Pushover Analysis of a Masonry House

Outline

1 Description 3
2 Finite Element Model 5
2.1 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3 Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.4 Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.5 Mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3 Eigenvalue Analysis 28
3.1 Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4 Pushover Analysis 31
4.1 Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Appendix A Additional Information 44

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1 Description
This example presents a pushover analysis of a masonry structure: a small house with a foundation on grade, masonry walls and a timber roof [Fig. 1].

The dimensions of the house are: 5.2 m length, 3.2 m width and 3 m high. There is a door of 1 m width and 2.3 m high located in one of the longer walls. The foundation is 0.5 m thick
and is supported by an interface that accounts for the behavior of the soil. The timber beams of the roof have a rectangular shape with 0.2 m height and 0.05 m width. The timber roof
plate is 0.018 m thick. The bricks of the walls are 0.1 m thick.

A nonlinear pushover analysis is performed until failure to determine the resistance of the house.

In an earthquake analysis until failure, there is usually a large number of load or time steps. To economize in file size and to speed up the output visualization, the results are usually not
asked for all the steps but rather distanced by an interval. This can lead to the case that, near collapse, the last converged step is not recorded for output. With the near collapse output
tool, available in D IANA, the results are retrieved for the step immediately before divergence, even if this was not initially asked for output. This example illustrates the advantages of this
tool.

Figure 1: Masonry house

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The material properties used in the model are listed in Table 1. To model the masonry walls in D IANA we use the Engineering Masonry model. In this material model the tensile strength,
compressive strength and fracture energies relate to the direction normal to the bed joints.

Table 1: Material properties

Concrete for the foundation
Young’s modulus E 1.0E+10 N/m2
Poisson’s ratio ν 0.15
Mass density ρ 2.5E+3 kg/m3
Timber for roof beams Masonry bricks - parameters for Engineering Masonry Model
Young’s modulus E 9.0E+10 N/m2 Young modulus Ex (bed joint direction) 3.0E+9 N/m2
Poisson’s ratio ν 0.3 Young modulus Ey (orthogonal to bed joint direction) 6.0E+9 N/m2
Mass density ρ 6.0E+2 kg/m3 Shear modulus Gxy 1.875E+9 N/m2
Timber for roof plate Mass density ρ 1.85E+3 kg/m3
Head-joint failure type - Diagonal stair-case cracks
Young’s modulus Ex 9.0E+9 N/m2 Bed-joint tensile strength ft 0.15E+6 N/m2
Young’s modulus Ey 9.0E+9 N/m2 Fracture energy in tension GF 1 35 N/m
Young’s modulus Ez 9.0E+9 N/m2 Angle between diagonal stepped crack and bed joint α 0.519 rad
Poisson’s ratio ν 0.3 Compressive strength fc 8.0E+6 N/m2
Shear modulus Gxy 4.0E+6 N/m2 Fracture energy in Compression Gc 5.0E+3 N/m
Shear modulus Gyz 5.6E+8 N/m2 Factor to strain at compressive strength εc,f ac 4
Shear modulus Gxz 5.6E+8 N/m2 Unloading factor f ac, unload 0.8
Mass density ρ 3.0E+3 kg/m3 Friction angle Φ 0.64 rad
Soil interface Cohesion C 0.4E+6
Fracture energy shear Gsh 20 N/m
3
Normal stiffness (z) 1.0E+8 N/m
Shear stiffness (x and y) 1.0E+8 N/m3
Cohesion 1.0E+5 N/m2
Friction angle 0.52 rad
Dilatancy angle 0.10 rad

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2 Finite Element Model
For the modeling session we start a new project. We dominantly use linear hexagonal elements. We choose the default units (SI): meter for the unit length and newton for force.
D IANA IE

Main menu File New [Fig. 2]

Geometry browser Reference system Units [Fig. 3]
Property Panel [Fig. 4]

Figure 2: New project dialog Figure 3: Geometry browser Figure 4: Property panel - units

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2.1 Geometry

First we create the walls by making lines and extrude them. The walls are defined separately in X and Y directions, because the reference definition of the local x axis - that is coincident
to the bed joint direction - differs with the direction of the walls. Then we create a sheet to be subtracted to one wall to make the gap for the door. After that, we create the beams of the
roof and the roof plate and finally the sheet for the foundation.

