety of accidents and in guarding the citizens public
safety by the elimination of hazards of accidents and in guarding the citizens
against the attacks of the bad elements of the society. The policeman though,
has a collateral responsibility in his obligation to protect life and property – a
2
responsibility that is fundamental to every duty he performs. The police have
the obligation to preserve the citizen’s constitutional guarantees of liberty and
the pursuit of happiness.
E. Enforcement of Laws and Ordinances - these activities and mission requires the
members of the PNP to constructively integrate or enforce and implement the
laws of the land and city/municipal ordinances without regard to the personal
circumstances of the individual citizens and any other persons sojourning in
the Philippines. This is to provide tranquility among members of society. These
also include the regulations of non-criminal conduct, specifically to obtain
compliance through education of the public in the dangers inherent in the
disobedience of regulations. This makes use of warnings, either oral or written,
which informs the citizen but not to personalize.
F. Apprehension of Criminals – this activity defines specifically the power of the

police as possessed by every member of the integrated police, as a means to
discourage the would-be offender. The consequence of arrest and prosecution
has a deterrent effect intended to make crime or any unlawful act less
worthwhile. Consequently, apprehension and the imposition of punishment for
the corresponding unlawful act are committed, lessens repetition by causing
suspects to be incarcerated, and provides an opportunity for reformation of
those convicted by final judgment. This activity also includes the recovery of
stolen property in order to restrain those who are accessories to the crime and
thereby benefiting from the gains of crime.
G. Coordination and Cooperation with other Agencies – This activity requires the
duty of a commander of any unit of the PNP and its unit subordinates to
establish report or good relationship with other law enforcement agencies of the
government. Through rapport, a police station commander and his
subordinates ma be able to maintain a harmonious working relationship with
other law enforcement agencies of the government whereby coordination and
cooperation between them maybe established. Coordination is an essential
conduct of command.
H. Safeguard Public Health and Morals – This involves many activities or mission
peripheral to basic law enforcement and public safety. Such as for instance,
sanitation, search and rescue operations, licensing, inspection of buildings in
order to determine whether or not the Presidential Decree on fire prevention is
strictly obeyed. This also includes supervising elections, escorts duties, civic
actions, and many other activities or missions related to law-enforcement and
public safety.
Example/s of Police Plans, Programs, Initiatives and Strategies of PNP

