Luna, Annalie R.

BSA-2A

FIND OUT: INDIVIDUAL, DUAL, AND TEAM SPORTS (History, Court

Dimensions and Venue, Rules of the Game, and Officials)
BOXING
(Individual Sport)
History

- Boxing is one of the oldest known sports today, with 2,000-year-old depictions on the
walls of tombs in Egypt and stone carvings indicating that Sumerians—who lived in what
is now Iraq—boxed at least 5,000 years ago. Boxing got its start as an exhausting and
brutal spectacle. In ancient Greece, two men would sit face to face with their fists tightly
wrapped in strips of tough leather. They would then hit each other until one of them fell
to the ground unconscious, or even worse, dead. Roman fighters or gladiators, on the
other hand, fought with the primary intent to kill their opponent, wearing leather straps
around their fists plated with metal. However, boxing was soon abolished around 393 AD
because it was deemed too savage. Boxing didn’t really resurface again until the early
16th Century in London. You see, the English aristocracy developed a keen interest in
recovering the knowledge and tradition of antiquity, so boxing became a means to
handle disputes among the rich. Wealthy patrons would support their pugilists and put
large wagers down on their fights. This is actually where the term ‘prizefighters’ was
coined. Jack Broughton, the reigning champion from 1734 to 1758, was the first person
to introduce a boxing school. He also helped to formulate the first set of boxing rules and
was the inventor of mufflers, the precursors of modern boxing gloves. Broughton invited
high society gentlemen to make the change from sponsoring fighters to becoming
fighters themselves. As boxing moved across the sea in the early 19th century into
America, it wasn’t very popular—that is until Theodore Roosevelt became an
advocate. When Roosevelt was a police commissioner, he would urge his officers to
train in the art of ars pugandi. He believed boxing was a great way “to vent out man’s
animal spirit.” And this didn’t change when he became president, either. Roosevelt used
to box almost daily as a way to keep active and in shape. From there, boxing continued
to grow in popularity with guidelines and rules put in place to protect fighters, making it
the sport we all know and love today.

Court Dimensions and Venue

- Boxing rings are regulated spaces used for amateur and professional boxing matches.
Originally earning the ‘ring’ name from early boxing contests performed within casually
drawn circular zones, boxing rings today are now square in shape—leading to boxing
rings commonly being referred to as ‘squared circles.’ Boxing rings consist of a raised
platform within which an inner boxing space is shaped by ropes pulled between poles
located at each corner. The surface of a boxing ring is covered in a layer of roughly 1”
(25 mm) thick padding and covered with a stretched canvas. Each boxer and team is
 located on opposite corners of the boxing ring at either the blue or red corner. Boxing
rings have an overall width of 25’7” (280 cm) with an inner space between the ropes of
20’ (610 cm). A perimeter space of 33.5” (85 cm) is provided outside the ropes. A
standard boxing ring with a 20’ (610 cm) interior space has an overall area of 655 ft2
(60.9 m2).

Equipment and Gears

✔️Gym bag

It may seem obvious but you need a robust gym bag that can take a beating. Your gym bag or
hold all might be used every day and it needs to be big enough to carry the kit listed below plus
a change of clothes.

✔️Boxing gloves

Boxing gloves are one of the most important parts of your boxing kit bag. Make sure you have
gloves with ventilated foam to your keep hands cool and safe.

✔️Hand wraps

Hand wraps help protect your hands and wrists from injury. You can buy wraps that have a
Velcro fastener making it easier to ensure they are wrapped up properly. Make sure you wrap
your hand whenever you are hitting a punch bag or taking part in a fight.

✔️Head guard

For beginner sessions, it’s unlikely you’ll progress into full body sparring. But when you’re ready
to, protecting your head is a priority. You may not need a head guard for every training session
but you should always have it in your bag. Head guards should offer head and cheek bone
protection. Most head guards are one size fits all and have an adjustable lace loop.

✔️Mouth guard

This is another essential item you’ll need to progress into full body sparring. Your trainer will
require you to wear both a head and mouth guard. This important piece of kit not only protects
your teeth but the soft tissue around the mouth and it can help prevent concussion.

✔️Skipping rope

Skipping is not just for school girls. Many expert trainers believe that skipping or speed rope is
one of the most effective fitness tools for boxers. Skipping can improve your endurance,
balance and footwork. Some gyms provide skipping ropes for their boxers, but others don’t, so
for the sake of a few pounds it might be wise to bring your own.