We start with the lines.

D IANA IE

Main menu Geometry Create Line [Fig. 5] - [Fig. 9]

Figure 5: Geometry - add line 1 Figure 6: Geometry - add line 2 Figure 7: Geometry - add line 3 Figure 8: Geometry - add line 4

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We create the walls by extruding the lines 3 m in the Z direction.

D IANA IE

Main menu Geometry Modify Extrude [Fig. 9] - [Fig. 11]

Figure 9: View of the model - lines Figure 10: Geometry - extrude lines Figure 11: View of the model - walls

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We create the rectangular sheet and subtract it from the wall to make the door gap.
D IANA IE

Main menu Geometry Create Polygon sheet [Fig. 12] [Fig. 16]
Main menu Geometry Modify Subtract [Fig. 13] – [Fig. 17]

Figure 14: Target to subtract Figure 16: Add door sheet

Figure 12: Geometry - add sheet Figure 13: Geometry - subtract sheet Figure 15: Tool to subtract Figure 17: Subtracted door

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We create the nine beams of the roof. We add a straight line and array copy eight lines with a distance of 0.6 m.
The connections between the beams and the walls are, in reality, hinged. For the sake of simplicity of this tutorial we consider these connections as fixed.

D IANA IE

Main menu Geometry Create Line [Fig. 18]

Main menu Geometry Modify Array copy [Fig. 19]

Figure 18: Geometry - add beam Figure 19: Geometry - Array copy beams Figure 20: View of model - beams

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We create one sheet for the roof [Fig. 21]. The roof slab is connected to the beams and deliberately not to the walls, to represent the manner how these type of houses are usually built.
There is a 5 cm gap (half of the brick thickness) between the roof sheet and the walls in all the perimeter [Fig. 22]. The roof prevents the rotations of the beams.

D IANA IE

Main menu Geometry Create Polygon sheet [Fig. 21]

Figure 21: Geometry - add sheet roof Figure 22: View of the model - roof

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To make the ring beam for the foundation we create two rectangular sheets correspondent to the outer [Fig. 23] and inner perimeter [Fig. 24].
D IANA IE

Main menu Geometry Create Polygon sheet [Fig. 23] [Fig. 24]

Figure 25: View foundation - outer perimeter

Figure 23: Geometry - add sheet Figure 24: Geometry - add sheet
foundation foundation to subtract Figure 26: View foundation - inner perimeter

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We subtract the sheet foundation out from the sheet foundation to create the ring beam [Fig. 30]. The geometry of the house is now complete [Fig. 31].
D IANA IE

Geometry browser Geometry Shapes wall1x Hide <hide the walls, beams and roof >
Main menu Geometry Modify Subtract [Fig. 27] - [Fig. 30]
Geometry browser Geometry Shapes wall1x Show <show all the shapes>

Figure 28: Target - foundation outer perimeter Figure 30: Foundation ring

Figure 27: Geometry - Subtract

foundation Figure 29: Tool - foundation inner perimeter Figure 31: View of model - house

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2.2 Properties
We define the properties of the materials as listed in Table 1.
For the concrete of the foundation we use linear elastic isotropic model with the parameters E = 1.0e+10 N/m2 , ν = 0.15 and ρ = 2.5e+03 kg/m3 . We use regular curved shells and the
thickness is 0.5 m.
D IANA IE

Main menu Geometry Assign Shape properties [Fig. 32] - [Fig. 36]
Shape properties Material Add material [Fig. 33] Edit material [Fig. 34]
Shape properties Geometry Add new geometry [Fig. 35]

Figure 32: Assign foundation properties Figure 33: Foundation - add new material Figure 34: Foundation - material properties

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 Figure 35: Foundation - edit geometry Figure 36: Assign properties to foundation

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For the masonry of the walls we use the Engineering Masonry model with the parameters defined in Table 1. We use regular curved shells and thickness is 0.1 m. The walls are defined
separately in X and Y directions to set the correspondent local x axis in the direction of the bed joints. The material is the same and we need to define two different geometries.

