LOWER LIMB

FUNCTION:
SUPPORT OF TE BODY WEIGHT
FUNCTION:
LOCOMOTION
FUNCTION:
LOCOMOTION
BONES AND JOINTS:
 BONES:

THE FEMUR
Trochanteric fossa.
The lateral wall of
the fossa bears a
The proximal end is oval depression for
characterized by a head attachment of the
Anterior view
and neck, and two large obturator externus
projections on the muscle.
upper part of the shaft.

1)The
2
1 anterolateral
The intertrochanteric surface of the
line is continuous greater Trochanter
with the pectineal for attachment of
line (spiral line), Posterior view the gluteus
which curves minimus and 2)
medially under the posteriorly on its
lesser trochanter to lateral surface for
merge with the linea attachment of the
aspera . gluteus medius
 BONES:

THE SHAFT OF THE FEMUR

 BONES:

DISTAL END OF THE FEMUR

 BONES:

PATELLA

-Its apex is pointed inferiorly for attachment to the patellar ligament, which connects the
patella to the tibia.
-Its posterior surface articulates with the femur
 BONES:

THE TIBIA

The tibial tuberosity is a

palpable inverted
triangular area on the
anterior aspect of the tibia
The site of attachment for
the patellar ligament,
which is a continuation of
the quadriceps femoris
tendon below the patella.

A.Superior view, tibial plateau. B. Anterior view. C. Posterior view

 BONES:

THE TIBIA

Anterior view. Posterior view

 BONES:

THE FIBULA

Laterally surface on the

head of the fibula a large
impression for the
attachment of the biceps
femoris muscle.
Near the upper margin of
this impression the
attachment of the fibular
collateral ligament of the
knee joint.
 BONES:

THE TIBIA
THE FIBULA

Groove for
insertion of tibialis
posterior muscle

Anterior aspect Posterior aspect

* Fibular notch, to which the distal head of

the fibula is anchored by a thickened part of
the interosseous membrane.
 BONES:

There are two apertures in

the interosseous
THE TIBIA membrane, one at the top
THE FIBULA and the other at the
bottom, for vessels to pass
between the anterior and
posterior compartments of
the leg
 BONES:

THE FOOT
 BONES:

THE FOOT

There are three groups

of bones in the foot .
▪the seven tarsal bones,
which form the skeletal
framework for the
ankle;
▪metatarsals (I to V),
which are the bones of
the metatarsus; and
▪the phalanges, which
are the bones of the
toes—each toe has
three phalanges, except
for the great toe, which
has two.
 BONES:

THE TARSUS

**
*
* *

*
* *
*
 BONES:

From the medial and lateral side, it is snail shaped. A

rounded head, which is projected forward and medially
THE FOOT : THE TALUS at the end of a short broad neck, which is connected
posteriorly to an expanded body .

Medial view Inferior view

 BONES:

-The calcaneus projects behind the ankle joint to form

the skeletal framework of the heel.
-The posterior surface of this heel region is circular and
THE FOOT : THE CALCANEUS divided into upper, middle, and lower parts. The
calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon) attaches to the
middle part
 BONES:

THE FOOT :
INTERMEDIATE
TARSAL BONES
The intermediate tarsal
bone on the medial side of
the foot is
the navicular (boat
shaped).This bone
articulates behind with the
talus and articulates in front
and on the lateral side with
the distal group of tarsal
bones.
 BONES:

Three cuneiforms,the lateral, inter

mediate, and medial cuneiform
bones, in addition to articulating
with each other, articulate
posteriorly with the navicular bone
THE FOOT : and anteriorly with the bases of the
DISTAL TARSAL medial three metatarsals.
BONES The cuboid (Greek for “cube”),
which articulates posteriorly with
the calcaneus, medially with the
lateral cuneiform, and anteriorly
with the bases of the lateral two
metatarsals
 BONES:

Each metatarsal has

a head at the distal
end, an
THE FOOT : elongate shaft in the
METATARSAL middle, and a
proximal base.
The sides of the
bases of metatarsals
II to V also articulate
with each other.
 BONES:

