Objective To find the values of sine and cosine functions in second, third and fourth quadrants using their

given values in the first quadrant.

Pre-requisite knowiedge Basic knowledge of coordinate axes and trigonometric functions.
Materials required Hardboard, board pins, white chart paper, coloured pencils, gluestick and needle.
Procedure: Y
sin y
1. Place a white chart paper firmly on a hardboard with y-axis
the help of board pins. (0,1)8
2. Take a radius of 1 unit length and draw a unit circle with
centre O on the chart paper.
A(1,0) Cos X
(-1,0)C
3. Draw two perpendicular lines XOX and YOY which x X
O X-axis
represent x-axis and y-axis respectively, passing
through the centre of the circle O, as shown in fig 8.1.
D(0-1)
Y
Fig.8.1
4 Mark the points as A, B, C and D, where the circle intersects the x-axis and y-axis respectively. (See
fig. 8.1)
5.
Write the ordered pairs of points A, B, C and D as (1, 0), (0, 1). (-1, 0) and (0, -1) respectively.
Also, mark x-axis as cos x and y-axis as sin y.
17
 6. From the centre of the circle, draw angles of measures and respectively (refert
to fig 82)

sin y
23 (a 1

(0,1)B
6

(-1,0)C A(1,0) cosx

X
0, 27t

D0-1)
3T

Observations Fig.8.2
1. Here, one whole revolution of the unit circle is 2t. That means sin 2n would equal to 0.
Thus, tha
ordered pair (x, y) (cos6, sin6).
=

Here, sine is represented by the vertical arm and cosine is represented by the horizontal
arm.

and (1
2 32) respectively
2. We have the coordinates
of points N, N2 and Ng as

Thus, in the first quadrant, value of sine and cosine both are positive.
3. Rotate the needle in anti-clockwise direction
making an angle of with the positive direction of
x-axis. New position of the needle is
ON4. From fig 8.3, we see that N is the mirror image of N
with respect to y-axis. Thus coordinates of N are

sin
-v3
and cos
Thus, in the second quadrant, value of sine is positive and cosine is
negative.
Quadrant
sin(y) Quadrant
(
2 (0.1)
90°

135 20
/N 150
N,
45- 3 0 °* 1

180= 0 cosx

-1,0) (1,0)
210

225 330Ns
315- 11 6

( 41 270°| 4
3
3 (0-1) /
Quadrant IV
Quadrant llI
Fig. 8.3

19
 4, To find the value of some angle sayin third
of x-axis. quadrant, we need to add r
with the positive direction
5. In the third quadrant, position of needle is
Ng. N is the mirror
image of N with respect to X-axis.
Here, coordinates of Ns are
sin =and cos
Therefore, in the third quadrant, value of sine and cosine both are
6. In the fourth quadrant, to find the value
negative.
of sine and cosine, rotate the needle in anti-clockwise direction
making an angle with the positive x-axis represented by
ONa (see fig 8.3).
7. Na is the mirror image of with
N, respect to x-axis.
Therefore, coordinates of N are
Thus, sin
6
11T- and
6
cos
2
11 3
Hence, in the fourth quadrant value of cosine is positive and sine is negative.
8. To find the value of sine or cosine for some angle which is greater than one revolution or 21t, rotate
the needle such that for some angle =
2 + the needle will reach again at the position Ng
3 (7
.. sin = sin
G)- and cos COS
Conclusion
Sine function is non-negative in first and second
quadrants
Cosine function is non-negative in first and fourth quadrant.
Application: Useful to solve trigonometric problems involving properties of quadrant system.