First we define the material properties for the masonry.

D IANA IE

Main menu Geometry Materials Add material [Fig. 37] - [Fig. 40]

Figure 37: Masonry walls - add new material Figure 38: Masonry walls - material properties

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 Figure 39: Masonry walls - material properties Figure 40: Masonry walls - material properties

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We now define the two element geometries. The thickness is the same (0.1 m) and the definition of the local axes differs.
For the walls defined in the X direction the local x axis corresponds to the global X axis [1 0 0].
For the walls defined in the Y direction the local x axis corresponds to the global Y axis [0 1 0].

D IANA IE

Main menu Geometry Element geometries Add element geometry [Fig. 41] [Fig. 43]
Main menu Geometry Element geometries Add element geometry [Fig. 42] [Fig. 44]

Figure 41: Add new geometry - walls in X direction

Figure 42: Add new geometry - wall in Y direction Figure 43: Edit geometry - walls in X direction Figure 44: Edit geometry - walls in Y direction

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In order to better capture the nonlinear response of the masonry walls we increase the number of integration points.

For that we first need to define an element data set for the walls [Fig. 45] and then increase the default integration points through the thickness to 5 ([Fig. 46] and [Fig. 47]).
D IANA IE

Main menu Geometry Element data Add element data [Fig. 45]
Geometry browser Element data clay data [Fig. 46]
Property Panel Description Add... THINTE 5 [Fig. 47]

Figure 45: Add new element data Figure 46: Geometry browser - element data Figure 47: Set integration scheme

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We now assign the properties defined previously to the walls in X and Y direction separately.
D IANA IE

Main menu Geometry Assign Shape properties [Fig. 48] [Fig. 49]
Main menu Geometry Assign Shape properties [Fig. 51] [Fig. 50]

Figure 49: Selection of the walls in X direction

Figure 48: Assign properties to walls in X direction Figure 50: Selection of the walls in Y direction Figure 51: Assign properties to walls in Y direction

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The beams of the roof are made of timber with the properties defined in Table 1.

We model this material as linear elastic isotropic (we can choose class type of steel) with the parameters E = 9.0e+10 N/m2 , ν = 0.3 and ρ = 6.0e+02 kg/m3 . We use elements class-II
beams 3D with cross section of rectangular shape with 0.2 m height and 0.05 m width.

D IANA IE

Main menu Geometry Assign Shape properties [Fig. 52] - [Fig. 55]
Shape properties Material Add material [Fig. 53] Edit material [Fig. 54]

Figure 52: Assign properties to roof beams Figure 53: Roof beams - add new material Figure 54: Roof beams - material properties Figure 55: Assign property to timber beams

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We need to define the local element axes. This is a crucial step to correctly model the cross-section of the beams. In Figure 56 we define the element z axis in relation to the global
axes: [0 -1 0]. We can verify it by displaying the local axes [Fig. 57]12 . The same color code of the global axes applies to the local axes: x is red, y is green and z is blue.
D IANA IE
Shape properties Geometry Add new geometry [Fig. 56]
Geometry browser Geometry Local shape axes [Fig. 57]

Figure 56: Beams - edit geometry Figure 57: Element local axes
Note:

1
It is possible to show local axes in geometry (local shape axes) and in the mesh (local element axes).
2
It is also possible to assign the properties to Beam1 before applying the array copy. The array copy function copies the shape including the assigned properties.

