Able Seafarer Deck Course Module - PDF - Ships - Anchor

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Able Seafarer Deck Course Module
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JKLCNKHM_B @KZEXE@M
XZKELELC EL_XEX]XM
Odursm @dhunm
KJNM _MKGKZMZ HMOA ZKXELC_ OD]Z_M
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Essum Ld. 9 ; Essum Hktm9 ; st IKL]KZU :6;8

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Odursm @dhunm
JKLCNKHM_B @KZEXE@M Essum Hktm9
Kjnm _mkgkrmr Hmoa Zktelcs Essum Ld.9 :
XZKELELC EL_XEX]XM (J@XE) Odursm ;st IKL :6;8
Eltrdhuotedl
Kl _XOS EE/= Kjnm _mkgkrmr ‟ Hmoa es k quknegemh rktelc kt tbm _XOS _uppdrt Nmvmn el tbm
hmoa hmpkrt`mlt dl smkcdelc vmssmns dg =66CX dr `drm. Hutems elonuhm jut krm ldt neètmh td
stklhelc lkvecktedlkn wktobms, smourety wktobms, `keltkelelc tbm skgmty klh smourety dg tbm
sbep ets okrcd klh pmrsdllmn klh ulhmrtkaelc k rklcm dg prkoteokn smkgkrmr saenns elonuhelc
rdpm wdra, klobdrelc, `ddrelc kotevetems klh tbm cmlmrkn dpmrktedl dg tbm sbep klh ets
systm`s.
Xbm odursm odvmrs nmoturms klh prkoteokn mxmroesms pursuklt td tbm rmquerm`mlts prmsorejmh el
Zmcunktedl EE/=, @klhktdry èleù` rmquerm`mlts gdr omrtegeoktedl dg rktelcs ks kjnm smkgkrmr
hmoa, dg tbm ;532 _XOS Odlvmltedl, ks k`mlhmh, klh Xkjnm K EE/=, _pmoegeoktedls dg
èleù` stklhkrhs dg od`pmtmlom dg rktelcs ks kjnm smkgkrmr hmoa, dg tbm _XOS Odhm :6;6
@klenk K`mlh`mlts el tbm gdnndwelc gulotedls9
Gulotedl ;9 Lkvecktedl kt tbm suppdrt nmvmn

Gulotedl :9 Okrcd bklhnelc klh stdwkcm kt tbm suppdrt nmvmn
Gulotedl ?9 Odltrdnnelc tbm dpmrktedl dg tbm sbep klh okrm gdr pmrsdls dljdkrh kt tbm suppdrt,
nmvmn
Gulotedl 89 @keltmlklom klh rmpker kt tbm suppdrt nmvmn
OD]Z_M KE@_ & DJIMOXEWM_9
Xbm odursm ke`s td mlbklom aldwnmhcm, ulhmrstklhelc klh prkoteokn saenns dg smkgkrmrs td
mlkjnm tbm` td hm`dlstrktm tbm rmquermh od`pmtmlom td pmrgdr` tbm gulotedls kt tbm
suppdrt nmvmn.
Kgtmr tbm trkelelc, tbm pkrteoepklts sbknn jm kjnm td9
• odltrejutm td k skgm lkvecktedlkn wktob

• odltrejutm td jmrtbelc, klobdrelc klh dtbmr `ddrelc dpmrktedls
 td tbmbklhnelc dg okrcd klh stdrms
 Saved• odltrejutm
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• odltrejutm td tbm
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skgm dpmrktedl dg hmoa mquep`mlt klh `kobelmry
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• kppny dooupktedlkn bmkntb klh skgmty prmokutedls

• kppny prmokutedls klh odltrejutm td tbm prmvmltedl dg pdnnutedl dg tbm `krelm
mlverdl`mlt
• rmvemw tbm preloepnm dl bdw td dpmrktm survevkn orkgt klh rmsoum jdkts klh
• odltrejutm td sbepjdkrh `keltmlklom klh rmpker.
ODWMZKCM / VZDCZK@ GDO]_9
;. Odltrejutm td k skgm lkvecktedlkn wktob

:. Odltrejutm td jmrtbelc, klobdrelc klh dtbmr `ddrelc dpmrktedls
?. Odltrejutm td tbm bklhnelc dg okrcd klh stdrms
8. Odltrejutm td tbm skgm dpmrktedl dg hmoa mquep`mlt klh `kobelmry
=. Kppny dooupktedlkn bmkntb klh skgmty prmokutedls
7. Kppny prmokutedls klh odltrejutm td tbm prmvmltedl dg pdnnutedl dg tbm `krelm
mlverdl`mlt
3. Dpmrktm survevkn orkgt klh rmsoum jdkts
2. Odltrejutm td sbepjdkrh `keltmlklom klh rmpker
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Odursm @dhunm
GKOENEXEM_9
;. Gkoenetems gdr tbmdrmteokn pkrt

Drhelkry onkssrdd` dg èleù` := pnkoms, mqueppmh wetb9
• Sbetmjdkrh
• VO od`putmr
• @unte`mhek Vrdimotdr wetb sormml
• Hm`dlstrktedl tkjnm
_mpkrktm rdd`s, mqueppmh wetb k tkjnm klh obkers, wenn knsd jm kvkenkjnm td kood``dhktm
tbrmm dr gdur crdups dg trkelmms hurelc oksm stuhems klh dtbmr crdup kssecl`mlts
:. Gkoenetems gdr prkoteokn pkrt9 Gdr tbm prkoteokn pkrt dg tbm odursm, knn lmomsskry
mquep`mlts krm kvkenkjnm.
MLXZU ZM[]EZM@MLX9
Hmoa Zktelcs wbd sbknn9

- Ldt nmss tbkl ;5 ymkrs dg kcm.
- ;: `dltbs smk smrveom kgtmr bdnhelc lkvecktedl wktob rktelc omrtegeoktm dr ?7 `dltbs
smk smrveom ks CV rktelc elonuhelc ;2 `dltbs smk el tbm hmoa hmpkrt`mlt kgtmr bdnhelc
lkvecktedl wktob rktelc omrtegeoktm.
- Vrdgeoemloy el _urvevkn Orkgt klh Zmsoum Jdkt omrtegeoktm ks pmr runm ;=(;). (Cdvt. dg tbm
Vmdpnm―s Zmpujneo dg Jklcnkhmsb, @elestry dg _beppelc Ldtegeoktedl ‟ Hktmh 2tb Gmjrukry
:6;;)
- Kjnm _mkgkrmr Hmoa omrtegeoktm ks pmr runm :6. (Cdvt. dg tbm Vmdpnm―s Zmpujneo dg
Jklcnkhmsb, @elestry dg _beppelc Ldtegeoktedl ‟ Hktmh 2tb Gmjrukry :6;;)
- @mheokn getlmss ks pmr runm := (Cdvt. dg tbm Vmdpnm―s Zmpujneo dg Jklcnkhmsb, @elestry dg
_beppelc Ldtegeoktedl ‟ Hktmh 2tb Gmjrukry :6;;).
OD]Z_M OMZXEGEOKXM9
Xbm trkelmm wbd od`pnmtms tbm odursm wenn jm essumh k Omrtegeoktm dg kttmlhklom omrtegyelc
tbkt tbm bdnhmr `mmts dr mxommhs tbm nmvmn dg aldwnmhcm spmoegemh el _motedl K-EE/=
rmquerm`mlts

 Saved`klhktdry
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jm essumh Share
jy Hmpkrt`mlt
gdr rktelcs ks kjnm smkgkrmr hmoa klh prdgeoemloy omrtegeoktm wenn
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Jejnedcrkpby
;. _XOS ODHM.
:. @KZVDN
?. _DNK_
8. N_K ODHM.
=. _BEV―_ V@_ _U_XM@.
7. E_@ ODHM
3. _MK@KL_BEV XMOBLE[]M-H.I.BD]_M
Odursm @dhunm Zmvesedl
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Odursm @dhunm
HKXM ZMW LD ZM@KZA_ _ECLKX]ZM
Odursm Dutne lm

ZMG. OD@VMXMLOM BD]Z_
;.; Odltrejutm td k skgm lkvecktedlkn wktob ;6.=
;.: Odltrejutm td jmrtbelc, klobdrelc klh dtbmr `ddrelc dpmrktedls 3.=
Gulotedl :9 Okrcd bklhnelc klh s tdwkcm kt tb m suppdrt nmvmn

:.; Odltrejutm td tbm bklhnelc dg okrcd klh stdrms 7
Gulotedl ?9 Odltrdnnelc tbm dpmrktedl dg tbm sbep klh okrm gdr pmrsdls dl
 jdkrh
 kt tbm suppdrt nmvmn
Related titlesZMG. OD@VMXMLOM BD]Z_

?.; Odltrejutm td tbm skgm dpmrktedl dg hmoa mquep`mlt klh `kobelmry ;5.=
?.: Kppny dooupktedlkn bmkntb klh skgmty prmokutedls ;:.3=
?.? Kppny prmokutedls klh odltrejutm td tbm prmvmltedl dg pdnnutedl dg tbm ?.3=
`krelm mlverdl`mlt
?.8 Dpmrktm survevkn orkgt klh rmsoum jdkts Kloennkry
odursm
Gulote dl 89 @kelt mlklom klh rmpker kt tbm suppdr t nmvmn

8.; Odltrejutm td sbepjdkrh `keltmlklom klh rmpker ;6
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Odursm @dhunm
Odursm Odltmlt9
Obkptmr-;9 Eltrdhuotedl, Cmlmrkn.
=-;8
Obkptmr-:9 Odltrejutm td k skgm lkvecktedlkn wktob , jmrtbelc, klobdrelc klh dtbmr
;=-=6
`ddrelc dpmrktedls.
Obkptmr-?9 Okrcd klh stdrm bklhnelc
=;-=?
Obkptmr-8 9 Dpmrktedl dg tbm sbep klh okrm gdr pmrsdls dl jdkrh =8-7:
Obkptmr-= 9 Vrmvmltedl dg pdnnutedl dg tbm `krelm mlverdl`mlt

7?-38
Obkptmr-7 9 _urvevkn orkgt klh rmsoum jdkts

3=-28
Obkptmr-3 9 _bepjdkrh `keltmlklom klh rmpker
28-57
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Odursm @dhunm
OBKVXMZ ‟ ;
;. Eltrdhuotedl
]pdl od`pnmtedl dg tbes trkelelc prdcrk`, tbm oklhehktm wenn gungen tbm tbm rmquerm`mlts prmsorejmh
el Zmcunktedl EE/=, @klhktdry èleù` rmquerm`mlts gdr omrtegeoktedl dg rktelcs ks kjnm
smkgkrmr hmoa, dg tbm ;532 _XOS Odlvmltedl, ks k`mlhmh, klh Xkjnm K EE/=,
_pmoegeoktedls dg èleù` stklhkrhs dg od`pmtmlom dg rktelcs ks kjnm smkgkrmr hmoa, dg
tbm _XOS Odhm :6;6 @klenk K`mlh`mlts el tbm gdnndwelc gulotedls9

Gulotedl :9 Okrcd bklhnelc klh stdwkcm kt tbm suppdrt nmvmn
Gulotedl ?9 Odltrdnnelc tbm dpmrktedl dg tbm sbep klh okrm gdr pmrsdls dljdkrh kt tbm
suppdrt,nmvmn
Gulotedl 89 @keltmlklom klh rmpker kt tbm suppdrt nmvmn
;.; Od``dl lkuteokn tmr`s
;. Hmgeletedls dg od``dl lkuteokn tmr`s m.c. hmoa, jrehcm, bdnh, bktob, tkla, pmkas, HJ
tklas, jencm, klobdrs, welhnkss, welob, hmrreoa mto. klh
:. Xbm kppneoktedl klh rmnmvklom dg tbmsm tmr`s td sbep
K
Kjkgt ‟ Xdwkrh tbm stmrl, rmnktevm td sd`m djimot ("kjkgt tbm gdrm bktob").
• Kjkgt tbm jmk` ‟ Gurtbmr kgt tbkl tbm jmk`9 k rmnktevm jmkrelc dg crmktmr tbkl 56 hmcrmms grd` tbm
jdw9 "twd pdelts kjkgt tbm pdrt jmk`".
• Kjmk` ‟ Dl tbm jmk`, k rmnktevm jmkrelc kt recbt klcnms td tbm omltmrnelm dg tbm sbep's ammn.
• Khregt ‟ Kgndkt klh ulkttkobmh el kly wky td tbm sbdrm dr smkjmh, jut ldt ulhmr wky. Et e`pnems tbkt k
 es ldt ulhmr
vmssmn
 odltrdn klh tbmrmgdrm cdms wbmrm tbm welh klh ourrmltSearchtkam bmr (nddsm grd`
 Saved 1 klyof
`ddrelcs, dr dut dg pnkom). Knsd rmgmrs td
Embed Share"kjsmlt wetbdut nmkvm".
98ldt gkstmlmh hdwl dr
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put kwky prdpmrny. Et okl knsd 
jm usmh td `mkl
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
Kgt ‟ Xdwkrhs tbm stmrl (dg tbm vmssmn).
• Kcrdulh ‟ Zmstelc dl dr tduobelc tbm crdulh dr jdttd` (usuknny elvdnultkreny).

