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2.11 Elasticity
2.11 Elasticity
2.11 Elasticity
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Define Elasticity A property of matter that enables an object to return to its original size
and shape when the force that was acting on it is removed.
Stretching a wire by an external Its molecules are slightly displaced away from one another.
force: Strong attractive forces act between the molecules to oppose the
stretching
When the external force is removed:
The attractive intermolecular forces bring the molecules back to
their equilibrium separation.
The wire returns to its original position
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The extension of a spring is directly proportional to the applied force
State Hooke’s Law provided the elastic limit is not exceeded.
F = kx
Area under the graph equal to the work done to extent the spring:
= elastic potential energy = ½ Fx = ½ kx2
The elastic limit of a spring The maximum force that can be applied to a spring such that the
spring will be able to be restored to its original length when the force
is removed.
If a force stretches a spring beyond its elastic limit, the spring cannot
return to its original length even though the force no longer acts on it.
The Hooke’s law is not obeyed anymore.
Force constant of the spring, k The force required to produce one unit of extension of the spring.
unit N m-1 or N cm-1 or N mm-1
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Experiment: Investigate relationship between force, F and extension of spring, x
Situation:
Inferens :......................................................................................................................
Hyphotesis :
……………....................................................................................................................
Aim: ......................................................................................................................
Manipulated variable(mv) : ....................................................................
Responding Variable(rv): ....................................................................
Constant variable(cv): ....................................................................
apparatus : ......................................................................................................................
arrangement of apparatus :
Procedures :
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................
Tabulate data:
x(cm) F(N)
Analyze data :
F/ N
x/ cm
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Describe
applications of
(1) Cushion / mattress: The spring in a cushion or mattress undergo many cycles of
elasticity
compression during use and each time the cushion is able to return to its original
shape. This is due to the elasticity of the springs.
(2) Electric meter : Electric meters such as ammeter, voltmeter and galvanometer have
spiral springs. The springs are used to stop the pointer at a specific point on the
scale or to return the pointer to the zero mark on the scale after a measurement has
been taken
(3) Weighing apparatus: A weighing apparatus such as spring balance , a spring is
either extended or compressed and it obeys the
Hooke ‘ law and it caused the apparatus has a linear scale.
(4) Vehicles spring support: It enables the
passengers in a vehicle to be seated in a comfortable position when the vehicle
goes on a bumpy road because springs shock absorbers are mounted on the
wheels of vehicles to absorb impacts and damp vibrations resulting from movement
on the bumpy road or uneven road surface.
(5) In sports : The elastic strings of a tennis or a badminton racket enable them to
rebound the ball or shuttle.
The ropes used by rock climbers have elastic properties that can save lives during
climbing accidents. The ropes are made of a continuous-drawn nylon fibre core and
a protective textile covering . This reduces the stopping force acting on a falling
climber.
A bow bends or elastic twine of the bow is stretched to store the elastic potential
energy used to propel the arrow.
The same load is applied to each spring. The load is shared equally among the springs.
Tension in each spring = W
Extension of each spring = x Tension in each spring =
Total extension = 2x
If n springs are used: Extension of each spring =
The total extension = nx
If n springs are used:
The total extension =
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Example 1
Ans: E = ½ F x= ½ (0.2)(3)
The original length of a spring is 5 cm. With a
load of mass 20 g, the length of the spring is
= 0.3 J
extended to 7 cm.
Determine
Example 4
(a) the extension of the spring with a load Figure shows a graph of force, F against
40 g extension, x for a spring. What is the
(b) the length of the spring with a load 60 g. potential energy stored when the spring is
(c) the load required to extend the spring to extended by 0.4 m?
20 cm.
Answer: x = 2 cm
a) 4 cm
b) 11 cm c) 200 g/2N
Example 2
Spring A extends by 2 cm when it hung with
a 10 g weight. Spring B extends by 4 cm
when it hung with a 10g weight. Find the
total stretch in each of the spring systems Ans: E = ½ F x=1/2 (20)(0.4)
shown in the following figure.
= 4J
Exercise
1. Figure shows a ball of mass 10 g
pushed against one end of a spring
on a smooth surface. The original
length of the spring is 14 cm and its
spring constant is 200 N m-1.
Answer: 10 g- 6 cm
a) 20 g -- 12 cm
b) 10 g 2 cm
50 g - 2 x 5 = 10 cm
10 /2 = 5 cm
c) spring B : 10g 4 cm Determine
share 20g , -- 8 cm
spring A: 10g 2 cm (a) the elastic potential energy
stored in the spring.
share 20g 4 cm
total = 8 + 4 = 12 cm
Example 3
The original length of a spring is 12 cm. With
a load of 20 g , the length of the spring is
extended to 15 cm. What is the elastic
potential energy stored in the spring?
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(b) the maximum velocity reached by the
ball after the compressive force on the
spring is removed.
A. P < Q < R
B. Q < R < P Question 1
C. R < Q < P Figure 1 shows a boy extending the elastic
D. Q < P < R rubber of a catapult.
TUTORIAL 2.11
1 The relationship between stretching
force, F, with the extension, x, of a
spring, is given by the equation:
F = kx
where k is the spring constant. What is
the unit of k? (2005) Figure 1
A. N m-1
B. N m-2 (a) State the type of energy stored in the
C. kg m-1 elastic rubber.
D. kg m-2
3 The diagrams show the position of a (c) What happens to the maximum
steel ball bearing when the spring is displacement if a smaller stone of
compressed and after the spring is similar mass is used?
released.
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(ii) Mark with a cross (x) the elastic limit
(d) If the elastic rubber is extended 20 of the spring on the graph.
cm by a force of 8 N,
(i) what is the stored (c) Based on the graph in figure 14.1,
potential energy in the determine the force constant of a spring,
elastic rubber? k,.
Figure 2.2
Question 3
Figure (a) shows an archer shoots a target
Figure (b) the archer shoots the same target
but at different distance.
Figure 2.1
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(b) State one appropriate hypothesis for an
investigation.
(c) With the use of apparatus such as trolley,
ticker timer and other apparatus ,
describe an experimental framework to
test your hypothesis. In your
description , state clearly the following:
(i) Aim of the experiment
(ii) Variables in the experiment
(iii) List of apparatus and materials
(iv) Arrangement of the apparatus
(v) The procedure of the experiment which
include the method of controlling the
manipulated variable and the method of
measuring the responding variable.
(vi) Way you would tabulate the data
(vii) Way you would analysis the data
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