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MANUALS OF CATHOLIC PHILOSOPHY
LOGIC
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THWBicho del it
1938
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MANUALS OF CATHOLIC PHILOSOPHY .
(STONYHURST SERIES.)
ROEHAMPTON :
PRINTED BY JAMES STANLEY.
MANUALS OF CATHOLIC PHILOSOPHY.
LOGIC.
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RICHARD FCLARKE, S.J.
LONDON :
1889.
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PREFACE .
sound philosophy.
But this state of things could not last. Sir
pupils.
The English text-books hitherto issued have
been little more than a literal translation from the
INTRODUCTION .
PAGE
CHAPTER I.- THE PROVINCE OF LOGIC I
II. THE DEFINITION OF LOGIC · 15
" III. THE FOUndations of LOGIC 29
I. The Principle of Contradiction · 33
II. The Principle of Identity 42
" IV. THE FOUNDATIONS OF LOGIC (continued) . 50
" V. THE FOUNDATIONS OF LOGIC (continued) · 71
III. The Principle of Causation . 72
IV. The Principle of Excluded Middle 79
" VI. THE THREE OPERATIONS OF THOUGHT · 92
PAGE
CHAPTER VII.-EXAMPLE AND ANALOGY • 402
Example . 402
Analogy 407
13 VIII. THE MATTER OF THE SYLLOGISM · 412
I. Demonstrative Syllogisms · 419
II. Probable Syllogisms . . 424
33 IX.-FALLACIES 432
I. Fallacies of Language 434
II. Fallacies outside Language 445
33 X.- METHOD AND ITS LAWS 461
APPENDIX .
PART I.
CHAPTER I.
¹ Cf. Rev. T. Harper, Metaphysics of the School, II. pp. 34, &c. , to
whom I am indebted for several of the arguments here adduced .
THE PRINCIPLE OF IDENTITY. 49
E
CHAPTER IV.
' I cannot refrain from quoting Mr. Mill's argument against the
a priori necessity of numerical propositions, as an instance of that
illustrious philosopher's method : " The expression ' two pebbles and
one pebble ' (he says, Logic, i. 289) and the expression ' three pebbles, '
stand indeed for the same aggregation of objects , but they by no
means stand for the same physical fact. . . . Three pebbles in two
separate parcels and three pebbles in one parcel, do not make the
same impression on our senses, and the assertion that the very same
pebbles may, by an alteration of place and arrangement, be made to
produce either one set of sensations or the other, though a very
familiar proposition, is not an identical one. It is a truth known to
us by early and constant experience ; an inductive truth, and such
truths are the foundation of the science of number."
This paragraph is an excellent example of Mr. Mill's style of
argument. In order to prove that 2 + 1 = 3 is a proposition
learnt from experience , he turns his numbers into pebbles and
arranges his pebbles into separate parcels. Then he puts the two
parcels and the one parcel side by side and quietly says : “ Don't
you see that the two parcels produce a different sensation from the
one parcel ? " He quietly introduces external differences of place
and arrangement and then appeals to these very differences to prove
his point. Besides, it is not question of concrete and material facts
present to sense, but of abstract truth present to the intellect. To
bring in sensation and that which appeals to sensation is to bring in
a confusing element which of itself renders the argument valueless.
KANT'S DOCTRINE FALSE. 67
It may be well to remind the reader that the " symbolic con-
ceptions " of Mr. Herbert Spencer are, in spite of their name,
nothing else than pictures on the imagination.
COMMON PHANTASMS. 117
not require, ' he says, ' some pains and skill to form the general idea
of a triangle ? (which is yet none of the most abstract , compre-
hensive, and difficult) ; for it must be neither oblique nor rectangle,
neither equilateral, equicrural, nor scalenan : but all and none of
these at once. In effect, it is something imperfect, that cannot
exist ; an idea wherein some parts of several different and incon-
sistent ideas are put together. " (Hamilton, Lectures on Metaphysics,
300, 301.)
