Exercise 7E

d2 y d3 y dy
1 Differentiating 2
 x  2 y , with respect to x , gives 3
 1 2 (1)
dx dx dx
d4 y d2 y
Differentiating (1) gives  2 (2)
dx 4 dx 2
d2 y
Substituting x0  0, y0 1 into 2  x  2 y, gives
dx
 d2 y   d2 y 
 2  0  2 (1), so  2   2
 dx 0  dx 0
 dy  1  d3 y  1
Substituting    into (1) gives  3    2    2
 dx 0 2  dx 0 2
 d2 y   d4 y 
Substituting  2   2 into (2) gives  4   2(2)  4
 dx 0  dx 0
So using the Taylor expansion in the form where x0  0, i.e. ii
1 (2) 2 (2) 3 (4) 4 x x3 x4
y  1   x  x  x  x    1   x    
2

2 2! 3! 4! 2 3 6

d2 y dy
2 Differentiating (1  x 2 ) 2
 x  0, gives
dx dx
3 2
dy d y d 2 y dy dy 3 d 2 y dy
(1  x 2 ) 3  2 x 2  x 2   0 (1) i.e. (1  x 2 ) 3  x 2  0
dx dx dx dx dx dx dx
 dy 
2
2 d y dy  d2 y 
Substituting x  0 and     into (1  x ) 2  x  0, gives  2   0
 dx  0 dx dx  dx  0
 dy   d2 y   d3 y 
Substituting x  0,    1 and  2    into (1) gives  3   1
 dx  0  dx  0  dx  0
So using the Taylor expansion in the form ii,
(0) 2 (1) 3 x3
y  0  1x  x  x  ...  x   ...
2! 3! 6

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 dy d 2 y dy
3 Differentiating  y  e  0, gives
x
2
  ex  0 (1)
dx dx dx
3 2
d y d y x
Differentiating (1) gives  e  0 (2)
dx3 dx 2
dy  dy   dy 
Substituting x0 = 0 and y0 = 2 into  dx   2  1  0, so  dx   1
+ y  e x = 0, gives
dx  0  0
 dy  d y
2
d y
2
Substituting x  0,    1 into (1) gives  2   (1)  (1)  0 so  2   2
 dx  0  dx 0  dx 0
 d2 y   d3 y   d3 y 
Substituting x  0,  2   2 into (2) gives  3   (2)  (1)  0 so  3   1
 dx 0  dx 0  dx  0
Substituting into the Taylor series with x0  0, gives

(2) 2 (1) 3
y  2  (1) x  x  x 
2! 3!
x3
 2 x x  
2

d2 y dy
4 Differentiating 2
 x  y  0 with respect to x gives
dx dx
3 2
d y d y dy dy d3 y d2 y dy
3
x 2    0 (1), i.e. 3  x 2  2  0
dx dx dx dx dx dx dx
Differentiating (1) gives
d4 y d3 y d 2 y d2 y d4 y d3 y d2 y
 x 3  2  2 2  0 (2), i.e. 4  x 3  3 2  0
dx 4 dx dx dx dx dx dx
2
dy d y dy
Substituting x  0, y  1 and  2 into 2
 x  y  0 gives
dx dx dx
d y
2
d y
2

 2   0(2)  1  0   2   1
 dx 0  dx 0
 dy   d2 y 
Substituting x  0,    2 and  2   1 into (1) gives
 dx 0  dx 0
d y
3
 d3 y 
 3   0(1)  2(2)  0, so  3   4
 dx  0  dx 0
 dy   d2 y   d3 y 
Substituting x  0,    2,  2   1and  3   4 into (2) gives
 dx 0  dx 0  dx  0
 d4 y   d4 y 
 4  0( 4)  3( 1)  0, so  4  3
 dx 0  dx 0
Substituting into the Taylor series with form ii, gives

