COLUMBAN COLLEGE, INC.

Olongapo City
College of Computer Studies

Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies that will allow
the researchers to identify general details and citations in the current study, as well as a
technical background that will explain the formality of the project, details of the systems
to be used, and the project's significance.

Technical Background

The proponents have used web-based program wherein the users can access it
through any digital platforms. The Web-based Alumni Management System assist college
or universities in effectively creating and maintaining their alumni network. without
using the traditional process.

These are some of the technical terms that are being used in our project:
Bootstrap, PHP, MySQL, HTML, CSS, JavaScript, XAMPP, and VS Code.

Some of the terminologies stated above are also the technology being used in our
project. These technologies are:

 Bootstrap - an open-source, cross-platform framework for web

development. And also, bootstrap is used to build websites and apps.

 PHP - a programming language. It is a general-purpose scripting language.

And also, PHP is used to create websites. It is used to code software

 MySQL - an open-source database software. It is used to store information

in a database. However, it's more of an idea than a real thing, but it works
with a set of rules instead of binary algorithms.

1
 COLUMBAN COLLEGE, INC.
Olongapo City
College of Computer Studies
 HTML - It's used to create websites, and is primarily used for building
interactive media.

 CSS - a general-purpose programming language that describes the

appearance of interactive work.

 JavaScript - a cross-platform programming environment that is written in

the Python programming language.

 XAMPP - an object-oriented programming language that is used to create

an online collaboration platform. Any latest version.

 VS Code - an open-source programming environment that allows

developers to create code in a variety of programming languages.

Related Literature

Local Literature

According to Etcuban, J. O., & Durano, D. S. (2015). International Journal

of Multidisciplinary Research (IAMURE) “Development of an Alumni Database
for a University”. Alumni databases are essential to every educational
institution. The school needs information and data to communicate, confirm,
archive, and look into the alumni. These are also utilized to confirm the
discrepancy between graduates' knowledge and skills and the necessary
credentials demanded by companies. It determined the success of the college's
education and the accomplishments of its graduates. The study's objective was to
create and develop a University of Cebu alumni database that would address
issues with alumni tracing. The suggested system would give users the ability to
register and produce data for the purpose of locating graduates.

The study concluded that in comparison to the traditional technique of

data recording, an alumni database system is by far a better tool, cost- and time-

2
 COLUMBAN COLLEGE, INC.
Olongapo City
College of Computer Studies
saving technology. Additionally, it will simplify the university's efforts to support
alumni in spreading information developments that are pertinent to other global
stakeholders. Therefore, the analysis, design, and development of the alumni
database best match the Davis Technology Acceptance Model.

The Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research “Development

of an Alumni Databank: The Case of Nueva Ecija University of Science and
Technology.” of Navarro, E. C. (2022). Stated that the office of alumni affairs and
placement in Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology (NEUST),
which is the third oldest school in the province of Nueva Ecija, never have a
computerized system for maintaining alumni databases information about
graduates from universities. They continue to manually gathering, processing, and
storing alumni data tedious. Alumni Affairs and Placement Office's challenging
environment starts once the graduates get their diploma and other necessary the
University's records. The lack of contact, frequent changes to personal
information, and lack of relevant connections to them make getting data from
them more difficult. As a result, producing trustworthy and on-time reports takes
time. The creation of a NEUST-SIC alumni databank is pertinent to the situation
and timely to address these worries. The Alumni Affairs and Placement Office
and the graduates are intended to connect through the created Alumni Databank.
The giving of Analytics enables quick processing of the data, allows for clear
communication and concentrates on future analysis. Graduates' names are
included in the downloadable reports. The overall number and employability are
filtered by gender and course. The Alumni Databank is considered essential, to
understand and evaluate the graduates' current situation, as well as for the
university to have a repository for alumni records, to suit the university's needs.

With the help of the created Alumni Databank, a connection is made

between the graduates and the Alumni Affairs and Placement Office. The Office
benefited much from it, especially when it came to tracking down graduates and
maintaining the data on them. The San Isidro Campus of NEUST established the
3
 COLUMBAN COLLEGE, INC.
Olongapo City
College of Computer Studies
repository of alumni record management with the following features: online
registration, posting of employment openings from the University and other job
postings from partner organizations. Reports with analytics were given, including
data on graduate generation, employability, and graduates grouped by gender.
With some data analytics, the created system was able to generate printable
reports of alumni records.