154 THE DOCTRINE OF UNIVERSALS.
¹ Cf. St. Thos. Opusc . 44 (Ed . Rom. 48) , I. 1 ; " Sed quia intel-
lectus reflectitur supra se ipsum et supra ea quæ in eo sunt, sive
subjective sive objective, considerat iterum hominem sic a se
intellectum sine conditionibus materiæ : et videt quod talis natura
cum tali universalitate seu abstractione intellecta potest attribui
huic et illi individuo, et quod realiter est in hoc et illo individuo :
ideo format secundam intentionem de tali natura, et hanc vocat
universale seu prædicabile vel hujusmodi."
168 ON THE HEADS OF PREDICABLES.
It may be well to warn the reader that organic is not used here
in the sense which it has acquired in the vocabulary of modern
chemistry, but is simply equivalent to organized.
TWO MEANINGS OF SPECIES. 181
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MANRATI Re
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ONA ION &c. s
L IRRAT
Treherubs
S s
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SEN
ANIMALS SIB LE &C.
NSIB
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d
Woone
LIVING Stotals
Me
OR
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GANI &c.
GA
INOR
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lss
AnSgoeul of Men ,
BODIES
MA
TE AL &c.
RI
A TERI
L IMMA
SUBSTANCE
ARBOR PORPHYRIANA
Substance Accident
exists in itself exists in something else
ON DEFINITION .
ON DIVISION.
Division
1
Physical Verbal Moral Logical Metaphysical
or Definition.
PART II .
OF JUDGMENT OR ASSENT.
CHAPTER I.
JUDGMENTS.
A E
1
LOGIC .
PART III.
ON REASONING OR ARGUMENT .
CHAPTER I.
ON REASONING .
J
CHAPTER III.
Ma
M Ma
M
Mi M Mi
ᎷᎥ Ma
Ma M
Mi M
Mi Ma
M Ma
M Mi
Mi Ma
Ma M
M Mi
Mi Ma
All who are able to help the poor are bound to help
them ,
All children of Jacob are able to help the poor,
..All children of Jacob are bound to help the poor.
ON FORMAL INDUCTION .
* Prior Anal. II. 23. Ἐπαγωγὴ μὲν οὖν ἐστὶ καὶ ὁ ἐξ ἐπαγωγῆς
συλλογισμὸς τὸ διά τοῦ ἑτέρου θάτερον ἄκρον τῷ μέσῳ συλλογίσασθαι,
οἷον εἰ τῶν Α Γ μέσον τὸ Β, διὰ τοῦ Γ' δεῖξαι τὸ Α τῷ Β ὑπάρχειν
οὕτω γὰρ ποιούμεθα τὰς ἐπαγωγάς.
INDUCTION AND DEDUCTION. 369
universal law, while all the time there is one that for
some reason has escaped our notice, and perhaps
this very one is fatal to the universality of our law.
In the case of the Roman Emperors, it is always
possible that there might have intervened between
the reign of one Emperor and the next recorded , a
short space of time during which there reigned some
Emperor whom historians never knew of, or for
some reason passed over in silence . We may prac-
tically feel certain that this is not the case, but we
never can have that absolute certainty that leaves no
room for any possible doubt. To take a more
practical case : let us suppose a chemist arguing a
century ago about the known metals :
MATERIAL INDUCTION .
AA
CHAPTER VII.
ON FALLACIES .
enunciation of 72 ; CONCEPTUALISM,
explanation of 73-79 ; Locke's theory of modern
falsification of 78, 79 ; 152 . ;
identity (law of) its connec- refutation of modern 123-
tion with 76, 77 ; 129, 132-139 ;
Mill's idea of 80-88 ; universals, doctrine of 144-
sufficient reason (law of) its 147, 157-158 ; see also
connection with 77,78. Hamilton.