✔️Towel
Boxing is a sweaty business, so you’ll want to keep a clean towel in your bag at all times. Both
you (and possibly your gym mates) will be glad you brought a towel along to wipe it all away.
And of course, you will also need one to dry off after your post-workout shower.

✔️Boxing insurance

This may not live in your kit bag but whether you are an amateur boxer or trainer having the
right kind of insurance is paramount. Boxing is a high-risk sport and Insure4Sport can give you
peace of mind ensuring you are covered for personal injury and loss, theft or damage of your
equipment.

Rules of the Game

 In professional boxing, bouts take place over 12 three minutes rounds with one minute
rest between rounds.
 The only method of attack is punching with a clenched fist and you may not strike below
the belt, in the kidneys or the back of your opponent head or neck.
 You cannot use the ropes for leverage.
 You cannot hit an opponent when they are down.
 A boxer hit with a low blow can take five minutes to recover.
 If an unintentional foul (such as a clash of heads) ends the fight before four rounds are
completed this is a “no contest”, from the fifth onwards the decision goes to the judge’s
cards and is either a technical decision for either fighter or a technical draw.

Officials of the Game

- A referee is stationed inside the ring with the boxers and regulates the bout. In some
jurisdictions the referee scores the contest along with two judges outside the ring. In
most jurisdictions, however, the referee does not participate in the judging, and three
ringside officials score the bout.
 BEACH VOLLEYBALL

(Dual Sport)

History

- Beach volleyball was probably first played in Hawaii in 1915, when the Outrigger Beach
and Canoe Club set up a court on Waikiki Beach. Most people though believe that it
begun in Santa Monica, California, in the 1920s, about 25 years after the indoor version
of the game was invented on the other side of the USA in Massachusetts. The sport
began as a form of family fun at the beach, and its wide appeal and low cost meant it
soon spread around the world. By the 1930s it was being played in the most strange
places: Riga, Sofia and Prague, the capital cities of Latvia, Bulgaria, and the then
Czechoslovakia. The sport was given a boost during the Great Depression. Cash-
strapped Americans in the hundreds flocked to the beaches to play what was virtually a
no-cost pastime and a free source of entertainment. By the 1950s, competitions were
being held in California. Included on the program were beauty contests and other forms
of entertainment. As the sport continued to grow, it wasn’t long before sponsors came
forward to take advantage of beach volleyball’s popularity, and by the 1970s a full-
fledged pro beach volleyball tour was organized. In 1986, the International Volleyball
Federation recognized the sport. Since then, beach volleyball’s world tour has spread
from the United States into Asia and Europe. In 1999 it featured twelve open events for
men and six for women with a total prize money of US$3.66 million. The 1999 tour
attracted more than 460,000 spectators. Beach volleyball was a demonstration sport at
the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona, and shortly afterward the International Olympic
Committee announced that the sport will be included in the 1996 games in Atlanta.

Court Dimensions and Venue

- A beach volleyball court has a length of 16 meters, and a breadth of 8 meters. FIVB
rules state that there should be no obstruction of any sort till up to 12.5 meters of the
playing surface, to ensure fair play. Behind the endlines of the court, there is an area
which binds it, 5 meters from the endline, known as the free zone. FIVB also states in its
rules that there should be no obstruction till up to 12.5 meters of the playing surface.
Since beach volleyball has only 2 players per team as opposed to 6 per team in indoor
volleyball, the court size is smaller than that of indoor volleyball. But then again, sand on
the beach being softer than the hardwood court, players can have better reach, and are
able to dive, which improves their reachability.