In the study conducted by Capili Kummer, M. G., & Corpuz Batugal, M.

L. (2021) “Dynamic Alumni Monitoring with Decision Support System” stated
that building dependable national high potential employees of skilled workers is
essential for creating industries and businesses that are sustainable. It is crucial to
investigate the market's requirements as well as to measure, examine, and
compare the supply and demand for graduates' abilities and competencies. A
tracer study is an effective approach to keep the curriculum current in any
educational setting and to give graduates advantages that will increase their
marketability and employability.

The ability to track a school's graduates' whereabouts, achievements,

employment, and production is one of the best methods to promote that school.
The output of graduates is a good indicator of the quality of instruction and
support provided by any institution. Most frequently, schools find it challenging
to stay in touch with their alumni. In order to track their graduates more quickly
and easily, school managers should be able to implement new techniques.
Nowadays, there are more chances and opportunities thanks to rising technology
and technological development to make people's lives easier. This includes school
operations, specifically tracking graduates. The problem of graduates' traceability
is therefore resolved by the Dynamic Alumni Monitoring with Decision Support
System. The system is able to create the reports that administrators and professors
need, and it can serve as a template for other universities looking to track down
their graduates. In addition, this application can be used to collect data from

4
 COLUMBAN COLLEGE, INC.
Olongapo City
College of Computer Studies
graduates more quickly and conveniently, providing administrators, academics,
and staff with a clear image of the profile of the alumni.

According to Alegado, L. M. (2015) the internet is an effective tool for

connecting people. Most people today use it as a means of exchanging
information and knowledge, and it appears that practically everyone is online. The
goal of the online alumni information system was to assess how well the current
alumni information system performed in terms of accessibility, dependability, and
timeliness. The researcher came to the conclusion that the Online Alumni
Information System should be created and put into use in response to the findings.
The system enhanced the current alumni information system and gave all of her
stakeholder’s alumni, graduating students, registrar, guidance counsellors, and
school administrators easy access to information. The Online Alumni Information
System fills the communication gap between alumni and the school by giving
them access to each other's information and facilitating communication. Since the
Online Alumni Information System is so simple to use, keeping in touch with the
alumni is made simpler. People might communicate with people all around the
world because we are now living in a digital age.

According to Quitevis, C. Q., Lopez, F. D., Binay-an, I., & Sanidad, R. A.

(2019) the majority of alumni already have regular or permanent jobs. This
suggests that the majority of graduate school graduates are already secure in their
individual positions and have professional career.   The results indicate that the
graduate school alums are in good positions or jobs in the organizational
hierarchy where they belong, but there are also some who have held other higher
positions like Supervisors, Master Teachers I, Supervisors, Administrators etc. In
addition, the majority of them received promotions. This shows that the majority
of alumni have profited professionally from having graduate degrees. Their
knowledge and skills, which they acquired and improved while obtaining their
individual degrees, allowed them to advance in their professions.

5
 COLUMBAN COLLEGE, INC.
Olongapo City
College of Computer Studies
Support for students shows a strong connection between business and
critical thinking abilities. The results show that students' entrepreneurial abilities
are better developed if they have access to hands-on activities, laboratory work,
experiments, and research projects that also call for the use of critical thinking
skills. The graduate school's offerings should be continually upgraded, especially
the capabilities that alumni found to be particularly helpful in their current
professions.

Foreign Literature

1. Development of Intelligent Alumni Management System for Universities

According to Khan, Nayyar Ahmed and Siddiqi, Ahmed Masih Uddin and
Ahmad, Mohammad (2021). “Development of Intelligent Alumni Management
System for Universities” In recent years, there has been a greater need for contact
between graduates and their institutions and universities. Learn a lot about them,
their requirements, and those of the labor market. This study is still helping to
develop a strong foundation of graduates and university students who are
interested in finding out more about the requirements for qualified labor in Saudi
Arabia, strengthening the labor market for new technologies and efficiency. The
faculty also wants to keep in touch, thus communication between graduates and
the university may be advantageous for both parties. employing a web
application, keeps in touch with its graduates, and establishing a route for social
and professional communication between the faculty and the graduates. Those
who have graduated from the Faculty of Engineering and Computer Sciences are
known as a former student of this institution. Graduates make a lot of social
connections during this time. both their professors and their classmates. Most of
the time after graduation, these connections are broken. continue. Typically, a
student loses most of his contacts after graduating from college. The faculty,
however, does not wish to see this pattern persist. Professors may view their
graduates as prospective business partners with the potential for collaboration

6
 COLUMBAN COLLEGE, INC.
Olongapo City
College of Computer Studies
following the studies. Graduates are a great source of information and
constructive criticism that could aid the caliber of the professors.