• Kbmkh ‟ Gdrwkrh dg tbm jdw.
• Keh td Lkvecktedl ‟ (KXDL) Kly hmveom mxtmrlkn td k vmssmn dr kerorkgt spmoegeoknny eltmlhmh td kssest
lkvecktdrs el hmtmrèlelc tbmer pdsetedl dr skgm odursm, dr td wkrl tbm` dg hklcmrs dr djstruotedls td
lkvecktedl.
• Kndgt ‟ El tbm reccelc dg k skenelc sbep. Kjdvm tbm sbep's uppmr`dst sdneh struoturm1 dvmrbmkh dr becb
kjdvm.
Kndlcsehm ‟ Jy tbm sehm dg k sbep dr pemr.
• Kèhsbeps (dr èhsbeps) ‟ El tbm èhhnm pdrtedl dg sbep, kndlc tbm nelm dg tbm ammn.
• Klobdr ‟ Kl djimot hmseclmh td prmvmlt dr sndw tbm hregt dg k sbep, kttkobmh td tbm sbep jy k nelm dr
obkel1 typeoknny k `mtkn, bdda-neam dr pnducb-neam djimot hmseclmh td crep tbm jdttd` ulhmr tbm jdhy dg
wktmr (jut knsd smm smk klobdr ).
• Klobdrkcm ‟ K suetkjnm pnkom gdr k sbep td klobdr. Krmk dg k pdrt dr bkrjdr.
• Klobdr jknn ‟ Zdulh jnkoa sbkpm bdestmh el tbm gdrmpkrt dg k vmssmn td sbdw tbkt et es klobdrmh.
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Klobdr judy ‟ K s`knn judy smourmh jy k necbt nelm td klobdr td elheoktm pdsetedl dg klobdr dl
jdttd`.
• Klobdr necbt ‟ Sbetm necbt hespnkymh jy k sbep kt klobdr. Xwd suob necbts krm hespnkymh jy k sbep dvmr
;=6 gmmt (87 `) el nmlctb.
• Kro dg Wesejenety ‟ Xbm pdrtedl dg tbm bdrezdl dvmr wbeob k necbtmh keh td lkvecktedl es vesejnm grd`
smkwkrh.
• Ksbdrm ‟ Dl tbm jmkob, sbdrm dr nklh.
• Kstmrl ‟ tdwkrhs tbm stmrl (rmkr) dg k vmssmn, jmbelh k vmssmn.
• Ksynu` Bkrjdur ‟ K bkrjdur usmh td prdvehm sbmntmr grd` k stdr`.
• Ktbwkrt, ktbwkrtsbeps ‟ Kt recbt klcnms td tbm gdrm klh kgt dr omltmrnelm dg k sbep
• Kvkst ‟ _tdp! Omksm dr hmsest grd` wbktmvmr es jmelc hdlm.
• Kwksb ‟ _d ndw el tbm wktmr tbkt tbm wktmr es odlstkltny wksbelc kordss tbm surgkom.
• Kwmecb ‟ Vdsetedl dg kl klobdr iust onmkr dg tbm jdttd`.
J
• Jkoastkys ‟ Ndlc nelms dr okjnms, rmkobelc grd` tbm stmrl dg tbm vmssmn td tbm `kst bmkhs, usmh td
suppdrt tbm `kst.
• Jkttml hdwl tbm bktobms ‟ Xd prmpkrm gdr elonm`mlt wm ktbmr.
• Jmkobelc ‟ Hmnejmrktmny rullelc k vmssmn kcrdulh , td ndkh klh ulndkh (ks wetb nklhelc orkgt), dr
sd`mte`ms td prmvmlt k hk`kcmh vmssmn selaelc.
• Jmkodl ‟ K necbtmh dr ulnecbtmh gexmh keh td lkvecktedl kttkobmh hermotny td tbm mkrtb―s surgkom. (Necbts
klh hkyjmkodls jdtb odlstetutm jmkodls.)
• Jmk` ‟ Xbm wehtb dg k vmssmn kt tbm wehmst pdelt, dr k pdelt kndlcsehm tbm sbep kt tbm èh-pdelt dg ets
nmlctb.
• Jmk` mlhs ‟ Xbm sehms dg k sbep. "Dl bmr jmk` mlhs" `ky `mkl tbm vmssmn es netmrknny dl bmr sehm klh
pdssejny kjdut td okpsezm1 `drm dgtml, tbm pbrksm `mkls tbm vmssmn es nestelc 8= hmcrmms dr `drm.
• Jmkrelc ‟ Xbm bdrezdltkn hermotedl dg k nelm dg secbt jmtwmml twd djimots dl tbm surgkom dg tbm mkrtb.
_mm knsd "kjsdnutm jmkrelc" klh "rmnktevm jmkrelc".
• Jmlh ‟ K aldt usmh td idel twd rdpms dr nelms. Knsd smm betob.
• Jecbt .
Jencm ‟ Xbm jencm es tbm od`pkrt`mlt kt tbm jdttd` dg tbm bunn dg k sbep dr jdkt wbmrm wktmr odnnmots
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 Saved 1 ktofk nktmr

sd tbkt et `ky jm pu`pmh dut dg tbm vmssmn
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• Jellkonm ‟ Xbm stklh dl wbeob tbm sbep's od`pkss es `dultmh.
Related titles • Jett ‟ K pdst `dultmh dl tbm sbep's jdw, gdr gkstmlelc rdpms dr okjnms.

• Jettmr mlh ‟ Xbm klobdr okjnm es temh td tbm jetts, wbml tbm okjnm es gunny pkeh dut, tbm jettmr mlh bks
jmml rmkobmh. Xbm nkst pkrt dg k rdpm dr okjnm.
• Jndoa ‟ K punnmy dr smt dg punnmys.
• Jdkt-bdda ‟ K pdnm wetb k bdda dl tbm mlh, usmh td rmkob eltd tbm wktmr td oktob judys dr dtbmr
gndktelc djimots.
• Jdktswkel dr jdsul ‟ K ldl-od`èssedlmh dggeomr rmspdlsejnm gdr tbm skens, rdpms klh jdkts dl k sbep
wbd essums "pepmh" od``klhs td smk`ml.
• Jdnnkrh ‟ Grd` 'jdn' dr 'jdnm', tbm rdulh trula dg k trmm. K sujstkltekn vmrteokn pennkr td wbeob nelms `ky
jm `khm gkst. Cmlmrknny dl tbm qukysehm rktbmr tbkl tbm sbep.
• Jddjy bktob ‟ K snehelc bktob dr odvmr.
• Jdw ‟ Xbm grdlt dg k sbep.
• Jdwnelm ‟ K typm dg aldt, prdhuoelc k strdlc nddp dg k gexmh sezm, tdpdndceoknny seènkr td k sbmmt jmlh.
Knsd k rdpm kttkobmh td tbm sehm dg k sken td punn et tdwkrhs tbm jdw (gdr ammpelc tbm welhwkrh mhcm dg
tbm sken stmkhy).
• Jdw tbrustmr ‟ K s`knn prdpmnnmr dr wktmr-imt kt tbm jdw, usmh gdr `kldmuvrelc nkrcmr vmssmns kt sndw
spmmh. @ky jm `dultmh mxtmrlknny, dr el k tullmn rullelc tbrducb tbm jdw grd` sehm td sehm.
• Jrmkawktmr ‘ K struoturm juent dl tbm gdrmokstnm dg k sbep eltmlhmh td hevmrt wktmr kwky grd` tbm
gdrwkrh supmrstruoturm dr cul `dults.
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Odursm @dhunm
• Jrehcm ‟ K struoturm kjdvm tbm wmktbmr hmoa, mxtmlhelc tbm gunn wehtb dg tbm vmssmn, wbeob bdusms k
od``klh omltrm, etsmng oknnmh jy kssdoektedl, tbm jrehcm.
• Junabmkh ‟ Kl uprecbt wknn wetbel tbm bunn dg k sbep. Vkrteounkrny k wktmrtecbt, ndkh-jmkrelc wknn.
• Junwkra (prdldulom lkuteokn usm) ‟ Xbm mxtmlsedl dg tbm sbep's sehm kjdvm tbm nmvmn dg tbm wmktbmr
hmoa.
• Judy ‟ K gndktelc djimot dg hmgelmh sbkpm klh odndr, wbeob es klobdrmh kt k cevml pdsetedl klh smrvms
ks kl keh td lkvecktedl.
O
• Okjel ‟ kl mlondsmh rdd` dl k hmoa dr gnkt.
• Okjnm ‟ K nkrcm rdpm.
• Okpsezm ‟ Sbml k sbep dr jdkt nests tdd gkr klh rdnns dvmr, mxpdselc tbm ammn. Dl nkrcm vmssmns, tbes
dgtml rmsunts el tbm selaelc dg tbm sbep.
• Okpstkl ‟ K nkrcm welob wetb k vmrteokn kxes. K gunn-sezmh bu`kl-pdwmrmh okpstkl es k wkest-becb
oynelhreokn `kobelm, dpmrktmh jy k lu`jmr dg bklhs wbd mkob elsmrt k bdrezdltkn okpstkl jkr el bdnms
el tbm okpstkl klh wkna el k oeronm. ]smh td welh el klobdrs dr dtbmr bmkvy djimots1 klh sd`mte`ms td
khèlestmr gndccelc dvmr.
• Okrhelkn ‟ Zmgmrrelc td tbm gdur `kel pdelts dg tbm od`pkss9 ldrtb, sdutb, mkst klh wmst. _mm knsd
"jmkrelc".
• Obkgelc ‟ Smkr dl nelm dr sken okusmh jy odlstklt rujjelc kckelst kldtbmr surgkom.
• Obkgelc cmkr ‟ @ktmrekn kppnemh td k nelm dr spkr td prmvmlt dr rmhuom obkgelc.
• Obkel ndoamr ‟ K spkom el tbm gdrwkrh pkrt dg tbm sbep, typeoknny jmlmktb tbm jdw el grdlt dg tbm
gdrm`dst odnnesedl junabmkh, tbkt odltkels tbm klobdr obkel wbml tbm klobdr es smourmh gdr smk.
• Onmkt ‟ K stktedlkry hmveom usmh td smourm k rdpm kjdkrh k vmssmn.
• Odkèlc ‟ Xbm rkesmh mhcm dg k bktob, odoapet dr saynecbt td bmnp ammp dut wktmr.
• Od`pkledlwky ‟ K rkesmh klh welhdwmh bktobwky el tbm sbep's hmoa, wetb k nkhhmr nmkhelc jmndw
klh tbm bddhmh mltrklom-bktob td tbm `kel okjels.
• Od`pkss ‟ Lkvecktedlkn elstru`mlt sbdwelc tbm hermotedl dg tbm vmssmn el rmnktedl td tbm Mkrtb's
cmdcrkpbeokn pdnms dr `kclmteo pdnms. Od``dlny odlsests dg k `kclmt kneclmh wetb tbm Mkrtb's
`kclmteo gemnh, jut dtbmr tmobldndcems bkvm knsd jmml hmvmndpmh, suob ks tbm cyrdod`pkss.
• Odrrmotdr ‟ K hmveom td odrrmot tbm sbep's od`pkss, gdr mxk`pnm odultmrkotelc mrrdrs hum td tbm
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
s`knn trklsd`. K ndlc odultmr elormksms tbm wktmrnelm nmlctb wbml tbm jdkt es bmmnmh, sd elormkselc bunn
spmmh.
H
• Hky jmkodl ‟ Kl ulnecbtmh gexmh struoturm wbeob es mqueppmh wetb k hky jdkrh gdr hkyte`m
ehmltegeoktedl.
• Hkyjdkrh ‟ Xbm hkyte`m ehmltegemr dg kl keh td lkvecktedl prmsmltelc dlm dg smvmrkn stklhkrh sbkpms
(squkrm, treklcnm, rmotklcnm) klh odndrs (rmh, crmml, wbetm, drklcm, ymnndw, dr jnkoa).
• Hmoas ‟ tbm struoturms gdrèlc tbm kpprdxe`ktmny bdrezdltkn surgkoms el tbm sbep's cmlmrkn struoturm.
]lneam gnkts, tbmy krm k struoturkn pkrt dg tbm sbep.
• Hermotedlkn necbt ‟ K necbt ennuèlktelc k smotdr dr vmry lkrrdw klcnm klh eltmlhmh td `kra k hermotedl
td jm gdnndwmh.
• Hespnkom`mlt ‟ Xbm wmecbt dg wktmr hespnkomh jy tbm e``mrsmh vdnu`m dg k sbep's bunn, mxkotny
mquevknmlt td tbm wmecbt dg tbm wbdnm sbep.
• Hespnkom`mlt bunn ‟ K bunn hmseclmh td trkvmn tbrducb tbm wktmr, rktbmr tbkl pnkllelc dvmr et.
• Hrkgt dr hrkucbt ‟ Xbm hmptb dg k sbep's ammn jmndw tbm wktmrnelm.
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Odursm @dhunm
M
• Mobd sdulhelc ‟ @mksurelc tbm hmptb dg tbm wktmr uselc k sdlkr hmveom. Knsd smm sdulhelc klh
swelcelc tbm nmkh .
G
• Gkernmkh ‟ K relc, bdda dr dtbmr hmveom usmh td ammp k nelm dr obkel rullelc el tbm odrrmot hermotedl dr
td prmvmlt et rujjelc dr gdunelc.
• Gkst ‟ Gkstmlmh dr bmnh ger`ny ( gkst kcrdulh 9 stuoa dl tbm smkjmh1 `khm gkst 9 temh smourmny).
• Gktbd` (prdldulomh /˂gçöɕ`/) ‟ K ulet dg nmlctb mqukn td 7 gmmt (;.2 `), rducbny `mksurmh ks tbm
hestklom jmtwmml k `kl's dutstrmtobmh bklhs. Vkrteounkrny usmh td `mksurm hmptb.
• Gmlhmr ‟ Kl ker dr gdk` gennmh ju`pmr usmh el jdktelc td ammp jdkts grd` jklcelc eltd hdoas dr mkob
dtbmr.
• Gexmh prdpmnnmr ‟ K prdpmnnmr `dultmh dl k receh sbkgt prdtruhelc grd` tbm bunn dg k vmssmn, usuknny
hrevml jy kl eljdkrh `dtdr1 stmmrelc ùst jm hdlm uselc k ruhhmr. _mm knsd dutjdkrh `dtdr klh
stmrlhrevm .
• Gnkrm ‟
;. K ourvkturm dg tbm tdpsehms dutwkrh tdwkrhs tbm culwknm.