The phalanges are the

bones of the toes. Each
toe has three phalanges
THE FOOT : PHALANGES (proximal, middle,
and distal), except for
the great toe, which has
only two (proximal and
distal).
Each phalanx consists of
a base, a shaft, and a
distal head
 JOINTS:

THE HIP JOINT

A multiaxial ball and socket joint between the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the pelvic bone

The rim of the acetabulum is raised Inferiorly, the labrum bridges across the acetabular
slightly by a fibrocartilaginous collar notch as the transverse acetabular ligament and
(the acetabular labrum). converts the notch into a foramen
JOINTS:
THE HIP JOINT

The capsule as a whole

has two sets of fibres,
circular and longitudinal.

Zona orbicularis (circular fibres)

are internal and form a collar
round the femoral neck
JOINTS:
THE HIP JOINT

Anterior aspect Posterior aspect

JOINTS:

THE HIP JOINT

The ligament of the head of

the femur is a flat band of
delicate connective tissue.
It carries a small branch of
the obturator artery, for the
blood supply of the head of
the femur
 JOINTS:

THE KNEE JOINT

It is a modified hinge joint.

It consists of :
- The articulation between
femur and tibia
- The articulation between
femur and patella
Two fibrocartilaginous
menisci
 JOINTS:

THE KNEE JOINT

In flexion, the condyles are

curved or round, whereas in
full extension are flat

The articular surfaces between

the femur and patella are the
V-shaped
 JOINTS:

THE KNEE JOINT

MENISCI: Fibrocartilaginous C-shaped cartilages

interconnected anteriorly by a transverse

ligament of the knee

The lateral meniscus is connected

to the tendon of the popliteus muscle
 JOINTS:

THE KNEE JOINT: the synovial membrane.

The two cruciate ligaments are

outside the articular cavity

the synovial membrane is

separated from the patellar
ligament

The synovial membrane of the knee joint forms pouches in two locations
to provide low-friction surfaces for the movement of tendons
 JOINTS:

THE KNEE JOINT: Fibrous membrane

Medially: the fibrous membrane blends with the tibial collateral ligament and is attached on its
internal surface to the medial meniscus.
Laterally: the internal surface of the fibrous membrane is not attached to the lateral meniscus.
Anteriorly : is attached to the margins of the patella where it is reinforced with tendinous expansions
from the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis muscles, which also merge above with the quadriceps
femoris tendon and below with the patellar ligament.

v
v
v v
v

v
v
 JOINTS:

THE KNEE JOINT: Collateral ligament

Tibial collateral ligament is attached by much of its deep surface to the underlying fibrous membrane. It
is anchored superiorly to the medial femoral epicondyle and descends anteriorly to attach to the medial
margin and medial surface of the tibia

Lateral view Medial view

Fibular collateral ligament is attached superiorly to the lateral femoral epicondyle. Inferiorly, it is
attached to a depression on the lateral surface of the fibular head. It is separated from the fibrous
membrane by a bursa.
 JOINTS:

THE KNEE JOINT: Cruciate ligaments

The anterior cruciate

ligament attaches to a facet on
the anterior part of the
intercondylar area of the tibia
and ascends posteriorly to attach
to a facet at the back of the
lateral wall of the intercondylar
fossa of the femur.
▪The posterior cruciate
ligament attaches to the
posterior aspect of the
intercondylar area of the tibia
and ascends anteriorly to attach
to the medial wall of the
intercondylar fossa of the femur.
JOINTS:

THE ANKLE JOINT

The fibula and tibia create a deep bracket-shaped socket for

the upper expanded part of the body of the talus.
 JOINTS:

THE ANKLE JOINT: medial ligaments

-Tibionavicular part
-Tibiocalcaneal part
-Posterior tibiotalar part
-Anterior tibiotalar part
 JOINTS:

THE ANKLE JOINT: lateral ligaments

anterior talofibular ligament

posterior talofibular ligament
calcaneofibular ligament
 ARCHES OF THE FOOT

Longitudinal arches

Transverse arch
LIGAMENT AND MUSCLE SUPPORT
Ligaments and muscles support the arches of the foot.