2. Web-Based Abulyatama Alumni Information System

According to Ardiansyah, T. M. (2021). “Web-Based Abulyatama Alumni

Information System” Tracer studies examine the results of graduates' or alumni's
post-graduation tracer investigations. To collect data for a tracer study, STMIK
Abulyatama must currently do it manually by mailing out questionnaires and
performing phone interviews with alumni and businesses. As a result, it is
essential to provide a com prehensive E-Tracer study service that can give
information to universities for curriculum modifications, track alumni in great
detail, and assess user satisfaction among college graduates. To determine the
alumni information system using a web-based programming language, to design
an alumni management information system using Data Flow Diagrams (DAD)
and programming languages like HTML, CSS, JQuery, JSON, PHP, and MySQL
as databases, and to make the current system even better by developing an
information system that can enhance performance on alumni data collection at
Abulyatama University. The research is in many stages, including literature
review, data collection, systems analysis, system creation, and report preparation.
According to the examination of the alumni information system's findings, it is
still done manually at this time.

3. Design of Alumni Portal with Data Security

According to B. M, S. K, P. V, S. E. S and R. C. M, (2021). "Design of

Alumni Portal with Data Security" Graduate and past students make up an alumni
association. Colleges rely on alumni to mentor students, which enables current
students to connect with graduates to learn about numerous job prospects,
including industry trends, industrial events, internships, scholarships, and more.
To actively participate in registering, searching for, and managing the alumni

7
 COLUMBAN COLLEGE, INC.
Olongapo City
College of Computer Studies
information to receive more updates, this project handles the freshmen and old
graduate students with their individual information. The goal of the Alumni
Portal's chosen Dynamic Design is to facilitate the connection between all alumni
and students. Information on colleges, special events, careers, and post-campus
placements is provided through this alumni portal. To secure the data, the SMS4-
BSK cryptosystem is employed.

4. Tracing the Experiences of an Inaugural Postgraduate Distance Education

Alumni cohort of the University of Zambia.

According to Manchishi, P. C., Simui, F., Ndhlovu, D., & Lukali-

Thompson, C. (2020). “Tracing the Experiences of an Inaugural Postgraduate
Distance Education Alumni cohort of the University of Zambia” In this study, we
follow the experiences of the University of Zambia's first batch of postgraduate
distance education alumni. The University of Zambia and Zimbabwe Open
University (UNZA-ZOU) Collaboration project served as the study's inspiration.
The project's first cohort of Postgraduate distance learners enrolled in 2014 and
later graduated in 2016 as part of the initiative. Given that postgraduate distant
education was still in its infancy, policy and practice might benefit from the
lessons learned from the first cohort. Targeting all of the graduates in the first
cohort, a qualitative method was used with a modified Online Google Form, and
24 individuals consented to share their lived experiences. The results showed that
while some research participants kept their jobs following training, a sizable
portion of them were promoted to higher positions. Their opinions of the
programs were largely favorable. However, several participants expressed some
worries about the quality of the training materials and the supervision of the
research, among other things. The report makes the following recommendations: I
UNZA-ZOU should carefully explore increasing the profile of study materials by
including examples from other countries in addition to Zimbabwe. Additionally, it
is necessary to carry out a small study that will concentrate on the employers'
perspectives on the programs.
8
 COLUMBAN COLLEGE, INC.
Olongapo City
College of Computer Studies
5. Website Development for Alumni of Education Information Technology.

According to Permana, R., Budiman, R. D. A., Ramadhani, D., & Putra,

A. A. (2022). “Website Development for Alumni of Education Information
Technology” The technology used to create, store, or disseminate information for
human use is referred to as information technology. Information technology is
now more frequently connected with high-speed communication and processing,
such as computers and mobile phones. As a learning environment, the Pontianak
IKIP-PGRI Institute of Teacher Training and Education of the Indonesian
Teachers Association (IKIP-PGRI) needs information technology to support
operations. According to the findings of observations made through conducting
interviews, the study program has an information system website that provides
information about study programs; however, the information system has several
flaws. In particular, there is no alumni data information system and the news and
job openings have not been updated. Based on these issues, the researcher plans to
use the R&D process and the ADDIE approach to creating a web-based
information system for the alumni database. Two system specialists validated the
system development outcomes to determine the feasibility percentage. The alumni
information system has undergone usability, functionality, and visual
communication tests to determine its viability. These attributes' total average
values are 4.20 and 4.65, respectively, and both of these values meet the "Very
Good" standard.