:. K pyrdtmobleo seclknnelc hmveom, usuknny usmh td elheoktm hestrmss.
• Gnuam ‟ Xbm wmhcm-sbkpmh pkrt dg kl klobdr's kr`s tbkt hecs eltd tbm jdttd`.
• Gdnndwelc smk ‟ Skvm dr tehkn `dvm`mlt cdelc el tbm sk`m hermotedl ks k sbep
• Gdrm, gdrmwkrh ‟ Xdwkrhs tbm jdw (dg tbm vmssmn).
• Gdrmstkys ‟ Ndlc nelms dr okjnms, rmkobelc grd` tbm jdw dg tbm vmssmn td tbm `kst bmkhs, usmh td
suppdrt tbm `kst.
• Grmmjdkrh ‟ Xbm bmecbt dg k sbep's bunn (mxonuhelc supmrstruoturm) kjdvm tbm wktmrnelm. Xbm vmrteokn
hestklom grd` tbm ourrmlt wktmrnelm td tbm ndwmst pdelt dl tbm becbmst odlteludus wktmrtecbt hmoa.
Xbes usuknny vkrems grd` dlm pkrt td kldtbmr.
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• Cknnmy ‟ tbm aetobml dg tbm sbep
• Cklcpnkla ‟ K `dvkjnm jrehcm usmh el jdkrhelc dr nmkvelc k sbep kt k pemr1 knsd aldwl ks k "jrdw".
• Cklcwky ‟ Kl dpmlelc el tbm junwkra dg tbm sbep td knndw pkssmlcmrs td jdkrh dr nmkvm tbm sbep.
• Cevm-wky (vmssmn) ‟ Sbmrm twd vmssmns krm kpprdkobelc dlm kldtbmr sd ks td elvdnvm k resa dg
odnnesedl, tbes es tbm vmssmn wbeob es hermotmh td ammp dut dg tbm wky dg tbm dtbmr.
• Cndjkn Vdsetedlelc _ystm` ‟ (CV_) K sktmnnetm jksmh rkhed lkvecktedl systm` prdvehelc odlteludus
wdrnhwehm odvmrkcm. Et prdvehms lkvecktedl, pdsetedl, klh teèlc elgdr`ktedl td ker, `krelm, klh nklh
usmrs.
• Crdulh ‟ Xbm jmh dg tbm smk.
• Crdulhelc ‟ Sbml k sbep (wbenm kgndkt) tduobms tbm jmh dg tbm smk, dr cdms "kcrdulh" ( qv ).
• Culwknm ‟ ]ppmr mhcm dg tbm bunn.
B
• Bknykrh dr bknnekrh ‟ Drecelknny, rdpms usmh gdr bdestelc k spkr wetb k sken kttkobmh1 tdhky, k nelm usmh
td rkesm tbm bmkh dg kly sken.
• Bkrjdr ‟ K bkrjdr dr bkrjdur, dr bkvml, es k pnkom wbmrm sbeps `ky sbmntmr grd` tbm wmktbmr dr krm
stdrmh. Bkrjdurs okl jm `kl-`khm dr lkturkn.
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Odursm @dhunm
• Bkrh ‟ K smotedl dg dtbmrwesm ùhhy sbdrmnelm suetkjnm gdr `ddrelc dr bkunelc dut.
• Bktobwky, bktob ‟ K odvmrmh dpmlelc el k sbep's hmoa tbrducb wbeob okrcd okl jm ndkhmh dr koomss
`khm td k ndwmr hmoa1 tbm odvmr td tbm dpmlelc es oknnmh k bktob.
• Bkwsm pepm, bkwsm-bdnm dr bkwsm ‟ Xbm sbkgt dr bdnm el tbm sehm dg k vmssmn's jdw tbrducb wbeob tbm
klobdr obkel pkssms.
• Bkwsmr ‟ Nkrcm rdpm usmh gdr `ddrelc dr tdwelc k vmssmn.
• Bmkh ‟ Xbm tdenmt dr nktrelm dg k vmssmn, wbeob el skenelc sbeps prdimotmh grd` tbm jdws
• Bmkvm ‟ K vmssmn's trklsemlt, vmrteokn, up-klh-hdwl `dtedl.
• Bmkvelc td ‟ _tdppelc k skenelc vmssmn jy nksbelc tbm bmn` el dppdsetedl td tbm skens. Xbm vmssmn wenn
crkhuknny hregt td nmmwkrh, tbm spmmh dg tbm hregt hmpmlhelc dl tbm vmssmn's hmsecl.
• Bmmnelc ‟ Bmmnelc es tbm nmkl okusmh jy tbm welh's gdrom dl tbm skens dg k skenelc vmssmn.
• Bmn`s`kl ‟ K pmrsdl wbd stmmrs k sbep
• Betob ‟ K aldt usmh td tem k rdpm dr nelm td k gexmh djimot. Knsd smm jmlh .
• Bunn ‟ Xbm sbmnn klh grk`mwdra dg tbm jkseo gndtktedl-dremltmh pkrt dg k sbep.
• Bunn-hdwl ‟ Dg k vmssmn wbml dlny ets uppmr pkrts krm vesejnm dvmr tbm bdrezdl.
• Bunn spmmh ‟ Xbm `kxeù` mggeoemlt spmmh dg k hespnkom`mlt-bunnmh vmssmn.
E
• Eljdkrh `dtdr ‟ Kl mlcelm `dultmh wetbel tbm bunn dg k vms smn, usuknny hrevelc k gexmh prdpmnnmr jy k
sbkgt prdtruhelc tbrducb tbm stmrl. Cmlmrknny usmh dl nkrcmr vmssmns. Knsd smm stmrlhrevm klh dutjdkrh
`dtdr .
• Eljdkrh-Dutjdkrh (E/D) hrevm ‟ _mm stmrlhrevm.
• El-wktmr survmy ‟ k `mtbdh dg survmyelc tbm ulhmrwktmr pkrts dg k sbep wbenm et es stenn kgndkt elstmkh
dg bkvelc td hryhdoa et gdr mxkèlktedl dg tbmsm krmks ks wks odlvmltedlknny hdlm.
A
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Ammn ‟ Xbm omltrkn struoturkn jkses dg tbm  Search document
dg spmmh9 ; lkuteokn ènm (;.2=:6 a`1 ;.;=62 è) pmr bdur. Drecelknny spmmh wks
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Related titles `mksurmh jy pkyelc dut k nelm grd` tbm stmrl dg k `dvelc jdkt. Xbm nelm bkh k aldt mvmry 83 gmmt
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? elobms (;8.86 `), klh tbm lu`jmr dg aldts pkssmh dut el ?6 smodlhs ckvm tbm spmmh tbrducb tbm
wktmr el lkuteokn ènms pmr bdur.
N
• Nklykrh ‟ K rdpm tbkt tems sd`mtbelc dgg.
• Nktmrkn systm` ‟ K systm` dg kehs td lkvecktedl el wbeob obkrkotmresteos dg judys klh jmkodls elheoktm
tbm sehms dg tbm obkllmn dr rdutm rmnktevm td k odlvmltedlkn hermotedl dg judykcm (usuknny upstrmk`).
• Nky ‟ Xd od`m klh cd, usmh el cevelc drhmrs td tbm ormw, suob ks "nky gdrwkrh" dr "nky kndgt". Xd hermot
tbm odursm dg vmssmn. Knsd, td twest tbm strklhs dg k rdpm tdcmtbmr.
• Nmm sehm ‟ Xbm sehm dg k sbep sbmntmrmh grd` tbm welh (og. wmktbmr sehm).
• Nmm sbdrm ‟ K sbdrm hdwlwelh dg k sbep. K sbep wbeob oklldt sken wmnn td welhwkrh resas jmelc jndwl
dltd k nmm sbdrm klh crdulhmh.
• Nmmwky ‟ Xbm k`dult tbkt k sbep es jndwl nmmwkrh jy tbm welh. _mm knsd wmktbmrny .
• Nmmwkrh (prdldulomh /˂nu˖ɕrh/ el lkuteokn usm) ‟ El tbm hermotedl tbkt tbm welh es jndwelc tdwkrhs.
• Nmlctb dvmrknn, NDK ‟ tbm nmlctb dg k sbep.
• Negmjmnt, negmikoamt, negm prmsmrvmr dr @km Smst ‟ K hmveom suob ks k judyklt relc dr elgnktkjnm ikoamt
wbeob ammps k pmrsdl kgndkt el tbm wktmr.
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Odursm @dhunm
• Negmjdkt ‟
;. _bepjdkrh negmjdkt, ampt dl jdkrh k vmssmn klh usmh td tkam ormw klh pkssmlcmrs td skgmty el tbm
mvmlt dg tbm sbep jmelc kjklhdlmh.
:. Zmsoum negmjdkt, usuknny nkulobmh grd` sbdrm, usmh td rmsoum pmdpnm grd` tbm wktmr dr grd` vmssmns
el heggeounty.
• Negmnelm ‟ K `mtkn okjnm, usuknny odktmh wetb velyn, wbeob surrdulhs tbm vmssmn klh bmnps ammp ormw
grd` gknnelc dvmrjdkrh. _eènkr td k rkenelc.
• Negmrkgt ‟ Kl elgnktkjnm, odvmrmh rkgt, usmh el tbm mvmlt dg k vmssmn jmelc kjklhdlmh.
• Nelm ‟ tbm odrrmot lkuteokn tmr` gdr tbm `kidrety dg tbm odrhkcm dr "rdpms" usmh dl k vmssmn. K nelm wenn
knwkys bkvm k `drm spmoegeo lk`m, suob ks èzzml tdpsken bknykrh, wbeob hmsorejms ets usm.
• Nest ‟ Xbm vmssmn's klcnm dg nmkl dr tent td dlm sehm, el tbm hermotedl oknnmh rdnn. Xypeoknny rmgmrs td k nmkl
okusmh jy gnddhelc dr e`prdpmrny ndkhmh dr sbegtmh okrcd (ks dppdsmh td 'bmmnelc', wbeob smm).
• Ndkhmh td tbm culwknms ‟ Netmrknny, bkvelc okrcd ndkhmh ks becb ks tbm sbep's rken1 knsd `mkls
mxtrm`mny hrula.
• Nujjmr nelm ‟ K vmrteokn nelm elsehm k od`pkss oksm elheoktelc tbm hermotedl dg tbm sbep's bmkh.
@
• @kclmteo jmkrelc ‟ Kl kjsdnutm jmkrelc uselc `kclmteo ldrtb.
• @kclmteo ldrtb ‟ Xbm hermotedl tdwkrhs tbm Ldrtb @kclmteo Vdnm. Wkrems sndwny dvmr te`m.
• @kaelc wky ‟ Sbml k vmssmn es `dvelc ulhmr ets dwl pdwmr.
• @krelk ‟ k hdoaelc gkoenety gdr s`knn sbeps klh ykobts.
• @krnelspeam ‟ K tddn usmh el rdpmwdra gdr tksas suob ks ulnkyelc rdpm gdr spneoelc, ultyelc aldts, dr
gdrèlc k `kamsbegt bklhnm.
• @kstmr ‟ Metbmr tbm od``klhmr dg od``mroekn vmssmn dr k smledr dggeomr dg k lkvkn skenelc sbep el
obkrcm dg rdutelm smk`klsbep klh lkvecktedl jut ldt el od``klh hurelc od`jkt.
• @mss ‟ Kl mktelc pnkom kjdkrh sbep. K crdup dg ormw wbd nevms klh gmmh tdcmtbmr.
• @dlamy's gest ‟ k jknn wdvml dut dg nelm usmh td prdvehm bmgt td bmkvm tbm nelm td kldtbmr ndoktedl.
Xbm `dlamy gest klh dtbmr bmkvelc-nelm aldts wmrm sd`mte`ms wmecbtmh wetb nmkh.
•  ‟ td kttkob k jdkt td k `ddrelc judy dr pdst. Knsd, td k hdoa k sbep.
@ddr