1. POLICE 2000
P–REVENTION and suppression of crime through community-oriented policing system
O–ODER, maintenance, peacekeeping and internal security
L–AW enforcement without fear or favor
I–MAGE, credibility and common support
C–OORDINATION with other government agencies and non-government agencies
organizations and internal securities
E–FFICIENCY and effectiveness in the development and management of human and material resources
2. DREAMS
D – ISPERSAL of policeman from the headquarters to the street and enhancement
of crime prevention program
R – ESTORATION of trust and confidence of the people on their police and gain
community support
E – LIMINATION of street and neighborhood crimes and improvement of public
safety
2
A – RREST of all criminal elements common or organized in coordination with
the pillars of the CJS and other law enforcement agencies
M – APPING up and removal of scalawags from the pole of ranks
S – TRENGHTENING the management and capability of the PNP to undertake or
support the dreams operations and activities
3. GLORIA
G – RAFT free organization
L – EADERSHIP by example
O – NE stop shop mechanism for a faster police response to complaints and
reports
R – ESULT oriented culture in the anti-criminality effort
I – NVESTMENT climate, which is business friendly as a result of the peace
and order
A – CCOUNTABILITY and ownership of peace and order campaign
CRIME MAPPING
Crime mapping is used by analysts in law enforcement agencies to map,
visualize, and analyze crime incident patterns. It is a key component of crime analysis
and the CompStat policing strategy. Mapping crime, using Geographic Information
Systems (GIS), allows crime analysts to identify crime hot spots, along with other
trends and patterns.
Crime mapping is a very important tool in managing and controlling crime in an area.
By analyzing the spatial and temporal data provided by maps investigator are able to
understand the crime patterns and trend it also helps in resource allocation and in
geographic profiling of criminals and suspicious locations. On the other hand, the
paper bring out various disadvantages such as expensive technology involved and the
tendency of not reporting cases by local community to enhance effective flow of
mapping the crime location.
A geographic information system (GIS) is a powerful software tool that allows the user
to create any kind of geographic representation, from a simple point map to a three-
dimensional visualization of spatial or temporal data. For the purposes of this book,
the definition of a GIS is as follows: A GIS is a set of computer-based tools that allows
the user to modify, visualize, query, and analyze geographic and tabular data.
A GIS is similar to a spreadsheet or word processing program in that the software
provides a framework and templates for data collection, collation, and analysis, and it
is up to the user to decide what parts of the system to use and how to use them.
A GIS does more than enable the user to produce paper maps; it also allows him or
her to view the data behind geographic features, combine various features, manipulate
the data and maps, and perform statistical functions. Crime mapping is a term used
in policing to refer to the process of conducting spatial analysis within crime analysis.
For the purposes of this book, the definition of crime mapping is as follows:
2
Clarifying where different types of crime and other incidents occur is one of the many
important functions of crime analysis. Because of the unique nature of the software
used and the prominence of geographic data in crime mapping, this type of analysis is
often discussed as though it is distinct from crime analysis; in reality, however, crime
mapping is a subdiscipline of crime analysis. Crime mapping serves three main
functions within crime analysis:
1. It facilitates visual and statistical analyses of the spatial nature of crime and
other types of events.
2. It allows analysts to link unlike data sources together based on common
geographic variables (e.g., linking census information, school information,
and crime data for a common area).
3. It provides maps that help to communicate analysis results.
Crime mapping is complementary to all forms of crime analysis in that it plays
an important part in almost every analysis. As Figure 4.1 illustrates, crime mapping
does not stand alone; rather, it is a process that occurs within the larger process of
crime analysis. The following are some examples of how crime mapping is used within
the three types of crime analysis that are the focus of this book:
In tactical crime analysis, crime mapping is used to identify immediate patterns
for crimes such as residential and commercial burglary, auto theft, and theft from
vehicles. For example, spatial analysis of auto theft incidents may reveal clusters of
activity at specific locations that might indicate a crime pattern.
In strategic crime analysis, crime mapping is utilized in long-term applications
to analyze the relationship between criminal activity and indicators of disorder, such
as a high volume of vacant property or disorder calls for service; to assist in
geographic and temporal allocation of resources, such as patrol officer scheduling and
determination of patrol areas; to examine patterns of crime at or around specific
locations, such as schools, bars, or drug treatment centers; to calculate crime rate
information, such as numbers of residential burglaries per household; and to
incorporate crime data with qualitative geographic information, such as information
on teenage hangouts, student pathways to school, or drug and prostitution markets.
In administrative crime analysis, crime mapping is a valuable tool used by
police, researchers, and media organizations to convey criminal activity information to
the public. Web sites operated by police departments and news organization routinely
post maps that depict areas of crime, along with corresponding tables and definitions.
For example, a police agency can reduce citizen requests for neighborhood crime
information by placing monthly or weekly crime maps on a Web site that members of
the public can access using computers in their homes or at the local library.
Geographic Features
A geographic information system translates physical elements in the real world
— such as roads, buildings, lakes, and mountains—into forms that can be displayed,
manipulated, and analyzed along with police information such as crime, arrest, and
traffic accident data. A GIS uses four types of features to represent objects and
locations in the real world; these are referred to as point, line, polygon, and image
features.
Point Features
A point feature is a discrete location that is usually depicted on a GIS generated
map by a symbol or label. A point feature is analogous to a pin placed on a paper wall
map. A GIS uses different symbols to depict the locations of data relevant to the
analysis, such as crimes, motor vehicle accidents, traffic signs, buildings, police beat
2
stations, and cell phone towers. Figure 4.2 shows circles on the map that could
represent any of these types of locations.
Line Features
A line feature is a real-world element that can be represented on a map by a
line or set of lines. The lines in Figure 4.2, for example, represent streets. Other types
of line features include rivers, streams, power lines, and bus routes.
Polygon Features
A polygon feature is a geographic area represented on a map by a multisided
figure with a closed set of lines. Polygons can represent areas as large as continents or
as small as buildings; in GIS-generated maps they may be used to depict county
boundaries, city boundaries, parks, school campuses, or police districts. The five
polygons in Figure 4.3 might represent police districts in a city.
2
Image Features
An image feature on a GIS-generated map is a vertical photograph taken
from a satellite or an airplane that is digitized and placed within the appropriate
coordinates. Such photos, which may appear in black and white or color, show the
details of streets, buildings, parking lots, and environmental features (landscaping).
Figure 4.4 is an example of an image feature, an aerial photograph of a residential
neighborhood.
TYPES OF CRIME MAPPING

