POPULATION

AND
DEMOGRAPHY
POPULATION
To Sociologists it is the number of persons
occupying, a certain area, drawing
substance from their habitat, and interacting
with one another.

To Demographers population is a collective

group of individuals occupying a particular
place at a given time.
POPULATION GROWTH

is the increase in the number of

individuals in a population. It is a major
factor in energy consumption, housing
shortages, inflation food security,
unemployment and environmental
degradation
DEMOGRAPHY
In their book, Collins Dictionary of
Sociology, David and Julia Gary
define Demography as the statistical
study of human populations with
regard to their size and structure,
their compositions by sex, age,
marital status and changes to these
populations like birth rate and death
rate.
IBN KHALDUN
He is regarded as the Father
of Demography for his
economic analysis of social
organization which
produced the first scientific
and theoretical work on
population
DEMOGRAPHERS
Petersen defines demographers
as people who gather data
about the size, distribution,
composition, and change in
population in order to describe
them.
 TASKS OF DEMOGRAPHY
1. To ascertain the number of people in a given area.
2. To know the resources available for their support.
3. To determine what changes, growth or decline this number represents to
explain the cause of these changes.
4. To estimate on this basis the future trends
5. To know the different kinds of people who may make up any given
population with regard to their physical, mental and cultural
characteristics.
6. To categorize people on the basis of characteristics like age, sex, marital
status, occupation, income, nationality, race, ethnic group, religion and
other characteristics.
7. To ascertain the distribution of people among the different countries and
regions, both rural and urban.
 SOURCES OF DEMOGRAPHIC DATA

 Population Census like population count.

 Vital registration statistics system like birth, death,
marriage, and divorce
 Sample or Special Surveys like surveys of
household
 Demographic data gathered and processed by
the government
 COMPONENTS OF POPULATION CHANGE

Migration
Fertility Mortality
(immigration
(Births) (Deaths)
and emigration)
FERTILITY
Refers to the actual number of children born to a
woman or a group of women. A simple way to
measure fertility is to get the crude birth rate: the
number of registered births per 1,000 of the
population in a given area at a specified time. In
equation form,

Registered number of Births in a year x 1,000

CBR=
Total mid-year population
 Some Reasons why Philippine
Population rapidly increases
 Having a large family is traditional to us
 Perpetuation of the family name
 Support or security during old age
 Additional child means additional help in the farm
 Traditional values of fatalism and “Talaga ng Diyos”
 An additional child is God-sent, a manna from heaven
 Belief that God will provide in all our needs
 Belief that a family is a happy family; the bigger, the merrier
 Macho image, or image of virility of fathers having big families
 Help in housework and earning a living
MORTALITY
Refers to the number of deaths per 1,000 of
the total mid-year population in a particular
place at a specified time, and is measured
by the crude of death rate. In equation
form,