L
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• Lkuteokn ènm ‟ K hestklom dg ;.2=: aend`mtrms (;.;=; è). Kpprdxe`ktmny tbm hestklom dg dlm èlutm
dg kro dg nktetuhm dl tbm Mkrtb's surgkom. K spmmh dg dlm lkuteokn ènm pmr bdur es oknnmh k aldt .
• Lkvecktedl runms ‟ Zunms dg tbm rdkh tbkt prdvehm cuehklom dl bdw td kvdeh odnnesedl klh knsd usmh td
kssecl jnk`m wbml k odnnesedl hdms doour.
D
• Dutjdkrh `dtdr ‟ K `dtdr `dultmh mxtmrlknny dl tbm trklsd` dg k s`knn jdkt. Xbm jdkt `ky jm
stmmrmh jy twestelc tbm wbdnm `dtdr, elstmkh dg dr el khhetedl td uselc k ruhhmr.
• Dutwkrh jdulh ‟ Xd nmkvm tbm skgmty dg pdrt, bmkhelc gdr tbm dpml domkl.
• Dvmrwbmn`mh ‟ Okpsezmh dr gdulhmrmh.
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Odursm @dhunm
V
• Vmllklt ‟ K ndlc, tbel treklcunkr gnkc gndwl grd` tbm `kstbmkh dg k ènetkry sbep (ks dppdsmh td k
jurcmm, tbm gnkcs tbus gndwl dl ykobts).
• Vendt ‟ Lkvecktdr. K spmoeknny aldwnmhcmkjnm pmrsdl quknegemh td lkvecktm k vmssmn tbrducb heggeount
wktmrs, m.c. bkrjdr pendt mto.
• Vetob ‟ K vmssmn's `dtedl, rdtktelc kjdut tbm jmk`/trklsvmrsm kxes, okuselc tbm gdrm klh kgt mlhs td
resm klh gknn rmpmtetevmny.
• Vetobpdnm ‟ Xd okpsezm k jdkt mlh dvmr mlh, rktbmr tbkl jy rdnnelc dvmr.
• Vnklelc ‟ Sbml k gkst-`dvelc vmssmn sae`s dvmr tbm wktmr elstmkh dg pusbelc tbrducb et.
• Vdltddl ‟ K gnkt-jdttd`mh vmssmn usmh ks k gmrry, jkrcm, okr gndkt dr k gndkt `ddrmh kndlcsehm k imtty
dr k sbep td gkoenetktm jdkrhelc.
• Vdrt ‟ Xdwkrhs tbm nmgt-bklh sehm dg tbm sbep gkoelc gdrwkrh (gdr`mrny Nkrjdkrh). Hmldtmh wetb k rmh
necbt kt lecbt.
• Vdrtbdnm dr pdrt ‟ kl dpmlelc el k sbep's sehm, msp. k rdulh dlm gdr khèttelc necbt klh ker, gettmh wetb
tbeoa cnkss klh, dgtml, k belcmh `mtkn odvmr, k welhdw
• Vdrt tkoa ‟ Sbml skenelc wetb tbm welh odèlc grd` tbm pdrt sehm dg tbm vmssmn. @ust cevm wky td
jdkts dl stkrjdkrh tkoa .
• Vrdpmnnmr wkna dr prdp wkna ‟ tmlhmloy gdr k prdpmnnmr td pusb tbm stmrl sehmwkys. El tbmdry k recbt
bklh prdpmnnmr el rmvmrsm wenn wkna tbm stmrl td pdrt.
[
• [ukrtmrhmoa ‟ Xbm kgtmr`dst hmoa dg k wkrsbep. El tbm kcm dg sken, tbm qukrtmrhmoa wks tbm prmsmrvm
dg tbm sbep's dggeomrs.
• [ukysehm ‟ Zmgmrs td tbm hdoa dr pnktgdr` usmh td gkstml k vmssmn td
Z
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hmseclmh td trklsèt rkhed
rmomevm rmgnmotmh e`kcms dg tbdsm seclkns grd` k "tkrcmt" el drhmr td hmtmrèlm tbm jmkrelc
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Related titles klh hestklom td tbm "tkrcmt".

• Zkhkr rmgnmotdr ‟ K spmoekn gexturm gettmh td k vmssmn dr elodrpdrktmh eltd tbm hmsecl dg omrtkel kehs td
lkvecktedl td mlbklom tbmer kjenety td rmgnmot rkhkr mlmrcy. El cmlmrkn, tbmsm gexturms wenn `ktmreknny
e`prdvm tbm vesejenety gdr usm jy vmssmns wetb rkhkr.
• Zkenelc ‟ K `mtkn tujm dl pdwmrjdkts klh sd`m skenjdkts tbkt ammps ormw grd` gknnelc
dvmrjdkrh. _eènkr gulotedl td negmnelms dl k skenjdkt.
• Zklcm necbts ‟ Xwd necbts kssdoektmh td gdr` k rklcm (k nelm gdr`mh jy tbm mxtmlsedl dg k nelm
odllmotelc twd obkrtmh pdelts) wbeob dgtml, jut ldt lmomsskreny, elheoktms tbm obkllmn omltmrnelm. Xbm
grdlt rklcm necbt es tbm ndwmr dg tbm twd, klh lmkrmr td tbm `krelmr uselc tbm rklcm. Xbm rmkr necbt es
becbmr klh gurtbmr grd` tbm `krelmr.
• Zmmg
;. Zmmg 9 Xd tm`pdrkreny rmhuom tbm krmk dg k sken mxpdsmh td tbm welh, usuknny td cukrh kckelst khvmrsm
mggmots dg strdlc welh dr td sndw tbm vmssmn.
:. Zmmg 9 Zdoa dr odrkn, pdssejny dlny rmvmknmh kt ndw tehm, sbknndw mlducb tbkt tbm vmssmn wenn kt nmkst
tduob eg ldt cd kcrdulh.
• Zmnktevm jmkrelc ‟ K jmkrelc rmnktevm td tbm hermotedl dg tbm sbep9 tbm ondoawesm klcnm jmtwmml tbm
sbep's hermotedl klh kl djimot. _mm knsd kjsdnutm jmkrelc klh jmkrelc.
• Zeccelc ‟ Xbm systm` dg `ksts klh nelms dl sbeps klh dtbmr skenelc vmssmns.
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Odursm @dhunm
• Zdhm ‟ Xbm klobdr nelm, rdpm dr okjnm odllmotelc tbm klobdr obkel td tbm vmssmn. Knsd Klobdr Zdhm.
• Zdnn ‟ K vmssmn's `dtedl rdtktelc grd` sehm td sehm, kjdut tbm gdrm-kgt/ndlcetuhelkn kxes. Nest (qv ) es k
nkstelc tent el tbm rdnn hermotedl.
• Xbm rdpms ‟ tbm nelms el tbm reccelc.
• _ouppmrs ‟ Drecelknny k smrems dg pepms gettmh tbrducb tbm sbeps sehm grd` elsehm tbm tbeoamr hmoa
wktmrwky td tbm tdpsehm pnklaelc td hrkel wktmr dvmrjdkrh, nkrcmr qukltetems hrkelmh tbrducb grmmelc
pdrts, wbeob wmrm dpmlelcs el tbm junwkras.
• _outtnm ‟ K s`knn dpmlelc, dr neh tbmrmdg, el k sbep's hmoa dr bunn.
• _outtnelc ‟ Outtelc k bdnm el kl djimot dr vmssmn, mspmoeknny el drhmr td sela k vmssmn hmnejmrktmny.
• _mk klobdr ‟ K stkjenezmr hmpndymh el tbm wktmr gdr bmkvelc td el bmkvy wmktbmr. Et kots ks k jrkam klh
ammps tbm bunn el nelm wetb tbm welh klh pmrpmlheounkr td wkvms. Dgtml el tbm gdr` dg k nkrcm jkc `khm
dg bmkvy oklvks.
• _mkodoa ‟ k vknvm el tbm bunn dg k jdkt.
• _mkwdrtby ‟ Omrtegemh gdr, klh okpkjnm dg, skgmny skenelc kt smk.
• _bmmr ‟ Xbm upwkrh ourvm dg k vmssmn's ndlcetuhelkn nelms ks vemwmh grd` tbm sehm.
• _bmmt ‟ K rdpm usmh td odltrdn tbm smttelc dg k sken el rmnktedl td tbm hermotedl dg tbm welh.
• _mxtklt ‟ Lkvecktedlkn elstru`mlt usmh td `mksurm k sbep's nktetuhm.
• _bdkn ‟ _bknndw wktmr tbkt es k bkzkrh td lkvecktedl.
• _bdkn hrkucbt (hrkgt) ‟ _bknndw hrkgt, `kaelc tbm vmssmn okpkjnm dg skenelc el ulusuknny sbknndw wktmr.
• _brduhs ‟ _tklhelc reccelc rullelc grd` k `kst td tbm sehms dg k sbeps.
• _amc ‟ K hdwlwkrh dr stmrlwkrh prdimotedl grd` tbm ammn el grdlt dg tbm ruhhmr. Vrdtmots tbm ruhhmr
grd` hk`kcm, klh el jencm ammnmrs `ky prdvehm dlm "nmc" dg k trepdh dl wbeob tbm jdkt stklhs wbml
tbm tehm es dut.
• _aeppmr ‟ Xbm okptkel dg k sbep.
• _dlkr ‟ K `mtbdh dg uselc sdulh punsms td hmtmot, rklcm klh sd`mte`m e`kcm ulhmrwktmr tkrcmts
klh djstkonms, dr tbm jmh dg tbm smk.
• _dulhelc ‟ @mksurelc tbm hmptb dg tbm wktmr. Xrkhetedlknny hdlm jy swelcelc tbm nmkh , ldw
od``dlny jy mobd sdulhelc.
• _prelc ‟ K nelm usmh pkrknnmn td tbkt dg tbm nmlctb dg k orkgt, td prmvmlt gdrm-kgt `dtedl dg k jdkt, wbml
 dr hdoamh.
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nelms (rdpms, okjnms mto.) jy ulrkvmnnelc tbmer mlhs klh eltmrtwelelc tbm` td gdr` k
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odlteludus nelm. Xd gdr` kl mym dr k aldt jy spneoelc.
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• _tklobedl ‟ vmrteokn pdst lmkr k hmoa's mhcm tbkt suppdrts negm-nelms. K te`jmr gettmh el jmtwmml tbm
grk`m bmkhs dl k wddhml bunn dr k jrkoamt dl k stmmn vmssmn, kpprdx dlm `mtmr becb, td suppdrt tbm
junwkra pnkla dr pnktelc klh tbm rken.
• _tklh-dl (vmssmn) ‟ K vmssmn hermotmh td ammp bmr odursm klh spmmh wbmrm twd vmssmns krm
kpprdkobelc dlm kldtbmr sd ks td elvdnvm k resa dg odnnesedl.
• _tkrjdkrh ‟ Xdwkrhs tbm recbt-bklh sehm dg k vmssmn gkoelc gdrwkrh. Hmldtmh wetb k crmml necbt kt
lecbt. Hmrevmh grd` tbm dnh stmmrelc dkr dr stmmrjdkrh wbeob prmomhmh tbm elvmltedl dg tbm ruhhmr.
• _tm` ‟ Xbm mxtmlsedl dg ammn kt tbm gdrwkrh mlh dg k sbep.
• _tmrl ‟ Xbm rmkr pkrt dg k sbep, tmobleoknny hmgelmh ks tbm krmk juent up dvmr tbm stmrlpdst, mxtmlhelc
upwkrhs grd` tbm odultmr td tbm tkggrken.
• _tdppmr aldt ‟ K aldt temh el tbm mlh dg k rdpm, usuknny td stdp et pksselc tbrducb k bdnm1 `dst
od``dlny k gecurm-mecbt aldt.
• _trkam ‟ Dlm dg tbm dvmrnkppelc jdkrhs el k onelamr juent bunn.
• _welcelc tbm od`pkss ‟ @mksurelc tbm koourkoy el k sbep's `kclmteo od`pkss sd ets rmkhelcs okl jm
khiustmh ‟ dgtml jy turlelc tbm sbep klh tkaelc jmkrelcs dl rmgmrmlom pdelts.
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X
Xkoa -
;. K nmc dg tbm rdutm dg k skenelc vmssmn, pkrteounkrny el rmnktedl td tkoaelc (qv ) klh td stkrjdkrh tkoa
klh pdrt tkoa .
:. Bkrh tkoa9
• Xkoaelc -
;. Yec-zkccelc sd ks td sken hermotny tdwkrhs tbm welh (klh gdr sd`m recs knsd kwky grd` et).
:. Cdelc kjdut (qv ).
• Xennmr ‟ k nmvmr usmh gdr stmmrelc, kttkobmh td tbm tdp dg tbm ruhhmr pdst. ]smh `kelny dl s`knnmr
vmssmns, suob ks helcbems klh rdwelc jdkts.
• Xdpsehms ‟ tbm pkrt dg tbm bunn jmtwmml tbm wktmrnelm klh tbm hmoa. Knsd, Kjdvm-wktmr bunn
• Xdwelc ‟ Xbm dpmrktedl dg hrkwelc k vmssmn gdrwkrh jy `mkls dg ndlc nelms.
• Xrkggeo _mpkrktedl _obm`m ‟ _beppelc odrrehdrs `kramh jy judys wbeob smpkrktm elodèlc grd`
dutcdelc vmssmns. E`prdpmrny oknnmh _mk Nklms.
• Xrklsd` ‟ k `drm dr nmss gnkt surgkom kordss tbm stmrl dg k vmssmn. Helcbems tmlh td bkvm kn`dst
vmrteokn trklsd`s, wbmrmks ykobts― trklsd`s `ky jm rkamh gdrwkrh dr kgt.
• Xre` ‟ Zmnktedlsbep dg sbep's bunn td wktmrnelm.
• Xrum jmkrelc ‟ Kl kjsdnutm jmkrelc uselc trum ldrtb.
• Xrum ldrtb ‟ Xbm hermotedl dg tbm cmdcrkpbeokn Ldrtb Vdnm.
• Xurl ‟ K aldt pksselc jmbelh dr krdulh kl djimot.
• Xurtnelc ‟ Xbm odlhetedl dg k skenjdkt's (el pkrteounkr k helcby's) okpsezelc td k pdelt wbmrm tbm `kst es
pdeltmh strkecbt hdwl klh tbm bunn es dl tbm surgkom rmsm`jnelc k turtnm sbmnn.
• ]lhmr wky ‟ K vmssmn tbkt es `dvelc ulhmr odltrdn9 tbkt es, lmetbmr kt klobdr, `khm gkst td tbm sbdrm,
kcrdulh ldr khregt.
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• W-bunn ‟ Xbm sbkpm dg k jdkt dr sbep wbeob tbm sbkpm dg tbm bunn od`ms td k strkecbt nelm td tbm ammn.
• Skam ‟ Xbm wkvms ormktmh jy k `dvelc vmssmn.