Single-Symbol Mapping In single-symbol maps, individual, uniform symbols represent
features such as the locations of stores, roads, or states. Figure 4.5 is an example of a
single symbol map showing school locations and streets.1 An important thing to keep
in mind about single-symbol maps is that a GIS places all points on such a map that
share the same address directly on top of one another, making it impossible for the
map to show how many points there really are. For example, in the map shown in
Figure 4.5, if a middle school and elementary school share the same address, the GIS
will have placed two gray circles in the same spot, so there is no way someone Park
Streets 500 ft buffer looking at the map can see all the schools in the area. This
drawback of singlesymbol mapping is particularly relevant for the mapping of crime
and other police data, because crime and other police-related incidents often occur
repeatedly at particular locations. Because of this, crime analysts use single-symbol
mapping primarily to display geographic information in which there is no overlap; they
employ other types of maps to convey information about multiple incidents at
particular locations.
2
In addition, single-symbol maps are not useful when analysts are dealing with
large amounts of data. Imagine the map in Figure 4.5 with the locations of 100 schools
marked. The points would overlap, and the map would be difficult to read. Thus,
analysts use single-symbol maps primarily when they are working with relatively small
amounts of data that do not overlap. Police agencies also often use single-symbol
maps to communicate the locations of crimes within patterns to police personnel.
Buffers
A buffer is a specified area around a feature on a map. Buffers can be set at
small distances, such as 50 feet, or larger distances, such as 500 miles, depending on
the purpose and scale of the map. Buffers help in crime analysis by illustrating the
relative distances between features on a map. The example map in Figure 4.6 shows a
park (polygon feature) with a 500-foot buffer, which could be used to show whether
drug arrests were made within 500 feet of the park.
Buffers can also be used as polygons for data aggregation and comparison.
Figure 4.7 shows two buffers (500 feet and 1000 feet) around nightclubs (point
features), which analysts could use to compare incidents directly around the
nightclubs to those farther out to see whether the activity has a spillover effect on
surrounding neighborhoods.
2
Graduated Mapping
Crime analysts often use graduated maps—that is, maps in which different
sizes or colors of features represent particular values of variables. Figures 4.8 and 4.9
are general examples of graduated size and graduated color maps, respectively.
In a graduated size map, the sizes of the symbols used for point and line
features reflect their value. As noted above, single-symbol maps are not
appropriate for displaying data about crimes that occur at the same locations
repeatedly. Analysts use graduated size maps for this purpose, because these maps
can account for multiple incidents at the same locations. However, like single symbol
maps, graduated size maps are subject to overlapping points if too many data are
analyzed at once
Figure 4.8 is a map in which points are graduated by size according to the numbers of
crimes at specific locations. In a graduated color map, the colors of the symbols reflect
their values; this kind of mapping can be used with points (in a single-symbol map
only),2 lines, and polygons.
Chart Mapping
Chart mapping allows the crime analyst to display several values within a
particular variable at the same time (e.g., variable crime, values robbery, assault, and
rape). There are two types of chart mapping: pie and bar. In pie chart mapping, the
relative percentages (represented by slices of a pie) of values within a variable are
displayed. Figure 4.10 is an example of a pie chart map that depicts fights, drugs,
weapons, and disorderly conduct incidents at nightclubs. The pies are placed at the
locations of all the nightclubs in the area mapped, and the sizes of the pies are
graduated to depict the total occupancy capacities of the nightclubs, which provides a
relative comparison. Some of the nightclubs represented have had all four types of
incidents, whereas others have had only two or three of the four, and the percentages
2
(slices) are based only on the frequencies of the values included (not all types of
incidents at all nightclubs). In bar chart mapping, the relative frequencies (represented
by bars) of values within variables are displayed. In the example in Figure 4.11, bar
charts are placed at the locations of the nightclubs in the area mapped. This figure
depicts the same data shown in Figure 4.10, but instead of percentages, the heights of
the bars show the frequencies of incidents.
Density Mapping
In density mapping, analysts use point data to shade surfaces that are not
limited to area boundaries (as is the case in graduated color mapping). In their most
basic form, density maps are shaded according to the concentration of incidents in
particular areas. In the map shown in Figure 4.12, the darker colors represent areas
in which the incidents are more concentrated, and the lighter colors represent those in
which the incidents are less concentrated. Such maps are used to compare small
variations in crime levels from one area to another rather than to compare levels of
crime within fixed artificial geographic boundaries, as in area maps.
2
Interactive Crime Mapping
Rather than a type of mapping, the term interactive crime mapping refers to
simplified geographic information systems made available to novice users over the
Internet. Many police departments have interactive Web sites where citizens and police
officers can conduct basic crime mapping themselves. These applications typically are
not flexible or sophisticated enough to be useful to crime analysts.