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The roof plate is also made of timber but, as it is a spatial element, we define it as linear elastic orthotropic with varying shear modulus in the different directions [Table 1]. We use regular
curved shells and thickness is 0.018 m.
D IANA IE

Main menu Geometry Assign Shape properties [Fig. 58]

Shape properties Material Add material [Fig. 60] Edit material [Fig. 61]
Shape properties Geometry Add new geometry [Fig. 62]

Figure 59: Assign properties to roof plate

Figure 58: Assign properties to roof plate Figure 60: Roof - add new material Figure 61: Roof - material properties Figure 62: Roof - edit geometry

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2.3 Boundary Conditions
We add a boundary interface to the bottom face of the foundation sheet [Fig. 63]. The element class is structural plane interfaces and for the material definition we use the Coulomb
Friction model with the parameters defined in Table 1. The house can slide over the supports and the interface represents the contact between the foundation and the soil. We do not
need to add new data because we use the default integration scheme and number of integration points. The element local x axis corresponds to global X axis.
D IANA IE

Main menu Geometry Assign Connections [Fig. 63] [Fig. 68]

Edit connections Material Add material [Fig. 64] Edit material [Fig. 65]
Connections Geometry Add new geometry [Fig. 66]

Figure 66: Interface - edit

Figure 63: Assign interface properties Figure 64: Interface - add new material Figure 65: Interface - material properties geometry

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We fix all the translations at the bottom of the foundation.

D IANA IE

Connections Support Add new support [Fig. 67] - [Fig. 69]

Figure 67: Interface - attach support Figure 68: Interface connections Figure 69: Supports on the interface

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2.4 Loads
We set the self-weight [Fig. 70] and the pushover load to all the elements of the model [Fig. 71]. In this example only mode 1 will be checked. Usually, we would need to perform an
eigenvalue analysis to see which is the adequate eigenmode for the pushover. In this case, mode 1 will be the sway mode of the house and the one considered for the pushover.
D IANA IE

Main menu Geometry Assign Global loads [Fig. 70]

Main menu Geometry Assign Loads [Fig. 71] [Fig. 72]

Figure 70: Load - self-weight Figure 71: Load - pushover Figure 72: Attach pushover load to all the model

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2.5 Mesh
We set an element size of 0.6 m to the roof plate and beams and 0.3 m to the walls and foundation.
D IANA IE

Main menu Geometry Mesh Mesh properties [Fig. 73] - [Fig. 75]

Figure 73: Mesh properties - roof plate Figure 74: Mesh properties - beams Figure 75: Mesh properties - walls and foundation

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We generate the mesh.
D IANA IE

Main menu Geometry Mesh Generate mesh [Fig. 76]

Figure 76: View of the mesh

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3 Eigenvalue Analysis

3.1 Commands
According to the usual procedure for earthquake simulations, we first perform an eigenvalue analysis to learn about the behavior of the house. In this case we keep the characteristics of
the analysis as default and set the number of calculation modes to five.

D IANA IE

Main menu Analysis Add analysis [Fig. 77]

Analysis browser Analysis1 Add command Structural eigenvalue [Fig. 77] [Fig. 78]
Analysis browser Analysis1 Structural eigenvalue Execute eigenvalue analysis Edit properties [Fig. 79] [Fig. 80]

Figure 77: Analysis browser Figure 78: Add command Figure 79: Analysis browser Figure 80: Edit number of eigenfrequencies

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3.2 Results
Here we show some results from the eigenvalue analysis: total displacements DtXYZ for the first mode and the five determined eigenfrequencies.
We create a contour plot for the transversal displacement of mode 1 [Fig. 82]. We confirm that mode 1 is the sway mode, so the one to be considered in the pushover load.
D IANA IE

Main menu Viewer Viewpoints Isometric view 1

Main menu Viewer Fit all
Results browser Analysis1 Output Nodal results Displacements DtXYZ

Figure 81: Results browser - eigenvalue analysis Figure 82: Transversal displacement DtXYZ - mode 1

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In the output file or in the message box we can see the five eigenvalues determined in the analysis [Fig. 83].

We can see that the frequencies are high, that is because the structure is a small and relatively stiff house.

Figure 83: Messages window - eigenvalue analysis

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4 Pushover Analysis
4.1 Commands
We now add a structural nonlinear analysis until failure to the current Analysis1. This includes the self-weight and the pushover load.