CAUSES , CONCLUSION,
efficient 73-76 ; argument, synonym for 95 ;
final 73 ; truth of 310-312 .
formal 72 ; CONDITION (special), fallacy of
immediate 74, 75 ; 446-448.
material 72 ; CONSCIOUSNESS 100.
metaphysical 396 ; CONSEQUENT,
nature of 72-76 ; fallacy of 455 ;
physical 396 ; of propositions 307.
sensationalist's view of 396, CONSISTENCY, principle of 90,
397. 91.
CERTAINTY 426-428. CONTRADICTION, principle of,
CERTITUDE, Aquinas' (St. Thomas) idea
absolute 384-386, 415-417 ; of 34;
certainty, relation to 426- enunciation of 33 ;
428 ; errors from abuse of 40 ;
definition of 415 ; first of all principles 33-35,
degrees of 467, 468 ; 40-42 ;
hypothesis confused with 253, Hamilton on 36 ;
254 ; Hegel on 35 ;
hypothetical, see physical ; identity (principle of) , its re-
induction, generates 399— lation to 43-49 ;
401 ; Kant on 35;
metaphysical, see absolute ; logic, founded on 42 ;
moral 415-417 ; Mansel on 35 ;
physical 384-386, 415-417. Mill's idea of 89, 90;
CIRCLE (vicious) 218. moderns reject it 35, 36 ;
COGNITION, direct and reflex rules for its application 36-
154, 165–167. 40 ;
COMPOSITION, Schelling on 35 ;
fallacy of 439, 440 ; Suarez on 40, 41 ;
synonym for judgment 249. thinking, its connection with
COMPREHENSION , 34-36, 40-42.
of subject and predicate 282 CONVERSION of propositions
-287 ; 298-303, 341 , 342.
whole of 281. CONVICTIONS ,
CONCEPTION, see apprehen- as judgments 252 ;
sion. confused with opinions 252
CONCEPT, see idea. -254.
488 INDEX .
ERROR, FALLACY,
definition of 419 ; Aquinas (St.Thomas) on 449 ;
detected by logic 2, 10, 14, formal and material 433, 434 ;
21, 196, 206-210 ; nature of 432, 433 ;
springing from confusion species of (1 ) accent 443,
about association (law of) 444,
469, 470 ; (2) accident 445, 446,
convictions and opinions, (3) amphibology 436-439,
252-254 ; (4) Argumentum
idea and phantasm 113, (a) a non causa 453,
120--139 ; (b) a dicto secundum
meaning of words 194- quid 446, 447,
196 ; 206 - 210, 468, (c) a dicto simpliciter
469 ; 447, 448,
principle of contradiction (d) ad hominem 450—
40; 452,
truth of conclusion and (e) adpopulum 452,
premisses 311, 312. (f) a non tali pro tali
ESSENCE, 455,
definition of 5, 156 ; (g) ad verecundiam 452,
indivisibility and immuta- (h) a non vera 454, 455,
bility of 183 ; (5) condition 446—8,
knowable by man 184, 185 ; (6) composition 439, 440,
metaphysical 151 ; (7) consequent 455 , 456,
pars determinans et pars (8) division 440—443 ,
determinabilis 172—174 ; (9) equivocation 434-436,
physical 151 : ( 10) figure of speech 444,
species give the 171 ; (11) Ignorantia Elenchi 448—
universals contain the 157. 453,
EVASION 449. (12) petitio principii 456-
EVIDENCE, 459,
chain, cumulative, and cir- (13) plurium interrogantium
cumstantial 430, 431 ; 459.
material logic treats of 9. FALSITY 42.
EXACTNESS aimed at in Logic FIGURES OF SPEECH, fallacy
2. of 444 ;
EXAMPLE 402-407. of syllogism 324-339.
EXPERIMENT (minute) not FORMALISM 412.
used by St. Thomas or
Aristotle, 365, 386. GALEN, inventor offourth figure
EXPERIMENTAL SCHOOL, see 339.
Mill. GALILEO, his condemnation
EXTENSION, 253, 400.
of subject and predicate, 281 GENIUS, how it reaches con-
-287 ; clusions 406.
whole of 281. GENUS,
definition of 171 ;
FF
490 INDEX .
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