• Sksb ‟ Xurjunmlom jmbelh k vmssmn ormktmh jy tbm prdp(s) klh/dr tbm vmssmn etsmng.
• Sktob ‟ K pmredh dg te`m hurelc wbeob k pkrt dg tbm ormw es dl huty. Obklcms dg wktob krm `kramh jy
strdams dl tbm sbep's jmnn.
• Sktmrorkgt ‟ Sktmr trklspdrt vmssmns. _beps, jdkts, pmrsdlkn wktmr orkgt mto.
• Skypdelt ‟ K ndoktedl hmgelmh jy lkvecktedlkn oddrhelktms, mspmoeknny ks pkrt dg k pnkllmh rdutm.
• Smecb klobdr ‟ Xd bmkvm up (kl klobdr) prmpkrktdry td skenelc.
• Sbmmn dr sbep's wbmmn ‟ Xbm usukn stmmrelc hmveom dl nkrcmr vmssmns9 k wbmmn wetb k bdrezdltkn kxes,
odllmotmh jy okjnms td tbm ruhhmr.
• Sbmmnbdusm ‟ Ndoktedl dl k sbep wbmrm tbm wbmmn es ndoktmh1 knsd oknnmh pendtbdusm dr jrehcm.
• Sehm jmrtb ‟ Xd nmkvm rdd` jmtwmml twd sbeps `ddrmh (jmrtbmh) td knndw spkom gdr `klmuvmr.
• Selhkcm ‟ Selh rmsestklom dg tbm jdkt.
• Selhwkrh ‟ El tbm hermotedl tbkt tbm welh es odèlc grd`.
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• Selhnkss ‟ K welob `mobkles`, usuknny wetb k bdrezdltkn kxes. ]smh wbmrm `mobkleokn khvkltkcm
crmktmr tbkl tbkt djtkelkjnm jy jndoa klh tkoanm wks lmmhmh (suob ks rkeselc tbm klobdr dl s`knn
sbeps).
• Ukrh ‟ Xbm bdrezdltkn spkr grd` wbeob k squkrm sken es suspmlhmh.

• Ukrhkr` ‟ Xbm vmry mlh dg k ykrh. Dgtml èstkaml gdr k "ykrh", wbeob rmgmrs td tbm mlterm spkr. Ks el
td bklc "grd` tbm ykrhkr`" klh tbm sul jmelc "dvmr tbm ykrhkr`" (nktm mlducb td bkvm k hrela).
• Ukw ‟ K vmssmn's rdtktedlkn `dtedl kjdut tbm vmrteokn kxes, okuselc tbm gdrm klh kgt mlhs td swelc grd`
sehm td sehm rmpmtetevmny.
Cmlmrkn _bep Aldwnmhcm
Gulotedls dg vkredus pkrts klh mquep`mlt
Xmr`s klh hmgeletedls rmnktmh td sbep―s gdr`
Kjmk`
K jmkrelc prdimotmh kt recbt-klcnms grd` tbm gdrm klh kgt nelm, dutwkrhs grd` tbm wehmst pkrt dg tbm
sbep (Gecurm ;.;).
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Gec ;.; ‟ Xbm sbep es rmnktedl td ets surrdulhelcs
Kbmkh
‒Zecbt kbmkh― es tbm nelm tbm gdrm klh kgt nelm, eg prdimotmh, wdunh mxtmlh el grdlt dg tbm vmssmn (Gecurm
;.;) dppdsetm td tbm tmr` ‒kstmrl―, wbml usmh el rmnktedl td rmnktevm jmkrelcs. Et `ky knsd jm usmh ks
kl mlcelm-rdd` drhmr td okusm tbm mlcelms td turl el drhmr td `dvm tbm sbep kbmkh.
Kèhsbeps
Xbm èhhnm dg tbm vmssmn el jdtb trklsvmrsm klh ndlcetuhelkn hermotedls. @drm od``dlny usmh ks k
bmn` drhmr, wbml et es usuknny sbdrtmlmh td ‒èhsbeps―.
Ktbwkrtsbeps
Hmgelmh ks ‒el k hermotedl― grd` dlm sehm dg tbm sbep td tbm dtbmr, kt recbtklcnms td tbm gdrm klh kgt
nelm.
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OBKVXMZ :
Sktobammpelc klh Jrehcm Dpmrktedls
Nddaduts
H]XEM_ DG XBM NDDAD]X
Xbm preloepkn huty dg tbm nddadut es td `keltkel k odlteludus wktob gdr knn bkzkrhs tbkt `ky
e`pker tbm skgm lkvecktedl dg tbm vmssmn. Bm es djnecmh td cevm bes gunn uleltmrruptmh kttmltedl
td tbes huty, rmpdrtelc kly dg tbm gdnndwelc td tbm dggeomr dg tbm wktob9
;. Knn sbeps errmspmotevm dg sezm dr pdsetedl el rmnktedl td tbm vmssmn dl wbeob bm es skenelc.
:. Knn lkvecktedl `kras dr necbts.
?. Knn gndktelc djimots.
8. Kly secbtelcs dg eom, ld `kttmr el wbkt gdr`.
=. _klhjklas dr prdèlmlt lkvecktedlkn gmkturms.
7. Hmrmneots klh kly dtbmr bkzkrh odlsehmrmh hklcmrdus td lkvecktedl.
3. Xbm `kngulotedl dg tbm sbep―s necbts, klh tbmer odrrmot gulotedlelc kt bdurny eltmrvkns.
Xbm nddadut es knsd djnecmh td rm`kel kt bes pdsetedl ulten odrrmotny rmnemvmh dg bes hutems. Dl
jmelc rmnemvmh, bm sbdunh koqukelt bes rmnemg wetb rmnmvklt elgdr`ktedl odlomrlelc tbm etm`s
bm bks rmpdrtmh.
Xbm nddadut bks k vmry rmspdlsejnm idj klh bes hutems ùst lmvmr jm tkaml necbtny. Zunm : dg
tbm Zmcunktedls gdr Vrmvmltelc Odnnesedls kt _mk stktms, ‒Ldtbelc el tbmsm Zunms sbknn
mxdlmrktm kly vmssmn, dr tbm dwlmr,
@kstmr dr ormw tbmrmdg, grd` tbm odlsmqumlom dg kly lmcnmot td od`pny wetb tbmsm Zunms dr
dg tbm lmcnmot dg kly prmokutedl wbeob `ky jm rmquermh jy tbm drhelkry prkoteom dg smk`ml,
dr jy tbm spmoekn oerou`stkloms dg tbm oksm―, klh Zunm =,‒Mvmry vmssmn sbknn kt knn te`ms
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ks wmnn ks jy knn kvkenkjnm document
`mkls kpprdprektm
klh odlhetedls sd ks td `kam k gunn kpprkeskn dg tbm setuktedl
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klh dg tbm resa dg odnnesedl―.

Hutems dg K _bep―s Nddadut
Xbm `kel hutems dg k nddadut krm9
Hmtmotelc klh rmpdrtelc dl sbeps, sbepwrmoas, hmjres, sbepwrmoamh pmrsdl, klh
dtbmr lkvecktedlkn bkzkrhs. Zmpdrtelc dl pdssejenetems dg odnnesedl, strklhelc, klh dtbmr
hklcmrs td lkvecktedl. Xbm nddadut sbdunh rm`kel kt bes pdsetedl kt knn te`ms ulten bm es
rmnemvmh grd` bes hutems.
K nddadut es k pmrsdl kt tbm sbep―s jrehcm wbd `keltkels k odlteludus wktob dg tbm smk td
rmpdrt kly aelh dg bkzkrh tbkt okl jm kl djstkonm el tbm lkvecktedl klh okusm bkr` td tbm
sbep. Koodrhelc td ODNZMC, k nddadut es rmquermh td cevm bes uleltmrruptmh kttmltedl kt knn
te`ms td tbm sbep―s lkvecktedl el drhmr td elgdr` tbm dggeomr dl wktob (DDS) kjdut dtbmr
sbeps, sbepwrmoas, hmjres, gndktelc djimots mto.
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Xbducb tbm idj ècbt sdulh se`pnm, tbm huty dg k nddadut es k rmspdlsejnm dlm klh sbdunh jm
tkaml wetb ut`dst smreduslmss. Nddadut bmnps el okrryelc dut tbm hutems dg tbm dggeomr dl
wktob (DDS) `drm mggeoemltny.
Xbm nddadut sbdunh elgdr` tbm dggeomr dl wktob wbml bm djsmrvms kly dg tbm
gdnndwelc9
• Kly aelh dg gndktelc djimot

• Lkvecktedl `kra dr necbts
• Kly typm dg hestrmss seclkn grd` dtbmr sbeps dr pdrts
• Nklh
• Eom, errmspmotevm dg sezm dr gdr`
• Kly typm dg sbep errmspmotevm dg ets sezm
• _klhjkcs dr prdèlmlt lkvecktedlkn gmkturms
• Vrdjnm` wetb kly dg tbm sbep―s lkvecktedl systm`s, elonuhelc lkvecktedlkn necbts
• Kly aelh dg bkzkrhs dr hmrmneots tbkt okl jm hklcmrdus td tbm sbep―s lkvecktedl
Xbm `kel hute ms dg k ndda dut krm9
• Xd cevm ut`dst kttmltedl tbrducb secbt, bmkrelc, klh kly dtbmr `mkls el drhmr td
kssmss kly obklcm el tbm dpmrktelc mlverdl`mlt
• Hmtmotelc klh rmpdrtelc dl sbeps, sbepwrmoas, hmjres, sbepwrmoamh pmrsdl, klh dtbmr
lkvecktedlkn bkzkrhs
• Zmpdrtelc dl pdssejenetems dg odnnesedl, strklhelc, klh dtbmr hklcmrs td lkvecktedl
• Xbm nddadut sbdunh rm`kel kt bes pdsetedl kt knn te`ms ulten bm es rmnemvmh grd` bes
hutems. Dl rmnemvelc, bm sbdunh prdvehm knn tbm elgdr`ktedl td bes rmnemvmr kjdut tbelcs
tbkt bm bks rmpdrtmh.
Xbm idj dg nddadut es `dstny okrremh dut jy Kjnm _mk`kl (KJ) dr Drhelkry smk`kl (D_) dg
tbm sbep. Bdwmvmr, et es td ldtm tbkt tbm nddadut hutems oklldt jm sbkrmh wetb dtbmr wdras.
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tbm idj dg k nddadut es dg ut`dst e`pdrtklom dl sbeps pnyelc el perkoy kggmotmh
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krmks.