(1) 2 (4) 3 (3) 4

y  1  2x  x  x  x K
2! 3! 4!
1 2 1
 1  2 x  x 2  x3  x4  K
2 3 8

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 d2 y dy d3 y d2 y dy
5 Differentiating 2
2  3xy gives 3  2 2  3 x  3 y (1)
dx dx dx dx dx
 dy 
2
d y dy  d2 y 
Substituting x0  1, y0  1 and    1 into 2  2  3 xy gives  2   5
 dx 1 dx dx  dx 1
 dy   d2 y   d3 y 
Substituting x0  1, y0  1    1 and  2   5 into (1) gives  3   10
 dx 1  dx 1  dx 1
Substituting into the form of the Taylor series form i, with x0 = 1, gives
(5) (10)
y  1  (1)( x  1)  ( x  1)2  ( x  1)3  K
2! 3!
5 5
 1  ( x  1)  ( x  1)2  ( x  1)3  K
2 3

d2 y dy
6 Differentiating 2  2 y  y 3  1  x, twice with respect to x, gives
dx dx
3 2 2
d y d y  dy  2 dy
3
 2 y 2
 2    3y  1 (1)
dx dx  dx  dx
2
d4 y d3 y dy  d 2 y   dy   d y 
2 2
2 d y  dy 
4
 2 y 3  2  2   4   2   3y 2
 6 y    0 (2)
dx dx dx  dx   dx   dx  dx  dx 
dy d2 y dy  d2 y 
Substituting x  0, y  1 and  1 into 2  2  y 3  1  x gives  2   2
dx dx dx  dx 0
 dy   d2 y   d3 y 
Substituting y  1,    1 and  2   2 into (1) gives  3  0
 dx 0  dx 0  dx 0
 dy   d2 y   d3 y   d4 y 
Substituting y  1,    1,  2  = 2,  3   0 into (2) gives  4   12
 dx 0  dx  0  dx  0  dx 0
( 2) 2 (0) 3 (12) 4
So, using the Taylor series form ii, y  1  1x  x  x  x K
2! 3! 4!
1
so y  1  x  x 2  x 4  K
2

dy
7 a Differentiating (   x )  x   y 2 with respect to x
dx
 d y dy  dy
(  x)        y (1)
 dx dx  dx

Differentiating (1) gives

d 2 y   d 2 y   d 2 y  dy  
2
 d3 y
(1  2 x ) 3  2 2   2 2   4 y 2  4   
 dx dx   dx   dx  dx  
2
d3 y d2 y  dy 
 (1  2 x) 3
 4(1  y ) 2
 4  (2)
dx dx  dx 

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 dy  dy 
7 b Substituting x0  0 and y0  1 into (   x)  x   y  gives    ()  
dx  dx 
Substituting known values into (1) gives

 d y   d y 
    ()   ()()      
 dx   dx 
 d y 
Substituting known values into (2) gives     ()  
 dx 
 dy  x  d y  x  d y 
So using y  y  x            K
 dx  !  dx   !  dx  
   
y     x  x   x  K     x  x  x  K
! !  

dy
8 Differentiating sin x  y cos x  y 2 with respect to x, gives
dx

 d y dy   dy  dy
 sin x   cos x     y sin x  cos x    y (1)
 dx dx   dx  dx
d y dy dy
or sin x    cos x  y sin x   y
dx dx dx
π dy    dy  
Substituting x  , y   into sin x  y cos x  y gives  π    
 dx   dx  


 dy 
so    
 dx  π


π  dy 
Substituting x  , y  ,     into (1) gives
  dx  π


 
   d y        
       ( )  ( )    (  )(  ) 
   dx  π     
 
   d y    d y 
So             
   dx  π   dx  π

 dy  ( x  x0 ) 2  d 2 y 
Substituting all values into y  y0  ( x  x0 )      K
 dx  x 0 2!  dx 2  x
0