D IANA IE

Analysis browser Analysis1 Structural nonlinear [Fig. 84] [Fig. 85]

Analysis browser Analysis1 Structural nonlinear new execute block Rename Self Weight [Fig. 86]
Analysis browser Analysis1 Structural nonlinear Add... Execute steps - Load steps
Analysis browser Analysis1 Structural nonlinear new execute block Rename Pushover [Fig. 87]

Figure 84: Add structural nonlinear analysis Figure 85: Analysis command menu Figure 86: Rename execute block to ”Self Weight” Figure 87: Add ”Pushover” execute block

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We set up the characteristics of the nonlinear analysis: load steps, convergence criteria and solution method. In this case the geometrically nonlinear effects are important because we
are applying out-of-plane loads to the walls [Fig. 89]. The self-weight load (SW) is applied in two steps [Fig. 91].
D IANA IE

Analysis browser Analysis1 Structural nonlinear Nonlinear effects Edit properties [Fig. 88] [Fig. 89]
Analysis browser Analysis1 Structural nonlinear Self Weight Load steps Edit properties [Fig. 90] [Fig. 91]

Figure 88: Edit nonlinear effects Figure 89: Nonlinear effects Figure 90: Edit load steps for ”Self Weight”

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We keep the equilibrium iteration properties as default [Fig. 93].

D IANA IE

Analysis browser Analysis1 Structural nonlinear Self Weight Equilibrium iteration Edit properties [Fig. 92] [Fig. 93]

Figure 91: Load steps for ”Self Weight” Figure 92: Edit the iterations for ”Self Weight” Figure 93: Self Weight - iteration properties

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The pushover load (PO) is applied incrementally until failure. As we are doing a nonlinear analysis until failure we need to set some specific properties in order to ensure convergence. If
we use default settings we will find problems of convergence from early load steps.
The pushover load is applied in 100 increments with a factor of 0.5. We activate arc length control to follow the path of response until failure with automatic scaling of load steps. We use
the updated normal plane method with regular control.

D IANA IE

Analysis browser Analysis1 Structural nonlinear Pushover Load steps Edit properties [Fig. 94] [Fig. 95]
Properties - LOAD Arc length control Settings [Fig. 95]
Arc length setting Control type - Regular Settings [Fig. 96]

Figure 94: Edit load steps Figure 95: Pushover - load steps settings Figure 96: Pushover - arc length settings

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In the arc length control settings we consider the translations in the X direction, because it is main direction of loading. To control the arc length we choose all the nodes of the structure
except the ones that are supported in the interface. For that we deactivate the Geometry connection 1 from the mesh browser and select all the nodes of the structure that remain visible.
The movement followed is the X direction translation, because it is the dominant movement of the structure.

D IANA IE

Regular arc length control settings Control sets Add new [Fig. 97]
Regular arc length control settings DOF selection <select nodes> [Fig. 97] [Fig. 99]

Figure 97: Arc length control settings Figure 98: Supported part of the mesh not selected Figure 99: Select nodes for arc length control

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We set the properties of the iterative procedure in order to ensure a stable and efficient analysis that converges throughout the nonlinear path of the structural response until failure. For
the equilibrium iteration procedure we use the Secant (Quasi-Newton) method, because it has less chance of underestimating the stiffness, with a maximum of 50 iterations. We use
displacement convergence with default tolerances because we want to follow the displacement pattern. We choose to continue the analysis even if convergence is not achieved within
the maximum number of iterations. The analysis stops when divergence occurs.
D IANA IE

Analysis browser Analysis1 Structural nonlinear Pushover Equilibrium iteration Edit properties [Fig. 101]
Properties Displacements - Settings No convergence - continue [Fig. 102]

Figure 100: Edit equilibrium iteration Figure 101: Pushover load - iterative method settings Figure 102: Displacement convergence norm

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We ask for results to be output each five load steps (5-100(5)). We chose to output results of displacements, support reactions, crack strains and openings, total strains and stresses.
Finally we run the analysis.
D IANA IE

Analysis browser Analysis1 Structural nonlinear Output Edit properties [Fig. 104] Steps 5-100(5) [Fig. 103] [Fig. 104]
Analysis browser Analysis1 Structural nonlinear Output Edit properties Result User selection Modify [Fig. 105] [Fig. 106]
Analysis browser Analysis1 Run selected analysis

Figure 106: Output for nonlinear

Figure 103: Edit the nonlinear output Figure 104: Output steps Figure 105: Selection of results analysis

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4.2 Results
We create a graph with the total base shear force versus displacement in X direction in the middle top part of the wall with the door gap. The node considered to plot the displacements
is located at the coordinates (3.2, 2.6, 3) m.