?.: Sktobammpelc
Heggmrmlt necbts klh sbkpms gdr lkvecktedlkn purpdsm
Lkv Necbts & _bkpms prdvehms @kstmr klh ormw dg rmormktedlkn klh od``mroekn vmssmns wetb k queoa
rmgmrmlom tddn td bmnp tbm` ehmltegy vmssmns el tbmer veoelety klh tbm kotevetems tbmy krm mlckcmh el, ks
spmoegemh el Vkrt O9 „Necbts klh _bkpms‐ (Zunms :6-?;) dg tbm Eltmrlktedlkn Zmcunktedls gdr Vrmvmltelc
Odnnesedls kt _mk (EZVO_) dr OdnZmcs.
Sbenm et es pre`kreny tbm rmspdlsejenety dg tbm lkvecktdrs, @krelm Mlcelmmrs wbd wdra kt smk sbdunh
knsd ulhmrstklh tbm necbts, sbkpms klh sdulh seclkns usmh dl sbeps. Xbmsm elheoktm tbm nmlctb klh
typm dg sbep td dtbmrs, klh bmnp lkvecktdrs hmtmrèlm tbmer rmspdlsejenety klh kotedls.
• Xbmrm mxests spmoegeo runms klh rmspdlsejenetems jmtwmml vmssmns kt smk, ks heotktmh jy tbm
Eltmrlktedlkn Zmcunktedls gdr Vrmvmltelc Odnnesedls kt _mk ;53: (ODNZMCs).
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Gdr mxk`pnm, k skenelc vmssmn, ùst ammp onmkr dg k vmssmn odlstrkelmh jy bmr hrkgt. Jut bdw hdms sbm
aldw tbkt tbes es sd4 Et jmod`ms mksy dlom wm rmknezm tbkt tbm vmssmn odlstrkelmh jy bmr hrkgt klh
tbm skenelc vmssmn ùst jdtb hespnky typeokn necbts klh sbkpms. Et tbml jmod`ms mksy td hmtmrèlm
wbeob tbm ‒cevm wky― vmssmn es, klh kotedl es tkaelc koodrhelcny.
Xbm bmecbts klh kros dg vesejenety dg mkob necbt krm prmsorejmh ulhmr tbm runms, klh krm sujimot td
survmy klh kpprdvkn hurelc tbm odlstruotedl dg tbm sbep. Xbm hestklom kt wbeob mkob necbt okl jm
smml kt smk es knsd gexmh1 gdr mxk`pnm, k `kstbmkh necbt ùst jm vesejnm kt sex lkuteokn ènms. Xbes es
trum gdr knn necbts, sbkpms klh sdulh seclkns gdr knn sbeps wdrnhwehm.
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Xbm `kstmr dg k sbep kt smk wbeob es el k pdsetedl td jm kjnm td prdvehm kssestklom dl
rmomevelc elgdr`ktedl grd` kly sdurom tbkt pmrsdls krm el hestrmss kt smk, es jdulh td
prdommh wetb knn spmmh td tbmer kssestklom, eg pdssejnm elgdrèlc tbm` dr tbm smkrob klh
rmsoum smrveom tbkt tbm sbep es hdelc sd. Xbes djnecktedl td prdvehm kssestklom kppnems
rmckrhnmss dg tbm lktedlknety dr stktus dg suob pmrsdls dr tbm oerou`stkloms el wbeob tbmy krm
gdulh. Eg tbm sbep rmomevelc tbm hestrmss knmrt es ulkjnm dr, el tbm spmoekn oerou`stkloms dg tbm
oksm, odlsehmrs et ulrmksdlkjnm dr ullmomsskry td prdommh td tbmer kssestklom, tbm `kstmr
ùst mltmr el tbm ndc-jdda tbm rmksdl gdr gkenelc td prdommh td tbm kssestklom dg tbm pmrsdls
el hestrmss, tkaelc eltd koodult tbm rmod``mlhktedl dg tbm Drcklezktedl, td elgdr` tbm
kpprdprektm smkrob klh rmsoum smrveom koodrhelcny.
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Odursm @dhunm
Jrehcm mquep`mlt
Setb `dhmrl hky gkoenetems klh kutd`ktedl, k sbep tdhky bks smvmrkn khvklomh lkvecktedl mquep`mlt
systm`s wbeob cevm koourktm hktk gdr tbm vdykcm.
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Bmrmel, wm bkvm mlnestmh ?6 typms dg lkvecktedlkn mquep`mlt, jdtb dnh klh lmw, wbeob krm prmsmlt
dl knn `mrobklt sbeps.
;. Cyrd Od`pkss9 Et es usmh gdr gelhelc tbm recbt hermotedl. ]lneam `kclmteo od`pkss, cyrd od`pkss
es ldt bk`pmrmh jy mxtmrlkn `kclmteo gemnh. Et es usmh td gelh odrrmot Ldrtb Vdsetedl, wbeob es knsd
tbm mkrtb―s rdtktedlkn kxes. Ets rmpmktmr systm` ùst jm prmsmlt el tbm stmmrelc pnktgdr` gdr
m`mrcmloy stmmrelc.
:. Zkhkr9 Et es usmh td hmtmrèlm tbm hestklom dg tbm sbep grd` nklh, dtbmr sbeps, dr kly gndktelc
djimot dut kt smk.
?. @kclmteo Od`pkss9 Xbm `kclmteo od`pkss wdra el odliulotedl wetb tbm `kclmteo gemnh dg tbm
mkrtb. Et es usmh td cmt pnkllmh hermotedl gdr tbm vdykcm.
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8. Kutd Vendt9 Et es k od`jelktedl dg byhrkuneo, `mobkleokn, klh mnmotreokn systm` klh es usmh td
odltrdn tbm sbep―s stmmrelc systm` grd` k rm`dtm ndoktedl (Lkvecktedl jrehcm).
=. Zuhhmr Klcnm Elheoktdr9 Zuhhmr klcnm elheoktdr, ks tbm lk`m elheoktms, prdvehm tbm klcnm dg tbm
ruhhmr. Xbm hespnky es prdvehmh dl jrehcm td odltrdn tbm rktm dg turl klh ruhhmr klcnm dg tbm sbep.
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7. Lkvecktedlkn Necbts 9 Lkv Necbts & _bkpms prdvehms @kstmr klh ormw dg rmormktedlkn klh
od``mroekn vmssmns wetb k queoa rmgmrmlom tddn td bmnp tbm` ehmltegy vmssmns el tbmer veoelety klh tbm
kotevetems tbmy krm mlckcmh el, ks spmoegemh el Vkrt O9 „Necbts klh _bkpms‐ (Zunms :6 -?;) dg tbm
Eltmrlktedlkn Zmcunktedls gdr Vrmvmltelc Odnnesedls kt _mk (EZVO_) dr OdnZmcs.
3. _bep Sbestnm9 K sbep―s bdrl es aldwl ks wbestnm klh et es cmlmrknny prdvehmh el hupneoktm. Dlm es
hrevml jy ker klh tbm dtbmr es mnmotreoknny dpmrktmh.
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Odursm @dhunm
2. Hkynecbt _eclknelc Nk`p9 Xbmy krm necbt seclknelc hmveoms usmh gdr m`mrcmloy seclknelc el tbm hky
te`m.
5. Gdrmokstnm Jmnn9 Et es usmh td `kra tbm prmsmlom dg tbm sbep el gdc dr jkh wmktbmr klh sdulh tbm
knkr` el oksm dg kly m`mrcmloy.
;6. @klmuvmrelc Jddanmt9 El tbes jddanmt tbm pmrgdr`klom dg tbm prdpunsedl pnklt klh tbm sbep
hurelc `klmuvmrelc el heggmrmlt wmktbmrs klh setuktedls es rmodrhmh gdr queoa rmgmrmlom.
;;. Jnkoa Jknn _bkpm9 Et es k hky te`m seclknelc sbkpm usmh td hmtmrèlm tbm obkrkotmresteos dg vmssmn
wetb heggmrmlt krrklcm`mlt dg jknn sbkpms. Gdr m.c. k vmssmn kt klobdr wenn sbdw k jnkoajknn kt
gdrm`dst mlh dg tbm gdrmokstnm.
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;:. Zmodrh dg Lkvecktedl Kotevetems 9 Knn tbm lkvecktedlkn kotevetems ùst jm rmodrhmh klh ampt dl
jdkrh gdr rmkhy rmgmrmlom. Xbes es k `klhktdry klh tbm `dst e`pdrtklt ndc jdda.
;?. Zmodrh dg @keltmlklom dg Lkvecktedlkn Mquep`mlt9 Bkrh odpy dg tbm rmodrh ùst jm prmsmlt
dljdkrh sbeps gdr rmkhy rmgmrmlom dg pdrt klh rmcunktdry kutbdretems klh ùst jm seclmh jy `kstmr
klh huty dggeomrs dg tbm sbep.
;8. Sbmmnbdusm Vdstmrs9 Vrmsmlt el tbm Lkvecktedl jrehcm, et hespnkys k hmtkenmh elgdr`ktedl dg
`klmuvmrelc obkrkotmresteos dg tbm sbep.
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Odursm @dhunm
;=. Xrklsèttelc Bmkhelc Hmvesm 9 Xbmy krm usmh td hespnky tbm elgdr`ktedl dg tbm vmssmn―s trum
bmkhelc.
;7. Jnkoa Hek`dlh _bkpm9 Sbml tbm sbep es jmelc tdwmh dr wbml k vmssmn es ulkjnm td `klmuvmrs dl
etsmng, k jnkoa hek`dlh sbkpm es sbdwl hurelc tbm hky te`m.
;3. _bep Gnkcs9 Wkredus typms dg sbep gnkcs wetb heggmrmlt odndrs klh secls krm usmh td elheoktm k sbep―s
pdsetedl. _eclkn gnkcs krm tbmy krm od``dlny aldwl, bkvm jmml usmh selom tbm kloemlt te`ms klh krm
stenn usmh dl knn vmssmns.
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Bklhdvmr/Xkam dvmr lkvecktedlkn wktob hutems9
Nddadut Hutems Zmnemvm tbm wktob - Udur huty stkrts jmgdrm ydu rmnemvm tbm wktob, jmokusm
ydu sbdunh rmpdrt td ydur stktedl kt nmkst ;= èlutms mkrny sd tbkt ydu wenn jm knmrt klh wmnn
prmpkrmh td rmnemvm tbm pmrsdl wbd wks dl wktob jmgdrm ydu. Krrevelc mkrny knsd cevms ydur
myms te`m td khkpt td hkralmss wbml stklhelc wktobms kt lecbt, klh knndws ydu te`m td rmomevm
tbm "pkss hdwl" dg elgdr`ktedl grd` tbm pmrsdl ydu krm rmnemvelc. Dl nkrcmr sbeps tbm nddadut
wktob `ky jm rdtktmh ks grmqumltny ks dlom mvmry bdur dr twd. Xd rmnemvm tbm nddadut wktob,
ydu sbdunh wklt tbm gdnndwelc elgdr`ktedl grd` tbm nddadut ydu krm rmnemvelc9 • Sbkt
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Odursm @dhunm
odltkots krm vesejnm klh bkvm jmml rmpdrtmh td tbm dggeomr dl wktob el tbm wbmmnbdusm. • S bkt
odltkots bks tbm dggeomr dl wktob drhmrmh td jm wktobmh klh k`pnegyelc rmpdrts krm rmquermh eg
tbmrm es kly obklcm el rmnktevm pdsetedl. • Sbkt bkvm tbm wmktbmr odlhetedls jmml. • Es knn
nddadut mquep`mlt es cddh wdraelc drhmr. • Kly spmoekn oerou`stkl oms dr elstruotedls tbkt
ydu sbdunh aldw kjdut. Sbml ydu krm rmkhy, rmnemvm tbm nddadut klh kssu`m tbm hutems dg tbm
nddadut wktob.
_tmmrelc tbm vmssmn
Sm krm knn gkènekr wetb tbm usm dg k ruhhmr , wbeob bmnps el turlelc k sbep ks klh wbml
rmquermh. Zuhhmrs krm tbm preloepkn systm` gdr tbm mlterm `dtedl klh odltrdn dg tbm sbeps. Jut
wm ùstl―t gdrcmt tbkt tbm mlterm ruhhmr kotedl es hmpmlhmlt dl kldtbmr pevdtkn systm` oknnmh
tbm _tmmre lc Cmkr .
El tbm `mrobklt lkvy, tbm pmrsdl kt tbm bmn` es usuknny kl kjnm smk`kl, pkrteounkrny hurelc sbep
krrevkns, hmpkrturms, klh wbenm `klmuvmrelc el rmstreotmh wktmrs dr dtbmr odlhetedls rmquerelc
prmoesm stmmrelc. Kl drhelkry smk`kl es od``dlny rmstreotmh td stmmrelc el dpml wktmrs.
@drmdvmr, ènetkry sbeps `ky bkvm k smk`kl dr qukrtmr`kstmr kt tbm bmn`.
K prdgmssedlkn bmn`s`kl `keltkels k stmkhy odursm, prdpmrny mxmoutms knn ruhhmr drhmrs, klh
od`ùleoktms td tbm dggeomr dl tbm jrehcm uselc lkvecktedlkn tmr`s rmnktelc td sbep's bmkhelc klh
stmmrelc. K bmn`s`kl rmnems updl vesukn rmgmrmloms, k `kclmteo klh cyrdod`pkss, klh k ruhhmr
klcnm elheoktdr td stmmr k stmkhy odursm. Xbm `ktm dr dtbmr dggeomr dl tbm jrehcm hermots tbm
bmn`s`kl kjdkrh `mrobklt dr lkvy sbeps.
Onmkr klh mxkot od`ùleoktedl jmtwmml tbm bmn`s`kl klh dggeomr dl tbm jrehcm es mssmltekn td
skgm lkvecktedl klh sbep bklhnelc. _ujsmqumltny, k smt dg stklhkrh stmmrelc od``klhs,
rmspdlsms jy tbm bmn`s`kl, klh koaldwnmhc`mlt jy tbm odllelc dggeomr krm wehmny rmodclezmh
el tbm `krete`m elhustry. Xbm bmn`s`kl rmpmkts kly vmrjkn od``klhs td hm`dlstrktm tbkt tbm
od``klh es bmkrh klh ulhmrstddh. Xbm Eltmrlktedlkn Odlvmltedl dl _tklhkrhs dg Xrkelelc,
Omrtegeoktedl klh Sktobammpelc gdr _mkgkrmrs (_XOS) rmquerms tbkt k bmn`s`kl jm kjnm td
ulhmrstklh klh rmspdlh td bmn` drhmrs el Mlcnesb.Q;P
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kutdpendt systm`s klh 1tbm elormksmh  Search
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dg dpmrktedls dl k sbep's 
jrehcm nmssml tbm lmmh gdr bmn`s`ml stklhelc wktob el dpml wktmr
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Bmn` od``klhs
Bmn` drhmrs dr od``klhs gknn eltd twd oktmcdrems9 ruhhmr od``klhs klh bmkhelc od``klhs. K
ruhhmr od``klh heotktms obklcelc tbm klcnm dg tbm ruhhmr, wbeob es k selcnm-mvmlt kotedl.
Sbmrmks stmmrelc k bmkhelc es k od`pkrktevmny ndlc mvmlt klh wenn rmquerm dlcdelc dr odlteludus
ruhhmr khiust`mlts.
Xbm gdnndwelc krm bmn` drhmrs usmh el tbm ]letmh _tktms Lkvy klh ]letmh _tktms Odkst Cukrh9
Zuhhmr
• @ehsbeps (Jrelc ruhhmr klcnm td 6 hmcrmms)

• @mmt Bmr (Odultmr stmmr td stdp tbm `dvm`mlt dr swelc dg tbm sbep's jdw)
• Bkrh ruhhmr (]smh elgrmqumltny, suob ks m`mrcmloems, wbml `kxeù` ruhhmr es rmquermh)
• Nmgt dr recbt stklhkrh ruhhmr (~:6 hmcrmms. Wkrems pmr sbep)
• _begt ydur ruhhmr (_tmmr tbm sk`m lu`jmr dg hmcrmms jut dppdsetm ruhhmr klcnm)
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Odursm @dhunm
Bmkhelc
• _tmkhy ks sbm cdms (_tmmr ks lmmhmh td odltelum ourrmlt bmkhelc)

• _tmkhy dl k odursm (_tmmr ks lmmhmh td jrelc sbep dl hmsermh odursm)
• _tklhkrh Sbmmn Drhmrs

•
• Xbm krt dg stmmrelc k sbep okl jm ckelmh jy prkoteom. Xbm sbep―s bmkh, ruhhmr klh
stmmrelc wbmmn knn turl tbm sk`m wky, tbkt es, td turl tbm sbep td stkrjdkrh dlm ùst turl
tbm wbmmn td stkrjdkrh. Xbm klcnm dg turl cevml td tbm ruhhmr es sbdwl el hmcrmms dl tbm
bmn` elheoktdr setuktmh gdrwkrh dg tbm wbmmn.
•
• Knn drhmrs rmomevmh jy tbm bmn`s`kl krm td jm rmpmktmh tweom1 dlom wbml tbm drhmr
es rmomevmh klh kckel wbml tbm drhmr bks jmml okrremh dut. Xbes es td mlsurm tbkt tbm
bmn`s`kl bks jdtb ulhmrstddh klh okrremh dut tbm drhmrs odrrmotny.
•
• Bmrm krm sd`m stklhkrh wbmmn drhmrs tkaml grd` tbm _tklhkrh @krelm
Od`ùleoktedl Vbrksms (_@OV) nest9
•
Drhmr @mklelc
@ehsbeps Zuhhmr td jm bmnh el tbm gdrm klh kgt pdsetedl
Vdrt gevm =¶ dg pdrt ruhhmr td jm bmnh.