 π   π
gives the series solution y      x     x   K
    

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 dy d y dy
9 a i Differentiating  x   y    with respect to x, gives 
 y  x   (1)
dx dx dx

d y d y  dy 
ii Differentiating (1) gives    y         
dx dx  dx 

d y d y  dy 
So 
  y 
     (2)
dx dx  dx 
d y d y 
 dy   d y 

 dy   d y 
b Differentiating (2) gives   y        4      
dx  dx   dx   dx   dx   dx 
d4 y d y dy d  y
so   y     (3)
dx  dx  dx dx 

dy
c Substituting x  , y  , into  x 2  y 2  0 gives
dx
 dy   dy 
 dx      , so  dx   
   
 dy 
Substituting x  , y  ,     into (1) gives
 dx 
 d y   d y 
    ()()  ()  , so     
 dx   dx 
 dy   d y 
Substituting y  ,    ,      into (2) gives
 dx   dx 
 d y    d y 
   ()( )  ()  , so    
 dx   dx 
 dy   d y   d  y 
Substituting y  ,    ,      and    =  into (3) gives
 dx   dx   dx 

 
d y d y
    ()()  ()()  , so     
 dx   dx 

Substituting these values into the form of Taylor’s series form ii, gives
(2) 2 (8) 3 (28) 4 4 7
y  1  (1) x  x  x  x  K  1  x  x 2  x3  x 4  K
2! 3! 4! 3 6

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 dy
10 Differentiating cos x  y sin x   y   , (1) with respect to x, gives
dx
d y dy dy dy
cos x   sin x  y cos x  sin x   y  , (2)
dx dx dx dx

Differentiating again

d y d y dy d y  dy 
cos x   sin x   y sin x  cos x   y     y    , (3)
dx dx dx dx  dx 
 dy   dy 
Substituting x0  0, y0  1 into (1) gives    ()  , so    
 dx   dx 
 dy 
Substituting x  , y  ,     into (2) gives
 dx 
d y
2
 d2 y 
 2   1  6(1)(2)  0, so  2   11
 dx 0  dx 0
 dy   d2 y 
Substituting x  0, y  1,    2,  2   11 into (3) gives
 dx 0  dx  0
 d3 y   d3 y 
 3  (1)( 2)  6(1)(11)  12(1)( 2) 2
, so  3   112
 dx 0  dx 0

Substituting these values into the form of Taylor’s series form ii,
11 2 ( 112) 3
gives y  1  ( 2) x  x  x K
2! 3!
  
y     x  x  x K
 
11 2 56 3
Ignoring terms in x4 and higher powers, y  1  2 x  x  x
2 3

11 a We consider the differential equation:

d2 y dy
2
 4x  2 y
dx dx

Differentiating both sides:

d3 y dy d2 y dy dy d2 y
  4  4 x  2  2  4 x
dx3 dx dx2 dx dx dx2
d4 y d2 y d2 y d3 y d2 y d3 y
 4  2 2  4 2  4x 3  6 2  4x 3
dx dx dx dx dx dx
5 3 3 4 4
d y d y d y d y d y d3 y
 5  6 3  4 3  4 x 4  4 x 4  10 3
dx dx dx dx dx dx

i.e. p  4, q  10

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11 b Now use the initial conditions given to find:

d2 y
( x  1)  4 1  2  2  2  4
dx 2
d3 y
( x  1)  2  2  4 1 4  20
dx3
d4 y
( x  1)  6  4  4 1  20  104
dx 4
d5 y
( x  1)  10  20  4 1 104  616
dx5

Plugging this into the Taylor expansion for y( x) , we see:

y ( x)  2  2( x  1)  1  4( x  1) 2  1  20( x  1)3
2! 3!
 1  104( x  1) 4  1  616( x  1)5  ...
4! 5!
 y ( x)  2  2( x  1)  2( x  1) 2  10 ( x  1)3
3
 13 ( x  1)4  77 ( x  1)5  ...
3 15

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