D IANA IE

Main menu Viewer Selection mode Node selection [Fig. 107]

<Select the node located at (3.2, 2.6, 3) m>
Results browser Load-step 5, Load-factor ..., PO Nodal results Displacements TDtX Show table [Fig. 108] [Fig. 109]
<Copy the data to Excel> [Fig. 113]

Figure 107: Selected node for displacements Figure 108: Show table Figure 109: Graph of total displacements

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We need the reactions in all the nodes of the foundation. By summing all the reactions we have the total base shear force for each load step. We deselect the node and ask for the table
of reactions in X direction in all the nodes.

D IANA IE

Graphics window Deselect all [Fig. 110]

Results browser Load-step 5, Load-factor ..., PO Nodal results Reaction Forces FBX Show table [Fig. 111] [Fig. 112]
<Copy the data to Excel> [Fig. 113]

Figure 110: Deselect nodes Figure 111: Show table Figure 112: Table of force reactions

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We make the graph in Excel.

Figure 113: Base shear force vs. Displacements

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The analysis diverges in load step 28 and the peak load factor is reached in load step 25. According to the interval of steps asked for output the last result corresponds to step number
25. With the near collapse output functionality, the load step immediately before divergence is also outputted (step number 27), so we can see the results immediately before collapse.
Here we present the color maps of total displacements in X direction for failure (last load step, immediately before divergence).
D IANA IE
Results browser Analysis1 Load-step 27, Load-factor ..., PO Nodal results Displacements TDtX [Fig. 114] [Fig. 115]

Figure 114: Results window for Pushover Analysis Figure 115: Transversal displacement DtX - Failure

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We represent the crack width in layers 1 (front) [Fig. 119] and 5 (back) [Fig. 120] of the walls at failure state (i.e. last load step before divergence). We can see the position of the layers
through the element local axis. The limits of the color maps correspondent to the peak load were set as [0, 0.003] m in order to see the parts of the house that are with inadmissible crack
openings.
D IANA IE

Graphics window Show view settings

Property Panel Result Contour plot settings Color scale limits Specified values options [Fig. 116]
Property Panel Result Contour plot settings Specified values Minimum value 0.0 [Fig. 116]
Property Panel Result Contour plot settings Specified values Maximum value 0.003 [Fig. 116]
Results browser Analysis1 Load-step 27, Load-factor ..., PO Element results Crack-widths Ecw1 Layer 1 of 5 [Fig. 117] [Fig. 119]
Results browser Analysis1 Load-step 27, Load-factor ..., PO Element results Crack-widths Ecw1 Layer 5 of 5 [Fig. 118] [Fig. 120]

Figure 116: Contour plot settings Figure 117: Results browser Figure 118: Results browser

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 Figure 119: Crack widths at peak load (layer 1) Figure 120: Crack widths at peak load (layer 5)

The functionality of near collapse output is very advantageous for large earthquake computations (especially for time history analysis) involving many load or time steps, in which the
results are usually asked in intervals of 50, 100 or even more steps.

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Appendix A Additional Information

Folder: Tutorials/MasonryHouse

Number of elements ≈ 900

Keywords:
ANALYS : eigen geomet nonlin physic.
CONSTR : suppor.
ELEMEN : beam class2 curved interf l13be q20sh q24if rectan shell struct t15sh t18if.
LOAD : pushov weight.
MATERI : coulom dampin elasti engmas fricti isotro orthot unload viscou.
OPTION : arclen bfgs direct lagran newton nonsym normal regula secant select total units update.
POST : binary ndiana.
PRE : dianai.
RESULT : cauchy crack crkwdt displa eigen force green princi reacti strain stress total tracti values.

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