Vdrt tml ;6¶ dg pdrt ruhhmr td jm bmnh.
Vdrt gegtmml ;=¶ dg pdrt ruhhmr td jm bmnh.
Vdrt twmlty :6¶ dg pdrt ruhhmr td jm bmnh.
Vdrt twmlty-gevm :=¶ dg pdrt ruhhmr td jm bmnh.
Bkrh-k-pdrt Zuhhmr td jm bmnh gunny dvmr td pdrt.
_tkrjdkrh gevm =¶ dg stkrjdkrh ruhhmr td jm bmnh.
_tkrjdkrh tml ;6¶ dg stkrjdkrh ruhhmr td jm bmnh.
_tkrjdkrh gegtmml ;=¶ dg stkrjdkrh ruhhmr td jm bmnh.
twmlty 
 Saved _tkrjdkrh Embed
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twmlty-gevm
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:6¶ dg stkrjdkrh ruhhmr td jm bmnh.
of 98  Search document
:=¶ dg stkrjdkrh ruhhmr td jm bmnh. 
Bkrh-k-stkrjdkrh Zuhhmr td jm bmnh gunny dvmr td stkrjdkrh.
Related titlesMksm td gevm

Zmhuom k`dult dg ruhhmr td =¶ klh bdnh.
Mksm td tml Zmhuom k`dult dg ruhhmr td ;6¶ klh bdnh.
Mksm td gegtmml Zmhuom k`dult dg ruhhmr td ;=¶ klh bdnh.
Mksm td twmlty Zmhuom K`dult dg ruhhmr td :6¶ klh bdnh.
_tmkhy Zmhuom swelc ks rkpehny ks pdssejnm.
_tmkhy ks sbm cdms _tmmr k stmkhy odursm dl tbm od`pkss bmkhelc
elheoktmh kt tbm te`m dg tbm drhmr. Xbm bmn`s`kl es
td rmpmkt tbm drhmr klh oknn dut tbm od`pkss bmkhelc
dl rmomevelc tbm drhmr. Sbml tbm sbep es stmkh dl tbkt
bmkhelc, tbm bmn`s`kl es td oknn dut9 „_tmkh…‐
Zmnemvelc tbm bmn`

Bmn`s`ml dg `mrobklt klh ènetkry sbeps tbkt krm ulhmrwky stklh wktob kt tbm bmn` gdr k smt
pmredh dg te`m jmgdrm jmelc rmnemvmh jy kldtbmr wktobstklhmr. Xbm pmrsdl jmelc rmnemvmh wenn
od`pnmtm kly odursm obklcm dr dtbmr oreteokn `klmuvmr tbkt es el prdcrmss jmgdrm bklhelc dvmr
tbm bmn`.
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Odursm @dhunm
dlny jm onmkrmh wbml tbm wktmr hmptb wenn knndw rmodvmry dg tbm klobdr klh okjnm eg tbmy krm
kooehmltknny nmt cd. Kl klobdr `kraelc judy es td jm kvkenkjnm klh rmkhy gdr usm.
Wesukn Elspmotedl9 Jmgdrm onmkrelc tbm klobdrs, k vesukn elspmotedl, ks gkr ks pdssejnm,
sbdunh jm odlhuotmh dg tbm klobdrelc systm`. Xbm vesukn elspmotedl `ky elonuhm9
• odlgerèlc pdwmr td tbm welhnkss

• welhnkss jrkam kssm`jny
• onutob / cmkr `mobkles` elonuhelc smourelc pels
• cmlmrkn kppmkrklom dg vesejnm od`pdlmlts suob ks H _bkoanm,
• Ordwl _bkoanm, _wevmn , Amltmr nela klh sbdrt obkel
• mlsurm „H‐ klh ordwl sbkoanm pels el pn kom klh tecbt.
]lhmr tbm hermot supmrvesedl dg tbm Dggeomr el obkrcm, tbm prdomhurm gdr prmpkrelc klh
ndwmrelc tbm klobdrs okl jm od`pnmtmh. Vkrteounkr okrm ùst jm tkaml wbml tbm wmecbt dg
tbm okjnm es smourmh jy tbm welhnkss jrkam dlny. Xbm klobdr pkrty ùst jm knmrt td kly
obklcelc oerou`stkloms.
XUVM_ DG ZDVM_ ]_MH DL JDKZH
ZDVM
Hmgele tedl dg Zdpm9-
Xbeoa strelcs, ykrl, `mtkn werms, gejrm tbkt krm twestmh tdcmtbmr td gdr` k strdlcmrnelm es oknnmh
rdpm.
XUVM_ DG ZDVM
@kelny tbrmm aelhs dg rdpms usmh dljdkrh tbmy krm,

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 Saved;) Wmcmtkjnm
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dr lkturkn ge jrm rdpms.
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:) _yltbmteo gejrm rdpms.
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?) werm/ `mtkn rdpms .

Wmcmtkjnm dr lkturkn g ejrm rd pms
Wmcmtkjnm dr lkturkn gejrm rdpms krm `kelny onkssegemh eltd gevm typms.
@klenk
@klenk es djtkelmh grd` tbm kjkok (wenh jklklk) pnklt.

nkrcmny crdwl el tbm Vbeneppelm Esnklhs,
Et es mxpdrtmh vek tbm pdrt dg @klenk, grd` wbeob et koquerms ets lk`m.
@klenk rdpm es ldt ks hurkjnm ks bm`p, jut es `dst omrtkelny `drm pnekjnm klh sdgtmr.
Et es cdnh-jrdwl el odndur.
Et swmnns wbml wmt.
Xbes et es odlsehmrmh jy gkr tbm strdlcmst lkturkn rdpm `khm.
Et es vmry mxpmlsevm klh ets kvkenkjenety wenn hmpmlh dl tbm pdneteokn one`ktm.
]smh mxtmlsevmny wbmrm tbm skgmty dg negm es odlomrlmh.
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Odursm @dhunm
_eskn
Djtkelmh grd` tbm nmkvms dg tbm pnklt Kckvm sesknklk, k nkrcm pnklt dg tbm okotus gkèny.
Xbm seskn rdpm es bkery, odkrsm.
Et es wbetm el odndur.
Et es ldt strdlc od`pkrmh td `klenk.
Sbml wmt, et swmnns up `drm tbkl `klenk, ks tbm wktmr es kjsdrjmh `drm queoany, klh et
jmod`ms sneppmry td bklhnm.
Et es mxtmlsevmny usmh el tbm sbeppelc elhustry metbmr el ets dwl stktm dr èxmh wetb `klenk
gejrms.
K cddh seskn jmelc seènkr el strmlctb td k ndw crkhm `klenk.
Xbm odst dg prdhuotedl es jmttmr suetmh td tbm sbep-dwlmrs, klh tbm suppny es `drm rmnekjnm
tbkl `klenk.
Oder
Oder es djtkelmh grd` tbm gejrms dg ododlut busas.

Et es k vmry rducb, odkrsm klh bkery rdpm.
Et es vmry necbt klh gndkts, pdssmsselc crmkt mnksteoety.
Et es dgtml usmh ks k tdwelc wkrp dr `ddrelc sprelc, jmokusm dg ets judyklt klh mnksteo
prdpmrtems.
Xbm oder gejrms krm sbdrt, jrettnm klh tbeoa.
Xbmsm gmkturms prdhuom k stegg ldl-gnmxejnm rdpm, heggeount td `klkcm.
Bm`p
Bm`p es djtkelmh grd` tbm stm` dg tbm pnklt Okllkjes sktevk.

Xbes wks koomptmh ks tbm jmst rdpm el tbm `krelm elhustry grd` tbm mkrny hmvmndpelc hkys dg
sken.
Xbm bm`p gejrms krm k necbt ormk` el odndur wbml suppnemh td tbm rdpm `klugkoturmr.
Xbmy bkvm k senay tmxturm klh krm dg k vmry gelm lkturm9 bmlom tbm mxtrk gnmxejenety dg tbm bm`p
rdpm od`pkrmh td k seskn dr `klenk.
 dg bm`p
Xbm khvkltkcm  rdpm es tbkt et es 1e`pmrvedus td wktmr klh hdmsSearch
ldt sbrela dr swmnn
 Savedwbml wmt. Gdr tbes
Embed Share rmksdl et wks mxtmlsevmny of 98 gdr tbm reccelc dg 
usmh skenelc document
vmssmns, klh 
rdpelc skens.
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Odttdl
Odttdl Zdpms krm ldt usmh dl sbeps jmokusm dg tbmer wktmr kjsdrptedl prdpmrty tbkt `kams
tbm` vmry bmkvy wbml wmt.
_yltbmteo Gejrm Zdpms
Lyndl
Xbes es tbm strdlcmst dg knn tbm `kl-`khm gejrm rdpms.

Et bks cddh mnksteoety, strmtobelc up td ?6 pmr omlt klh rmturlelc td ets drecelkn nmlctb.
Et es usmh gdr suob gulotedls ks sbdoa-kjsdrjelc wbml odupnmh wetb k `ddrelc werm9 tbm lyndl
gdr`s k rdpm tken wbeob tkams tbm bmkvy sbdoas ks k vmssmn rklcms dl bmr `ddrelcs.
Et es knsd usmh el k od`jelktedl tdw nelm ‟ dlm smotedl stmmn werm klh dlm smotedl lyndl rdpm.
Lyndl rdpms krm necbt td bklhnm, tweom ks strdlc ks kl mquevknmlt sezmh `klenk klh cevm tbm
kppmkrklom dg k s`ddtb sneppmry surgkom.
Xbmy krm e`pmrvedus td wktmr, bkvm k becb `mntelc pdelt, :=6¶O, klh el ldr`kn tm`pmrkturm
krm pnekjnm, jmelc suetkjnm gdr `dst gdr`s dg reccelc.
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Odursm @dhunm
Xbm heskhvkltkcms dg lyndl rdpms krm tbkt tbmy hd ldt gndkt, klh el odnh one`ktms tbmy tmlh td
steggml up klh jmod`m heggeount td bklhnm.
Lyndl es mxpmlsevm, jut ets negm `ky jm odlsehmrmh td jm gevm te`ms ks ndlc ks ets `klenk
mquevknmlt.
Vdnymstmr
K bmkvy rdpm od`pkrmh td tbm lyndl klh ldt ks strdlc.

Et es odlsehmrmh td jm `drm rmsestklt td koehs, dens klh drckleo sdnvmlts tbkl ets lyndl
odultmrpkrt, wbenm ets strmlctb rm`kels tbm sk`m wbmtbmr el k hry dr wmt odlhetedl.
Et es usmh gdr `ddrelc tkens klh `ddrelc rdpms.
Vdnyprdpynmlm
Xbes es prdjkjny tbm `dst pdpunkr dg tbm `kl-`khm gejrms kt smk.

Xbm rdpms krm obmkp, necbt td bklhnm, bkvm tbm sk`m strmlctb wbmtbmr wmt dr hry, klh tbmy
gndkt.
Xbmy krm usmh mxtmlsevmny gdr `ddrelc rdpms klh rullelc reccelc.
Xbm `mntelc pdelt es ndw od`pkrmh td lyndl, ;7=¶O.
Et es rmsestklt td obmèokn kttkoa jy koehs, knaknes klh dens, jut sdnvmlts klh jnmkobelc kcmlts
`ky okusm hmtmredrktedl.
Et lmetbmr kjsdrjs ldr rmtkels wktmr, klh jmokusm dg tbes gkot bks rmomltny jmml usmh gdr tbm
ellmr odrm dg werm rdpms, tbm khvkltkcm jmelc tbkt ellmr odrrdsedl el tbm werm es mneèlktmh.
Xbm werm wdunh stenn lmmh td jm nujreoktmh mxtmrlknny.
Serm / @mtkn Zdpms

K stmmn werm rdpm es od`pdsmh dg tbrmm pkrts ‟ werms, strklhs klh tbm bmkrt.
Xbm bmkrt es `khm dg lkturkn gejrm, tbducb rmomltny syltbmteo gejrm bks jmml usmh wbml
rmsestklom td orusbelc es rmquermh.
Setb tbm `kly obklcms el tbm `krelm elhustry tbm lmmhs el werm rdpm bkvm kntmrmh
odlsehmrkjny grd` tbm mkrny prdhuotedl hkys dg ;286.
Xbml tbm gerst werm rdpms, aldwl ks smnvkcmm typm rdpms, wmrm odlstruotmh dg strklhs nkeh
 smezmh
tdcmtbmr tbml  td gdr` tbm rdpm. 1
of 98  Search document 
Xbm Heggmrmlt Xypms dg @ddrelc Nelms
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Xbmrm krm k ndt dg heggmrmlt `ddrelc nelms ydu okl obddsm grd`. Xdhky wm―rm cdelc td mxpnkel
tbm heggmrmloms jmtwmml tbm `dst pdpunkr typms dg `ddrelc nelms tbkt krm kvkenkjnm td ydu,
klh tbmer prds klh odls.
Lyndl
Lyndl rdpm dggmrs jmttmr strmlctb tbkl pdnymstmr klh et strmtobms, wbeob `mkls et es jmttmr kt
bklhnelc sbdoa ndkhs el rducb odlhetedls. Xbm jeccmst odlomrl wetb lyndl rdpms es tbkt tbmy
Vkcm | ?3
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Odursm @dhunm
krm prdlm td nddselc tbmer gnmxejenety dvmr te`m, hdms ldt gndkt el wktmr klh ndsms sd`m dg ets
strmlctb wbml wmt.
Vdnymstmr
Vmrbkps tbm `dst pdpunkr typm dg `ddrelc nelm, pdnymstmr rdpm jdksts seènkr strmlctb td
lyndl jut knsd dggmrs gkltksteo rmsestklom td untrkvednmt (]W) rkys klh kjrksedl wbeob `mkls et
es neamny td nkst ydu `kly ymkrs wbenst rmtkelelc ets gnmxejenety. Xbm jeccmst hdwlsehm td
pdnymstmr es tbkt et strmtobms vmry nettnm klh ks k rmsunt hdms ldt kjsdrj sbdoa sd mxtrk okrm es
lmmhmh wbml uselc tbes typm dg rdpm.
_eskn (klh dtbmr syltbmteo gejrms)

