INTRODUCTION

Normally, the amount of total body water should be balanced through the ingestion and
elimination of water: ins and outs. To ensure this balance, as a nurse, you may need to track and
record all fluid intake and output on an intake and output sheet, commonly known as an I & O sheet.

 This is particularly important for certain groups of clients, like those on special fluid orders,
including “encourage fluids” and “restrict fluids;” those who are at risk of developing
dehydration, or losing too much body fluid, which impairs normal body functions; or those
who might develop edema where swelling occurs in tissues due to excess fluid buildup.

Dehydration
o Exists for those who may not be drinking an adequate amount of fluids throughout the day or
those who might be losing too much due to receiving certain medications, like diuretics, or
through vomiting, diarrhea, bleeding, burns, excessive sweating, fever, or vigorous exercise.
o Common signs include dry mouth, excessive thirst, and dark urine.

Edema
o Include those receiving intravenous fluids or those with heart or kidney disease, where the
body has trouble eliminating excess fluid.
o The fluid builds up and causes swelling, especially in the lower extremities.

Nurses should check with the plan of care to find out if their clients’ intake and output should be
monitored. So, every time one of these clients receives or loses fluids in any way, the exact volume can
be recorded. These volumes are then totaled at the end of every shift and then at the end of a 24-hour
period.

MEASURING FLUID INTAKE

For fluid intake, you’ll need to count: anything the client drinks, including water and beverages all
foods that are liquid at room temperature, like ice cream, gelatin, sherbert, pudding, custard, ice chips,
and popsicles the fluids provided through intravenous therapy, enteral, or total parenteral nutrition

Fluid intake is typically measured in milliliters (mL). But some containers use different units, so you
may need to be able to make the appropriate conversions.
 o 1 mL = 1 cubic centimeter (cc) = 0.001 liters (L)
o 1 fluid ounce = 30 mL
o 1 pint = ~ 500 mL
o 1 quart = ~ 1,000 mL

It’s also important to know the usual serving sizes in your facility. As a rule of thumb,

o 1 teaspoon = 5 mL
o 1 tablespoon = 15 mL
o 1 cup = 250 mL

But for other containers, like mugs, glasses, or bowls, the volume of fluid contained may vary. Keeping
in mind any necessary conversions, gather the supplies you’ll need, including:

o gloves
o a graduated measuring container

Procedure

1. Add all fluid volumes served to that client. For example, during your shift, the client could have
been served with 200 mL of water, 360 mL of soda, and 140 mL of milk. All together, these
equal 700 mL.
2. Put on your gloves and transfer whatever has remained from each liquid into a graduated
measuring container. Remember to keep the graduate even and at eye level to ensure precise
measurements.
3. Subtract the volume in the graduate from the total volume of fluid served to the client. For
example, if the volume left in the graduate is 80 mL, this is subtracted from the full serving
amount of 700 mL, giving us a total fluid intake of 620 mL.
4. Remove your gloves and practice hand hygiene.

How to measure fluid input.

A. Add all fluid volumes served to the client.

B. Transfer remainder of liquids into a graduated measuring container.
C. Subtract the volume in the graduate from the total volume of fluid served.
D. Remove gloves and practice hand hygiene.

MEASURING FLUID OUTPUT (URINE)

Special precautions are required for certain clients, like those undergoing chemotherapy, because
their urine, can contain the chemotherapy agent.

Once again, your supplies include:

o gloves
o a graduated container
o if there’s a possibility of splashing, personal protective equipment, such as a gown, goggles or
face shield, and a mask

Procedure

1. Provide these clients with urine receptacles specifically labeled with their name and bed
location. Tell them to only urinate in these receptacles and notify you when they are finished
before discarding the contents. Commonly used urine receptacles are specimen “hats” that can
be positioned under the toilet seat or a bedside commode to collect urine.
2. Collect all clients’ urine output into a receptacle with volume marks.
3. If the client is using a bedpan or catheter drainage bag, empty their contents into a graduated
container.
4. Hold the receptacle or graduate at eye level to measure the fluid volume.
5. Empty the contents into the toilet and clean, rinse, and disinfect the receptacle or graduate as
well as the toilet.
6. You may also have to assess the volume of fluid losses outside of containers.
7. Remove your gloves and practice hand hygiene.

DOCUMENTATION

When measuring a client's fluid intake and output, be sure to report the following to the healthcare
provider:

 changes in the usual amount of intake; for example, a client refusing to drink the served fluids
 changes in the color, clarity, or odor of the output
 if the intake and output is not balanced
 if you observe edema, especially in the lower extremities, or signs of dehydration, such as dark
urine or a dry mouth

After that, document:

 the date and time

 your observations
 the measured amounts of fluid intake and output on the client’s paper or electronic I&O record
A typical I&O sheet has a column with time and two separate sections for intake and output.

Intake is divided into oral intake, which you’ll need to fill with the amount you measured, and parenteral
intake, where you will add fluid intake coming from intravenous therapy, enteral, or total parenteral
nutrition.

For the output, there’s usually one section for urine and one for everything else.
Document the amount measured as well as how the fluid was collected, such as through voiding or a urinary
catheter. Make sure all amounts are in milliliters.