Equipment and gears

Net
A net is used in beach volleyball game and the players always try to shoot the ball above the
net. The height of the beach volleyball net is around 8 feet for men and 7 feet 4 inches for
women. The height of the net varies for teenagers. The net that is used for beach volley ball has
a length of 28 feet. Each end of the net is padded. In official competitions the referee stand is
usually attached with the net. The net is also bordered on top and bottom with 4 inches wide
canvas.
Ball
As the name of the sport is volleyball so a ball is the centre of the play. The spherical ball used
in beach volleyball is either made up of flexible synthetic material or leather.The ball is striped
with bright colours which makes it look beautiful and attractive. The weight of the ball is around
300 grams. The internal air in the ball is around 0.200 kg per square centimetres. The
circumference of the ball should not exceed 70 cm and should not be below 65 cm.
Knee Pads
Knee pads are very important for the players who are playing beach volleyball. One of the major
equipment in playing beach volleyball is knee pads. They provide stability to the leg of the
player which allows him to play up to his potential. One of the major advantages is that it
prevents injury to a player. If a player has an injury, then he can use knee caps to relax his
knee.
Uniforms
The player belonging to same team or same country has same dress. Players normally prefer to
wear swimsuits while playing beach volleyball. Due to some unfavorable practices, some
conservative parties have raised their voices about it and the governing body federation
international de volleyball (FIVB) has changed some rules in ladies dress. While playing beach
volleyball on a nice and smooth sandy surface, players are advised to wear sporting shoes for
the safety of their foot.
Sunglasses and Sun Protection
As we have already mentioned that these matches are normally held under the Sun in an open
ground, the players are very keen on protecting their body and specially their eyes. To protect
their eyes, they wear sunglasses. But the glasses they put on their eyes should not have any
power in it. This is also a safety guideline for the players. To protect their body from harsh
sunlight, they use sun cream on their body.

Rules of the Game

 Players are allowed to touch the ball three times maximum before they return it across
the court – blocks included.
 There are a number of moves and hits that are classed as illegal in Beach Volleyball,
including “hand touches”, “tips” and “dinks”.
 Players are permitted to cross below the net in Beach Volleyball – but this will be
classed as a foul if it tampers or interferes with the opposing team's play.
 There is no set position for players, meaning they can move to any part of the court they
wish at any time – provided it is on their side.

Officials of the Game

Volleyball officials that make up the officiating crew are first referee, second referee,
scorekeeper, assistant scorer, and line judges.

The first referee is in charge from the beginning of the match until the end. The first referee has
authority over all other members of the officiating crew. The first referee should talk to all the
officiating crew members before the match starts, going over any questions officials might have
about their responsibilities. The first referee should have a talk with the second referee before
the match starts discussing issues such as pre-match protocol and anything that will help the
match run more smoothly.

The second referee should establish a rapport with the scorekeeper and libero tracker. If the

scorer and libero tracker have a problem or don't understand something, they should be
comfortable enough to ask the second referee for help.

Scorekeeper - Volleyball officials

The scorekeeper's main job is to make sure the score is correct at all times. The scorekeeper
uses a score sheet to keep track of the game.

If there is a difference between the score on the score sheet and the visual score (flip score,
electronic scoreboard, etc.) the visual score should be changed to match the score on the
scoresheet unless the mistake on the scoresheet can be determined and corrected.

One of the referees should check the accuracy of the scoresheet at the end of each set.

THE SCOREKEEPER

Pre-match,

 Before the match starts, the scorekeeper should fill in the pre-match info team names,

starting line ups, etc.

During the match,

 Records points when they are scored

 Watches the servers and indicates immediately to the referees when a server has
served out of order. It's also good preventive officiating to watch teams rotation in case
assistance is needed for the second referee to determine the correct team alignment.
 Records player substitutions and team timeouts
 Records any sanctions
 Records all other events as instructed by the referees
 Records the final result of the set
 In the case of a protest, after the first referee gives authorization, the scorekeeper lets
the game captain write a statement for protest on the scoresheet.

After the match,

 Records the final result of the match

 Signs the scoresheet
Assistant Scorer - Volleyball officials

The assistant scorer (or libero tracker) sits at the scorer's table next to the scorekeeper. The
assistant scorer's main function is to record libero replacements on to a libero tracking sheet.

THE ASSISTANT SCORER

 Notifies any fault with libero replacements

 Operates the manual scoreboard on the scorer's table
 Checks the score on the scoreboard with the score on the scoresheet

Line Judges - Volleyball officials

If only two lines judges are used, they stand at the corner of the endline that is closest to the
right hand of each referee, diagonally from the corner. The line judges watch the endline and
sideline of their respective corners. For FIVB and Official Competitions, four lines judges are
used. Each line judge stands in the free zone 1 to 3 meters, lined up with the imaginary
extension of their respective line. Line judge's main responsibility is to make signals to help out
the referees in making judgment calls. Line judges may be instructed to use flags to make the
signals.

