Tolerances and Allowances

Tolerance - the permissible variation in the dimensions of machine parts. It is the difference between
the two limits.
• Bilateral tolerance - the size of a part is permitted to be either larger or smaller than the given
dimension.
9 1
± ,1.062 ± 0.010
16 32
• Unilateral tolerance - the size of a part maybe larger only, or smaller only, than the given dimension.
+0.010 +0.000
1.062−0.000 1.062−0.010
The unilateral system is mostly used in industries as it permits changing the tolerance value while still
retaining the same allowance or type of fit.

Allowance - It is the difference between the basic dimensions of the mating parts. The allowance may be
positive or negative. When the shaft size is less than the hole size, then the allowance is positive and
when the shaft size is greater than the hole size, then the allowance is negative.

• Interference (negative allowance) – is the arithmetical difference between the sizes of the hole and
the shaft, before assembly.
It is the opposite of clearance, for mating cylindrical parts in which the internal member is larger than
the external member (e.g., press-fits).
Clearance - is the difference between the sizes of the hole and the shaft before assembly. The difference
must be positive.
Refers to the mating of cylindrical parts such as a bolt and a hole. The word clearance is used only when
the internal member is smaller than the external member. The diametral clearance is the measured
difference in the two diameters. The radial clearance is the difference in the two radii.
Fit – the degree of tightness or looseness between the two mating parts.
The dimensional relationship between mating parts such as press, shrink or sliding fit.

Classifications of Running and Sliding Fits set by American Standard Association (ASA)
RC 1; close-sliding fits. For accurate location of fitting parts without perceptible play.
RC 2; sliding fits. These fits move and turn easily but are not intended to run freely. With a small
temperature change in the larger sizes, this fit may seize.
RC 3; precision running fits. For precision assemblies operating at low speed, light load, and small
temperature change.
RC 4; close-running fits. For cases of accurate location and minimum play, but for moderate speed,
journal pressure and temperature rise.
RC 5; and RC 6; medium-running fits. Suitable for higher running speed and heavy journal pressure.
RC 7; free-running fits. Suitable for large temperature variations and where wider tolerances are
permissible.
RC 8 and RC 9; loose-running fits. For use with commercial cold-rolled shafts and tubing.