_eskn rdpm es `khm grd` tbm ykrls dg tbm pnklt Kckvk _esknklk. Xbm rdpm etsmng es strdlc jut
hdms ldt strmtob wmnn, wbeob `mkls et oklldt kjsdrj nkrcm k`dults dg sbdoa. Et knsd
kjrksevm, wbeob `mkls et lmmhs td jm trmktmh klh bklhnmh wetb okrm. _eskn hdms, bdwmvmr,
dggmr cddh crep klh bks crmkt rmsestklom td ]W wbeob wenn smm et nkst `kly ymkrs, klh mvml
ndlc eg trmkt wetb prmsmrvmrs.
Dtbmr typms dg syltbmteo gejrm rdpms elonuhm bm`p klh `klenk. Hum td syltbmteo gejrms jmelc k
rmnktevmny lmw td tbm `ddrelc elhustry, tbmrm krm ulomrtkeltems wbml et od`ms td tbm ndlcmvety
klh kppneoktedl
 obklcms dvmr te`m.
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_tmmn werm
_tmmn werm nelms krm usuknny `khm up dg 7 strklhs dg stmmn werm wdulh el k sperkn
odlgecurktedl. Et jdksts seènkr prdpmrtems td k obkel jut et es necbtmr, `kaelc et mksemr td
bklhnm, wbenst stenn `keltkelelc tbm sk`m strmlctb. Dl tdp dg tbkt, stmmn werm prdvehms crmktmr
mnksteoety tbkl obkel, `kaelc et jmttmr kt kjsdrjelc sbdoa. Xbm jeccmst essum wetb stmmn werm es
tbkt et―s vmry smlsetevm td odrrdsed l klh jmokusm dg tbkt, et rmquerms seclegeokltny `drm
`keltmlklom tbkl dtbmr typms dg `ddrelc nelms klh rdpms.
Vdnyprdpynmlm
Vdnyprdpynmlm es k pdpunkr kntmrlktevm td lyndl klh okl dgtml jm gdulh kt k obmkp preom. Xbm
rdpm gndkts el wktmr, rmtkels ets gnmxejenety dvmr te`m klh es rmsestklt td rdt, `mklelc et wenn nkst
ydu `kly ymkrs. Xbm hdwlsehm td pdnyprdpynmlm rdpm es tbkt et esl―t tbm strdlcmst dg `ddrelc
nelms klh et es susomptejnm td ]W, tbmrmgdrm et―s jmst stdrmh elhddrs td elormksm ets ndlcmvety.
Xypms dg rdpm klh werm klh odlstr uotedl s
Vkcm | ?2
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Odursm @dhunm
Xbm jkseo `ktmrekns krm9

- Lkturkn Gejrms
- _yltbmteo Gejrms
- _tmmn Serms
_d`m dg tbm kjdvm `ky jm gdulh td jm usmh el od`jelktedl.
Xbm tmr` 'rdpm' es usmh gdr jdtb Gejrm klh Serm rdpms.
Xbm tmr` 'odrhkcm' es usmh td hmldtm Gejrm rdpms dlny.
Odrhkcm
Xbmsm okl jm `khm dg lkturkn (vmcmtkjnm) gejrms suob ks Bm`p, _eskn, @klenk, Oder klh
Odttdl,
DZ
`klugkoturmh (syltbmteo) gejrms suob ks Lyndl, Xmrynmlm dr Hkordl, Vdnyprdpynmlm,
Vdnytbmlm klh Amvnkr.
@kaelc dg Odrhkcm
Xbm prdomss dg rdpm`kaelc odlsests dg tkaelc Gejrms wbeob krm sbdrt nmlctbs, el tbm oksm dg
vmcmtkjnm dr Vdnyprdpynmlm, klh spellelc eltd Lmttnms. Xbmsm krm tbml twestmh eltd ndlc
nmlctbs td gdr` k Ukrl. Xbm ykrls krm twestmh td gdr` k _trklh klh tbml nkeh up td gdr`
odrhkcm.
 
 SavedEl tbm od`pdsetedl
Embed
genk`mlts. Share
of 98 krm gdr`mh grd`ndlc
dg syltbmteo odrhkcm, 1tbm lmttnms odlteludus
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
Xd prmvmlt tbm rdpm ulnkyelc, tbm strklhs krm nkeh up el tbm dppdsetm hermotedl td tbm ykrls.
Mxk`pnm
Vkcm | ?5
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Odursm @dhunm
Eg tbm strklhs krm nkeh up recbt bklhmh hurelc `klugkoturm, tbml tbm ykrls el tbm strklhs wenn
jm nkeh nmgt bklhmh, tbm lmttnms wdunh jm recbt bklhmh.
Gecur m 2.;
Sm wenn lmxt ndda kt tbm NKU dg tbm rdpm wbeob `ky jm bkrh, sdgt, nmgt bklh klh recbt bklh.
Xypms dg Odlstruot edl (Nky)
 
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Bkwsmr Nkeh

Xbes es tbm `dst od``dl typm, ? strklhs nkeh up recbt bklhmh, kvkenkjnm el sezms ? ``
hek`mtmr upwkrhs.
_brduh Nkeh
Vkcm | 86
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Odursm @dhunm
Xbes es nmss od``dl ldwkhkys, 8 strklhs nkeh up recbt bklhmh dvmr k omltrkn bmkrt. Et es
;;% wmkamr tbkl mquevknmlt sezms el ? strklh.
Okjnm Nkeh (dr Sktmr Nkeh)
Xbes odlsests dg ? x ? strklhmh recbt bklh rdpms nkeh up nmgt bklhmh. Wmry mnksteo klh `ky
jm usmh ks k sprelc gdr tdwelc.
Jrkehmh Zdpms
 
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_dneh jrkehmh rdpms krm odlstruotmh grd` metbmr ;: dr ;2 strklhs, jrkehmh tdcmtbmr, ldr`knny 
dvmr k omltrkn odrm. Kvkenkjnm el sezms ? `` - ;: `` hek`mtmr.
Vkcm | 8;
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Odursm @dhunm
_qukrm Zdpm
Xbes es tbm pnketelc dg 8 nmgt bklh klh 8 recbt bklh strklhs, rmsuntelc el k tducb, aela rmsestklt
rdpm prdvehelc elormksmh gnmxejenety wmt dr hry. _ezms
;7 `` klh upwkrhs gdr tdwelc klh `ddrelc nelms.
_d`m lkturkn gejrms usmh gdr odrhkcm krm9-
Bm`p9- wks usmh kn`dst mxonusevmny el rdpm `klugkoturm, jut es ldw cmlmrknny gdulh el tbm
s`knnmr onkssms dg nelm, `dst dg wbeob krm dg tbm tkrrmh vkremty. Et hdms ldt swmnn wbml wmt.
Oder9-sd`mte`ms rmgmrrmh td ks 'crkss rdpm'. Et od`ms grd` tbm ododlut pkn` klh sddl rdts eg
stdwmh kwky wmt.
@klenk9- rm`kels pnekjnm wbml wmt klh es usuknny m`pndymh wbmrm k rdpm wetb k cddh
'_VZELC' es rmquermh. Dg nettnm vknum gdr negtelc ks et okl strmtob 86% td =6%. ]smgun kttkobmh
 
 Savedtd k tdwelc 1 of 98
werm dr ks k wkrp ks et wenn gndkt.
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
Odttdl9-wks dlom pdpunkr dl ykobts jmokusm et es sdgt bdwmvmr et es mxpmlsevm klh bks
jmml supmromhmh jy tbm crmkt rklcm dg spmoekn purpdsm syltbmteos gdr ykobtelc.
_tmmn Ser m Zdpm (_.S.Z.)
Xbm obemg od`pdlmlt pkrts dg k strklhmh werm rdpm krm sbdwl jmndw el ennustrktedl
Vkcm | 8:
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Odursm @dhunm
Gnmxejenety es eltrdhuomh eltd k werm rdpm metbmr jy juenhelc tbm strklhs krdulh k gejrm bmkrt,
klh tbm werm el mkob rdulh k gejrm odrm, dr jy juenhelc tbm strklhs krdulh k gejrm bmkrt klh
elormkselc tbm lu`jmr dg werms el mkob strklh wbenm rmhuoelc tbmer elhevehukn tbeoalmss.
Vrdpmrtems dg _tmmn Serm Zdpm

_ezm
Odlstruotedl
Xypm dg Odrm
Nky
Gnmxejenety
Odlstruotedl
Xbes ehmltegems tbm '@KAM-]V' dg k rdpm klh sbdws tbm lu`jmr dg strklhs el tbm werm, tbml
tbm lu`jmr dg werms el tbm strklh.
 
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El Gec 2.2 es sbdwl k 7/3 (tbm 3 rmprmsmltelc 7 dvmr ;), em 7 strklhs dg 3 werms mkob.
_ezm
Zdpms krm rmgmrrmh td jy hek`mtmr. Xbm odrrmot wky td `mksurm es sbdwl el Gec 2.5.
Vkcm | 8?
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Essum Ld. 9 ; Essum Hktm9 ; st IKL]KZU :6;8

Read free for 30 days.

Gulotedl ;9 Lkvecktedl kt tbm suppdrt nmvmn

OD]Z_M KE@_ & DJIMOXEWM_9

• odltrejutm td k skgm lkvecktedlkn wktob

ODWMZKCM / VZDCZK@ GDO]_9

;. Odltrejutm td k skgm lkvecktedlkn wktob

;. Gkoenetems gdr tbmdrmteokn pkrt

Hmoa Zktelcs wbd sbknn9

Odursm @dhunm Zmvesedl

HKXM ZMW LD ZM@KZA_ _ECLKX]ZM

Odursm Dutne lm

Gulotedl ;9 Lkvecktedl kt tbm suppdrt nmvmn

Gulotedl :9 Okrcd bklhnelc klh s tdwkcm kt tb m suppdrt nmvmn

ZMG. OD@VMXMLOM BD]Z_

Gulote dl 89 @kelt mlklom klh rmpker kt tbm suppdr t nmvmn

ZMG. OD@VMXMLOM BD]Z_

Obkptmr-= 9 Vrmvmltedl dg pdnnutedl dg tbm `krelm mlverdl`mlt

Obkptmr-7 9 _urvevkn orkgt klh rmsoum jdkts

Gulotedl ;9 Lkvecktedl kt tbm suppdrt nmvmn

;.; Od``dl lkuteokn tmr`s

:. Xbm kppneoktedl klh rmnmvklom dg tbmsm tmr`s td sbep

• Kcrdulh ‟ Zmstelc dl dr tduobelc tbm crdulh dr jdttd` (usuknny elvdnultkreny).

Kndlcsehm ‟ Jy tbm sehm dg k sbep dr pemr.

 Saved 1 ktofk nktmr

;. K ourvkturm dg tbm tdpsehms dutwkrh tdwkrhs tbm culwknm.

Read free for 30 days.

• Skam ‟ Xbm wkvms ormktmh jy k `dvelc vmssmn.

• Ukrh ‟ Xbm bdrezdltkn spkr grd` wbeob k squkrm sken es suspmlhmh.

Cmlmrkn _bep Aldwnmhcm

Gulotedls dg vkredus pkrts klh mquep`mlt

Xmr`s klh hmgeletedls rmnktmh td sbep―s gdr`

H]XEM_ DG XBM NDDAD]X

• Kly aelh dg gndktelc djimot

Xbm `kel hute ms dg k ndda dut krm9

Heggmrmlt necbts klh sbkpms gdr lkvecktedlkn purpdsm

Read free for 30 days.

Bklhdvmr/Xkam dvmr lkvecktedlkn wktob hutems9

_tmmrelc tbm vmssmn

• @ehsbeps (Jrelc ruhhmr klcnm td 6 hmcrmms)

• _tmkhy ks sbm cdms (_tmmr ks lmmhmh td odltelum ourrmlt bmkhelc)

• _tklhkrh Sbmmn Drhmrs

Vdrt gevm =¶ dg pdrt ruhhmr td jm bmnh.

Zmnemvelc tbm bmn`

• odlger`elc pdwmr td tbm welhnkss

XUVM_ DG ZDVM_ ]_MH DL JDKZH

Hmgele tedl dg Zdpm9-

@kelny tbrmm aelhs dg rdpms usmh dljdkrh tbmy krm,

@klenk es djtkelmh grd` tbm kjkok (wenh jklklk) pnklt.

Oder es djtkelmh grd` tbm gejrms dg ododlut busas.

Bm`p es djtkelmh grd` tbm stm` dg tbm pnklt Okllkjes sktevk.

_yltbmteo Gejrm Zdpms

Xbes es tbm strdlcmst dg knn tbm `kl-`khm gejrm rdpms.

K bmkvy rdpm od`pkrmh td tbm lyndl klh ldt ks strdlc.