THE LINE JUDGES SIGNAL

 Ball "in" and "out" whenever the ball lands near the lines
 Touches of "out" balls by players receiving the ball
 Ball touching the antennae
 A served ball crossing the net outside the crossing space (the space between the
antennae's)
 Any player standing off the court at the moment of service
 Server foot faults
 SOCCER

(Team Sport)

History

- Soccer, or better known to the rest of the world as football, is one of the oldest sports in
history. Dating back to 206 B.C., there are accounts of Chinese soldiers playing Tsu’chu,
“kicking the ball,” to supplement their training regiments during the Han Dynasty. While
many other ancient cultures played games involving a ball, Tsu’chu was the first to not
allow hands. Goals consisted of a net attached to two bamboo poles and elevated 30
feet in the air. This is quite the contrast to modern goals that sit on the ground and
extend eight feet high and 24 feet wide. The particular style of playing a game with a
ball, centered around one’s feet, spread throughout the world. During the medieval
period in Europe, particularly in England, games were played in towns that pitted rival
squads against one another. This was called Folkball. The goal was to place the ball into
a designated area, usually the captain’s house, to score a point. This would often entail
a distance of a few miles between scoring destinations. Games typically resulted in low
scoring matches as the process of advancing the ball would be brutal and without regard
to one’s well-being. Without any set rules the game would cause massive commotion
throughout the towns in which it was held, leading to its ban in the 14th century. In 1863,
official rules for football were drawn up to create an organized game in England. These
rules formally differentiated between rugby football and association football. Hence,
modern football was born. As more clubs agreed to Football Association (F.A.) rules, the
desire to breed uniform leagues emerged. In 1872 the first F.A. Cup was played, and by
1888 a league was formed with 128 teams participating in some capacity. England’s love
for the game rubbed off on neighboring European countries, eventually making its way to
South America. By 1907 there were twelve officials F.A. leagues worldwide. Seven
members formed the International Federation of Football Association (FIFA) in Paris,
France, in 1904. Those members included: Belgium, France, Holland, Denmark, Spain,
Sweden, and Switzerland. In 1930, the year of the first World Cup, FIFA had reached 40
members. Due to an economic depression in Europe at the time of the first World Cup,
many nations were not able to travel to Uruguay and compete. With the help of the host
country, four European teams did manage to trek the Atlantic for the World Cup, most
notably being Belgium and France. The results of the first World Cup were not shocking
as favorites Argentina and Uruguay competed in the final match resulting in a 4-2 victory
for the hosts. The United States of America lost to Argentina 6-1 in the semi-final, which
remains the USA’s best finish in the tournament’s history. Today after 21 mega events,
Brazil is the most successful team with five world cups while Germany and Italy have
won four world cup each. European teams have been the most successful with 12 wins
while CONMEBOL, the South American have won nine. Today there are six
confederations under FIFA that govern specific regions based primarily on the continent
in which they belong. In total, there are more than 200 F.A. leagues worldwide. Talking
about the leagues, English Premier League is the most-watched league in the world and
 it generates more revenue among all the leagues in the world. English Football League
was established in 1888 and ran until 1992 before Premier League was founded. It
consists of 69 professional English clubs and three coming from Wales divided into three
divisions. It was all chaos before the division was formed. Teams arranging their own
matches, rules and regulations were molded according to their needs. It was William
McGregor, a Scottish Director of Aston Villa who first tried to give some order to the
chaotic environment of football. On March 22, 1888 he wrote a letter to the Football
committee on behalf of his club and some other clubs suggesting a creation of a league
with set rules and with equality in the number of fixtures. On the very next day, on the
eve of FA Cup final, a formal meeting was held and The Football League was officially
formed. Each club played the other club twice, a home and an away fixture, and two
points were awarded for a win and one for a draw. Preston was victorious in the first
season and they won it without even losing a fixture. Later on, changes were made for
the betterment of the division and it went on to become the biggest league in the
world. In the late 1980’s the English football suffered a downfall with supporters
complaining about the poor facilities, and there are fires, fights in the fixtures as well,
due to which English clubs were banned in 1985 from European Competitions. But the
1990 FIFA World Cup changed it all. England performed beyond expectations, they
reached semi-finals and with the craze and love for English football among fans, the
European Football’s Governing body had to lift the five-year ban. The English clubs were
up to the task again with Manchester United lifting the 1991 UEFA Cup title. After that
club owners decided to take football seriously after the realization that there is some
serious money involved in it. Many clubs started to transform into business ventures
applying principles that can get them more money. It was 1990, when London Weekend
Television’s Managing Director, Greg Dyke met with the representatives of the ‘big five’
football clubs to pave the way for the breakaway from the Football League. And this was
where the argument began to form a new league with developed plans and mainly, with
more money. On May 27, 1992 the Premier League was formed which allowed
commercial independence and gave Premier League the right to negotiate its own
broadcast and sponsorship agreements. Dyke, who played a major role in the formation
of the league, lost the broadcasting rights in a bidding war. That’s how brutal the league
was in terms on business and it is still the same. Manchester United remains the most
successful club in the Premier League thanks to Sir Alex Fergusson. They have won it
more than any other club in the division, 13 times with Chelsea and Manchester City on
the second place with five titles each. Coming to the second biggest league in the world,
the Spanish football league, also known as La Liga. It was formed back in 1929 and it is
currently contested by 20 top Spanish Teams with three being relegated every year
making way for three teams from the division below. Since its arrival, 62 teams have
competed in the league with Real Madrid being the most successful club with 34
titles. Barcelona is second on the list with 26 titles followed by Atletico Madrid who have
been crowned the champions for 11 times. 