Historical Background of Police Force in The Philippines

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RESEARCH

In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject Police

JUDE TUGUINAY PATNAAN

GRETCHEN MONDIGUING NAHOG

PEMS LORENIO TERNURA

January 17, 2022

II. About the Researcher

POLICE OPERATIONAL PLANNING

The researchers wish to convey their insurmountable appreciation to the

With sincere gratitude, the researchers wholeheartedly acknowledge the

To the College of Criminal and Justice Education for providing us the

The Philippine Constabulary was a gendarmerie-type police force of the

After the People’s Revolution in 1986, a new Constitution was promulgated

OVERVIEW OF PHILIPPINE LAW ENFORCEMENT AND OPERATIONS

The Integrated National Police's organization paralleled that of the

As of 1985, the Integrated National Police numbered some 60,000 people, a

In addition, the bureau maintained a scientific crime laboratory and provided

TYPES OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES

THE LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS

The Local Government Code of the Philippines mandates the Barangays to

At the national level, law enforcement in the Philippines is handled by two

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6975 - AN ACT ESTABLISHING THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL

MEANING OF THE PNP SEAL

2. Laurel – Green Laurel with 14 leaves, symbolizes the 14 Regional Commands. It

PNP Badge symbolism

2. PNP Shield - Symbol of protection of all citizens.

5. Lapu-Lapu - Symbolizes the bravery of the Philippine National Police.

8. Philippine National Police - Identity of Solidarity.

3. The Internal Affairs Service (IAS) is headed by a Inspector General who

6. The Directorial Staff is composed of 16 directorates. Every Director in each

 Maritime Group (MG). This group is responsible to perform all police functions

 Intelligence Group (IG). This group serves as the intelligence and counter-

 Aviation Security Group (AVEGROUP). This group provides security to all

 Crime Laboratory (CL). This group provides scientific and technical,

 PNP Anti-Kidnapping Group (PNP-AKG). This Group serves as the primary

Finally, a total of 1,766 Police Stations are established nationwide and they

PNP Ranks AFP Ranks

Police Commissioned Officers Commissioned Office

Director General General

Deputy Director General Lieutenant General

Director Major General

Chief Superintendent Brigadier General

Senior Superintendent Colonel

Superintendent Lieutenant Colonel

Chief Inspector Major

Senior Inspector Captain

Inspector 1st and 2nd Lieutenant

Police Non-Commissioned Officers Non-Commissioned Officers

Senior Police Officer IV Master Sergeant

Senior Police Officer III Technical Sergeant

Senior Police Officer II Staff Sergeant

Senior Police Officer I Sergeant

Police Officer III Corporal

Police Officer II Private First Class

Police Officer I Private

BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF POLICE INTERVENTION OPERATIONS

a. with a marked police vehicle;

PROCEDURES IN INTERVENTION OF MOVING VEHICLES

In firing upon a moving vehicle, the following parameters should be considered:

2. PROTECTING AND PRESERVING THE CRIME SCENE

What are the rights of person arrested?

a. When, in his presence, the person to be arrested has committed, is actually