Registered number of deaths a year x 1,000

CDR =
Total mid-year population
Factors That Decline The Rise Of Mortality
 Advance Science of Technology
 Intensified nutrition or diet
 Hygiene and sanitation
 Introduction of safe water supply
 Improved ways of sewage waste
 New medical discoveries
 Improved medical services
 Adoption of public health services
 Use of Antibiotic
Life Expectancy
 Refers to the average of number of years a person is
expected to live at the time of birth.
MIGRATION
 Another factor which affects population change.
Migration refers to the spatial movements of a group of
persons from one place to another, more or less for
permanent residency.
 When one enters the country of destination it is called
immigration. When one leaves the country in order to
move to another is called emigration.
POPULATION PYRAMID
 The population pyramid shows the effects of the three patterns discussed
earlier – births, deaths, and migration.
 Refers to two-dimensional graph used to display the age and gender structure
of a population.
 As the birth rate decreases, the pyramid takes on a more diamond shape, it
means that a great portion of the population are added to the nation’s
productive labor force.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
POPULATION
Age Structure
Sex Composition
Dependency Ratio
Population Density
AGE STRUCTURE
 Refers to the proportion of people at the different age levels.
 The Philippine age structure is relatively young which makes our
country have a smaller portion of adult labor force.
 If a society has a more aged people, provisions have to be made
for their care and services. However, there is a larger work force.
SEX COMPOSITION
 Refers to how the total population is
composed in terms of being males or
females.
 Males > Females
 Implies that there should be more
employment opportunities for males like
farming, mining, and heavy industry.
 Males < Females
 Implies provisions have to be made for
female employment like clerical,
domestic jobs and service-related work
opportunities.
DEPENDENCY RATIO
 Refers to the proportion of the 0-4 and the 65-over age
levels per one hundred persons aged 15-64.
 A high dependency ratio implies heavy financial support
for more dependents.
POPULATION DENSITY
 Refers to the number
of people that can be
equally and statistically
distributed per square
kilometer in a given
geographical area
considering the
population in that
area.
WORLD POPULATION
GROWTH
 Anthropologists have estimated that people have been on this Earth for about a
million or two million years already.
 Population back when people are hunter-gatherers was about 125,000 based on the
circumstantial evidences.
 1850 – slow population growth that in fact, several hundred years were needed for
the population of Earth to reach 1B (Willford, 1981).
 1930 – population grew to 2 billion due to advances in medicine, farming and
transportation.
 1960 – population grew to 3 Billion.
 1975 – 4th billion of people were added.
 Although population began to decline, there are still 146 new human beings each minute,
8790 an hour, 210959 a day, and 77M a year (Nossiter, 1983).
 1987 – fifth billion was reached.
 World population is projected to cross 7B in 2013; 8B in 2028; 9B in 2054; above 10B at
2200 (The World at Six Billion, UN Population Data Division)
BOX 1. THE WORLD AT SIX BILLION: HIGHLIGHTS
1. World population is estimated to cross the six billion threshold on October 12, 1999.
2. World population is projected to cross the 7 billion mark in 2013; the 8 billion mark in
2028; the 9 billion mark in 2054. World population nearly stabilizes at just above 10
billion after 2200.
3. It has taken just 12 years for the world to add this most recent billion people. This is the
shortest period of time in world history for a billion people to be added.
4. World population did not reach one billion until 1804. It took 123 years to reach 2 billion
in 1927, 33 years to reach 3 billion in 1960, 14 years to reach 4 billion in 1974 and 13
years to reach 5 billion in 1987.
5. The highest rate of world population growth (2.04 per cent) occurred in the late 1960s.
The current rate (1995-2000) is 1.31 per cent.
6. The largest annual increase to world population (86 million) took place in the late
1980s; the current annual increase is 78 million.
7. Of the 78 million people currently added to the world each year, 95 per cent live in the
less developed regions.
8. Eighty per cent of the world currently reside in the less developed regions. At the beginning of
the century, 70 per cent did so. By 2050, the share of the world population living in the
currently less developed regions will have risen to 90 per cent.
9. The population of the world is ageing. The median age increased from 23.5 years in 1950 to
26.4 years in 1999. By 2050, the median age is projected to reach 37.8 years. The number of
people in the world aged 60 or older will also rise from the current one-of-ten persons to be
two-of-nine by 2050. Currently around one-of-five persons in the developed countries are
aged 60 or older; in 2050 nearly one-of-every three persons will be aged 60 or older.
10. World life expectancy at birth is now at 65 years, having increased by a remarkable 20 years
since 1950; by 2050 life expectancy is expected to exceed 76 years. However, in spite of these
impressive gains, recent years have shown a devastating toll from AIDS in a number of
countries. In addition, in some Eastern European countries, health has been deteriorating and
mortality, particularly among adult males, has been rising.
11. Couples in developing countries today have on average 3 children each; thirty years ago
they had six. More than half of all couples in developing countries now use contraception.
12. The number of persons who have moved to another country has risen to over 125 million
migrants today from 75 million in 1965.
13. The world has become increasingly urban. Currently, around 46 per cent of the world
population lives in urban areas; the majority of the world’s population will be urban by 2006
TABLE 1. WORLD POPULATION, YEAR 0 TO NEAR STABILIZATION

Year Population (in billions)

0 0.30
1000 0.31
1250 0.40
1500 0.50
1750 0.79
1800 0.98
1850 1.26
1900 1.65
1910 1.75
1920 1.86
1930 2.07
 1940 2.30
1950 2.52
1960 3.02
1970 3.70
1980 4.44
1990 5.27
1999 5.98
2000 6.06
2010 6.79
2020 7.50
2030 8.11
2040 8.58
2050 8.91
2100 9.46
2150 9.75
Near stabilization (after 2200) Just above 10 Billion
 TABLE 2. TEN TOP CONTRIBUTORS TO WORLD
POPULATION GROWTH, 1995 - 2000
PERCENTAGE
COUNTRY OR AREA NET ADDITION CONTRIBUTION TO WORLD
(thousands) POPULATION GROWTH
India 15999 20.6
China 11408 14.7
Pakistan 4048 5.2
Indonesia 2929 3.8
Nigeria 2511 3.2
Unites States of America 2267 2.9
Brazil 2154 2.8
Bangladesh 2108 2.7
Mexico 1547 2.0
Philippines 1522 2.0
World 77738
TABLE 3. TEN COUNTRIES OR AREAS WITH FASTEST AND
SLOWEST RATES OF NATURAL INCREASE, 1995 – 2000

Country or Area Rate of natural increase (percent)

Gaza Strip 4.25
Yemen 3.37
Somalia 3.38
Niger 3.18
Dem. Rep. of the Congo 3.15
Solomon Islands 3.14
Oman 3.12
Mali 3.10
Afghanistan 3.07
Nicaragua 3.03
 B. SLOWEST RATE OF NATURAL INCREASE

Latvia -0.52
Bulgaria -0.47
Estonia -0.47
Ukraine -0.43
Russian federation -0.42
Hungary -0.38
Belarus -0.34
Romania -0.23
Czech Republic -0.22
Lithuania -0.16
WORLD 1.33