Court Dimensions and Venue

- The field of play should be 125m x 85m (136 x 93 yards), or a minimum of 120m x 80m
(131 x 87 yards) and there must be a minimum of 1.5m of pitch beyond the marked
playing area. The same dimensions apply to pitches used in continental UEFA
competitions. Measurements are made to the outside of each line, which themselves
should not be more than 12cm (4.7 inches) wide and ideally are the width of the
goalpost. Goals are to be eight yards wide measured between the inside of both posts
 and eight feet from the ground to the lower edge of the crossbar. The posts and bar
must not exceed five inches. The DFL also stipulates that a warm-up area for substitute
players must be provided either along the touchline or behind the goal on the side of the
pitch not occupied by the respective assistant referees. These areas should also be
covered with the same material as the main pitch. The majority of Bundesliga stadiums
are what are known as 'pure football stadiums', either having been built or reconstructed
in the last two decades to the highest standards and allowing spectators to be close to
the pitch. While there are some older constructions, the one major outlier to the close-fit
design is Hertha Berlin's Olympiastadion. Built for the 1936 Summer Olympic Games,
the ground still contains the running track used for athletics. It means the space around
the pitch is much larger than at other top-flight grounds. It does, though, mean the
Berliners are the only club not required by the DFL to have a fine-mesh net, at least the
width of the penalty area, behind each goal to provide players and officials safety from
potential objects coming from the crowd.

Equipment and Gears

 Uniform: Most youth soccer leagues require a standard uniform for all players. This
might range from a simple T-shirt to a complete soccer uniform with matching
jersey, shorts and socks. Some leagues issue the uniform to players, while others
require you to order the uniform yourself.

 Practice clothes: Uniforms are typically reserved for wear in games only, so your
little kicker needs comfortable athletic clothes for soccer practice. Choose clothes
that allow a full range of motion. Sweat-wicking material keeps your child cool and
dry during sweaty warm-weather practices.

 Soccer cleats: When your child plays in an organized league, you likely

need soccer-specific cleats. These shoes are designed for the sport to give your
soccer player the support and traction necessary in the game.

 Shin guards: Protective shin guards are another requirement in most leagues.

They rest at the front of the shin to protect from errant kicks and fast-moving balls.

 Soccer socks: Just like your child needs special shoes, she also needs special
socks designed for soccer. The long socks go up and over the shin guards.

 Ball: Your child’s coach may provide balls during practice, but it’s always a good
idea to have a quality soccer ball of your own so you can practice at home. Invest in
a high-quality ball instead of a cheap foam ball that doesn’t give your player a real
feel for soccer play.

 Goalkeeper gloves: If your child is interested in playing goalkeeper, consider

investing in a pair of goalkeeper gloves. These special gloves are designed to
support the wrists while allowing freedom of movement in the fingers. If your child is
young, the league may not play with goalies just yet, so hold off on the gloves until
you know if your child will actually play the goalkeeper role.

 Water bottle: Soccer players spend a lot of time running up and down the field. The
soccer season often falls during warm weather. Hydration is important, so outfit your
 child with her own water bottle. Write her name on the bottle to avoid mix-ups on the
bench.

 Gear bag: A backpack or tote bag designed for soccer makes it easy to carry all
that gear to practices and games. These specialty bags typically include a spot for a
soccer ball and all the other gear your child needs.

Rules of the game

 A football match is played by two teams, with each allowed no more than 11 players on
the field at any one time, one of whom is a goalkeeper.

