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 Let us define
basic terminologies involved
 Elasticity

The phenomenon by virtue of which

a body tends to regain its shape
after removal of deforming force is
called as
ELASTICITY
 Elasticity

● Elastic : Bodies which completely regain

their shape after removal of deforming
forces. eg – Steel, quarty etc.

● Plastic : Bodies which do not completely

regain their shape after removal of
deforming forces .
● ex– Rubber, Clay, Mica.
Steel is more elastic than rubber.
 Stress 𝝈

● It is the restoring force per unit

area of material.
Stress is of 3 types:
● Longitudinal Stress
● Volumetric Stress
● Shear Stress
1. Longitudinal Stress 𝝈L
2. Volumetric Stress 𝝈v
3. Shear Stress 𝝈s
Types of Stress
 Types of Stress

Longitudinal Stress Volumetric Stress Shear Stress

Tensile Compressive
F dF F||
F
dA

F||
F
F
 Strain (𝛆)

● The effect of stress is strain.

● It is ratio of change in configuration

to original configuration.
 Strain (𝛆)

Longitudinal Strain Volumetric Strain Shear Strain

ΔL
F||
L ΔP
F⟂ F⟂
ΔV L 𝜃
L +ΔL
F||

𝛆L = ΔL/L 𝛆V = -ΔV/V 𝛆S = ΔL/L = tan 𝜃

 Hooke’s Law

● Within elastic limit, stress is directly proportional

to strain.
𝝈∝𝛆
𝝈=E𝛆

● E = modulus of Elasticity =
 Types of Modulus of Elasticity

Young’s Modulus(Y) Bulk Modulus(B) Modulus of Rigidity(𝜂)

ΔL
F||
L ΔP
F⟂ F⟂
ΔV L 𝜃
L +ΔL
F||
Types of Modulus of Elasticity
 Compressibility β

It is reciprocal of bulk modulus.

Stress - Strain Graph
Breaking Stress or tensile strength
Stress - Strain Graph
D
S E
x Fracture
point
S C
y
B
A

stress
strain
 Stress - Strain Graph
D
● Breaking Stress or tensile strength. E
S
Material breaks beyond this
stress
x Fracture
point
● Yield Stress S C
B
Material no longer remains y

completely elastic beyond this point A

● Proportional Limit
Completely elastic behaviour till this
point & Hooke’s Law is valid

stress
strain
A block of mass M hangs from a Massless rod
of Area A, length L & Young’s Modulus Y. Find
elongation in the rod.

M D
A block of mass M hangs from a Massless rod
of Area A, length L & Young’s Modulus Y. Find
elongation in the rod.

M D
A block of mass M hangs from the system as
shown. Find total elongation.

A1,L1,Y1
B

C
A2 ,L2,Y2

M
A block of mass M hangs from the system as
shown. Find total elongation.

A1,L1,Y1
B

C
A2 ,L2,Y2

M
 Compare elongations ΔL1 & ΔL2 in the strings
when used in two different situations as
shown.

A ΔL1 = ΔL2

B ΔL1 > ΔL2

C ΔL1 < ΔL2

D None
M
M M
 Compare elongations ΔL1 & ΔL2 in the strings
when used in two different situations as
shown.

A ΔL1 = ΔL2

B ΔL1 > ΔL2

C ΔL1 < ΔL2

D None
M
M M
If breaking stress of wire is 𝜎B, then find
minimum radius of wire required so that it
does not break.

2M
C
M

D
 2M

M
If breaking stress of wire is 𝜎B, then find
minimum radius of wire required so that it
does not break.

2M
C
M

D
A massive rod hangs from a ceiling as shown.
Find elongation in the rod under equilibrium
conditions.

M, L, Y B

D
A massive rod hangs from a ceiling as shown.
Find elongation in the rod under equilibrium
conditions.

M, L, Y B

D
A force F is applied on the rod of mass M and
length L as shown. Find the final elongation in
the rod.

M,L F B

D
A force F is applied on the rod of mass M and
length L as shown. Find the final elongation in
the rod.

M,L F B

D
 TRICK for Rod pulled from both ends

F F

Expands rod by Expands rod by

Net elongation =
 Find elongation in the rod in following cases.

A ΔL

F1 M,L F2 B ΔL

D
 Find elongation in the rod in following cases.

A ΔL

F1 M,L F2 B ΔL

D
 Find elongation in the rod in following cases.

M,L B
F F

D Zero
 Find elongation in the rod in following cases.

M,L B
F F

D Zero
Prove that every material behaves like spring.
Prove that every material behaves like spring.

A,L,Y
k

M M
 A bar is subjected to equal and opposite
forces as shown in the figure. PQRS is a plane
making angle θ with the cross-section of the
bar. If the area of cross-section be ‘A’, then
what is the tensile stress and shear stress on
PQRS:

A
Q
P F B
F
R
θ C
S

D
 Q
P F
F
R
θ
S
 A bar is subjected to equal and opposite
forces as shown in the figure. PQRS is a plane
making angle θ with the cross-section of the
bar. If the area of cross-section be ‘A’, then
what is the tensile stress and shear stress on
PQRS:

A
Q
P F B
F
R
θ C
S

D
 Let us start with
Elastic Potential Energy
Elastic Potential Energy
 Elastic Potential Energy

● (L, A, Y)
F

● Wext = FΔL

● Hence there is 50% loss in sudden stretching

● Loss avoided if wire is slowly stretched.

 Energy Density

(L, A, Y)
F
•

•
A Massive wire is hung from ceiling as shown.
Find elastic potential energy stored in the wire.

M,A, L, Y
Let us define
Poisson’s ratio
Poisson’s ratio (𝜇)
 Poisson’s ratio (𝜇)

𝜇=

F F
D-ΔD D

L+ΔL
Find poisson’s ratio of the material of the
cylinder such that its volume remains
constant.

A 1

B 0.5

C 0.25

D 2
Find poisson’s ratio of the material of the
cylinder such that its volume remains
constant.

A 1

B 0.5

C 0.25

D 2
 Relation between Y, B, 𝜂 & 𝜇

1. Y = 3K(1- 𝜇) Y = Young’s modulus

1. Y = 2𝜂 (1 +𝜇) B= Bulk modulus

1. 𝜂 = Modulus of rigidity

𝜇 = Poisson’s ratio