Synthesis

The research paper by Corpuz Batugal, M. L., and Capili Kummer, M. G.

(2021) claimed that the production of graduates is a good indicator of the standard
of education and support given by any school. One of the greatest ways to
promote a school is to be able to follow the whereabouts, accomplishments,
employment, and output of its graduates. In a similar context, the study by
Quitevis, C. Q., Lopez, F. D., Binay-an, I., and Sanidad, R. A. (2019), the

9
 COLUMBAN COLLEGE, INC.
Olongapo City
College of Computer Studies
majority of graduates already have stable jobs. They were able to advance in their
occupations thanks to the skills and knowledge they developed and added to while
pursuing their individual degrees given by any their previous school. This shows
that the majority of students and alumni are already secure in their respective
roles and have established careers. And Manchishi, P. C., Simui, F., Ndhlovu, D.,
& Lukali-Thompson, C. (2020). The results showed that while some research
participants kept their jobs following training, a sizable portion of them were
promoted to higher positions. Both proves the involvement of the benefits of the
alumni graduate from their previous school as well as the benefits of the school
from its former students.

Another research study by Alegado, L. M. (2015) the internet is a useful

tool for establishing connections between people. Today, the majority of people
use it as a medium of knowledge and information exchange, and it seems like
almost everyone has access to the internet. By enabling communication and
providing access to each other's information, an online alumni system closes the
gap in communication between alumni and the school which will make it easier to
keep in touch with the former students and the institution. Which proves the
research study of the related literature stated below.

Etcuban, J. O., & Durano, D. S. (2015) concluded that in comparison to

the traditional technique of data recording, an alumni database system is by far a
better tool, cost- and time-saving technology. The Alumni Databank is considered
essential, to understand and evaluate the graduates' current situation, as well as for
the university to have a repository for alumni records, to suit the university's
needs stated by Navarro, E. C. (2022). The faculty also wants to keep in touch,
thus communication between graduates and the university may be advantageous
for both parties. employing a web application, keeps in touch with its graduates,
and establishing a route for social and professional communication between the
faculty and the graduates according to Khan, Nayyar Ahmed and Siddiqi, Ahmed
Masih Uddin and Ahmad, Mohammad (2021). All of these studies together
10
 COLUMBAN COLLEGE, INC.
Olongapo City
College of Computer Studies
confirmed that developing an Alumni Management System will ensure to
maintain the connection between the school and alumni, which will benefit both
alumni graduates and the institution.

Related Systems

Originally claimed by De Ocampo, M. B. (2012) Approximately 80% of

those who have entered the workforce are believed to have received their
education in the private sector, which has made significant contributions to the
nation's highly qualified labor force. In the Philippines, a university's reputation
for producing good graduates who find employment with ease after graduation is
most likely linked to this fact.

Wienkes, K. ( 2010 ) An business must grow as it expands in order to

manage the growing volume of information needed for efficient operation. This
entails converting from analog to digital in the modern day.

Synthesis

In terms of the assistance given in the management of the internal

organization of the alumni organization, including the management of the contact
information of the alumni database handling, and archiving of alumni records, the
Alumni Tracer System and Leadership and Alumni Tracking System are
comparable.

In terms of the issue to be addressed, which is the high unemployment and

underemployment of new professionals of various fields, the related literature of
De Ocampo (2012) and Wienkes, K (2010) is in accordance with the study of the
suggested system.

11
 COLUMBAN COLLEGE, INC.
Olongapo City
College of Computer Studies

Conceptual Framework

A Web Based Alumni Management System identifies the process which is the

IPO or the Input Process Output for Columban College Inc.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

- Survey Planning A Web Based Alumni

- Alumni Credentials
- Related Literature
- Related Studies
- Identification of Management System
problems and it’s best
1. Admin Module
solution
2. User Module
Design
3. Survey Module
- Physical and logical
design of the system 4. Alumni Module

System Development
- Coding and
Programming

System Testing
- Initial and final
testing

System
Implementation
- Deployment of the
project, initializing
and testing errors

EVALUATION/FEEDBACK

12