 A match is played in two 45 minutes halves.

 The game begins with the toss of a coin, and the winning captain decides which goal to
defend or to take the first kick off.

 All players must use their feet head or chest to play the ball. Only the goalkeeper is
allowed to use their hands, and only within their designated goal area.

 The aim of the game is to score a goal, which is achieved by kicking or heading the ball
into the opposition team's goal.

 If the ball touches or crosses the side line, it is thrown back in by the team that was not
the last to touch the ball.

 The game is controlled by a central referee, and two linesmen. They award free kicks
and penalties when rules are broken. For continual breaking of rules or for a bad foul,
the player may be sent off.

Officials of the Game

Officials are usually referred to by the general term of referees, but actually, there is only one
referee on the field during a game. Each official has his own title and assigned responsibilities:
referee, umpire, head linesman, line judge, back judge, field judge and side judge. A referee is
the only official wearing a white hat, all other officials wear black hats.

Referee

The referee is the lead official that has control of the game and is generally the final authority in
all decisions. 

It is the role of the referee to announce all penalties. The referee explains penalties to the
offending team's captain and coach and says which player is responsible for the penalty. The
referee is positioned in the backfield, approximately 10 yards behind the quarterback before the
start of the play. The referee monitors illegal hits on the quarterback, watches for illegal blocks
near the quarterback and determines if the yardage chains are needed on the field for a
measurement.

Umpire

The umpire is the official that lines up approximately five yards off the line of scrimmage on the
defensive side of the ball. 

The umpire assists the referee in decisions involving possession of the ball. The umpire
monitors the legality of play on the line of scrimmage with a special emphasis on offensive
holding and illegal linemen down field. The umpire makes sure that the offense has no more
than 11 players on the field and checks the legality of player's equipment. The umpire records
all scores, timeouts, records the winner of the coin toss and wipes the ball dry between plays
during inclement weather.

Head Linesman

The head linesman is the official on the sideline that straddles the line of scrimmage looking for
scrimmage violations like offsides or encroachment and penalties like illegal motion, illegal shifts
, illegal use of hands and illegal men downfield.

The head linesman rules on all out-of-bounds plays along the sideline where positioned. The
head linesman keeps tabs on the chain crew and marks the chain to a yard marker on the field
as a reference point for a measurement on the field. Also, the head linesman keeps track of all
eligible receivers and marks the forward progress of the ball.

Line Judge

The line judge is the official who lines up on the opposite side of the field from the head
linesman. The line judge assists the head linesman on making calls of illegal motion, illegal
shifts, offsides or encroachment. The line judge assists the umpire with illegal use of the hands
and holding calls and assists the referee on false start calls.

The line judge makes sure the quarterback does not cross the line of scrimmage before
throwing the ball, watches for offensive lineman going downfield too early on punts, supervises
the timing of the game and supervises substitutions by the team on the side of the field where
positioned.

Back Judge

The back judge is the official who sets up 20 yards deep in the defensive backfield on the wide
receiver side of the field. One of the roles of the back judge is to make sure the defensive team
has no more than 11 players on the field. The back judge watches all eligible receivers on the
wide receiver side of the field. The back judge is responsible for monitoring the area between
the umpire and the field judge. The back judge rules on the legality of catches and pass
interference penalties and has the final say regarding the legality of kicks during kickoffs. During
field goals, the back judge is positioned under the goalpost and rules whether the field goal
attempt was successful.
Field Judge

The field judge is the official that lines up 25 yards deep in the defensive backfield on the tight
end side of the field. The field judge is responsible for keeping track of the play clock and calling
a delay of game if the clock expires. Like the back judge, the field judge makes sure the
defensive team has no more than 11 players on the field. The field judge rules on plays that
cross the defense's goal line, rules on the legality of catches and pass interference penalties
and monitors all eligible receivers on the tight end side of the field. Also, if a play goes out of
bounds on the tight end side of the field, the field judge marks the spot.

Side Judge

The side judge is the official positioned 20 yards deep in the defensive backfield near the same
sideline as the head linesman. Side judge duties are essentially the same as the back judge.
The side judge makes sure the defensive team has no more than 11 players on the field and
watches all eligible receivers from that side of the field. The side judge is responsible for
monitoring the area between the umpire and the field judge, assists on calling the legality of
kicks during kickoffs and rules on the legality of catches and pass interference penalties.