Statistical Physics

Statistical Distribution
Understanding the distribution of certain energy among particle members and their
most probable behavior.

n(E) = g(E) f(E)

E3 n(E) : number of particles with energy E

E3 g(E) : number of state with energy E
F(E) : distribution function
E2 average number of particles in each
E1 states with energy E
probability of occupancy of each state
with energy E
Statistical Distribution Law
1. Maxwell –Boltzmann Statistics
Distribution of identical particles which are widely separated. Example: gas molecules

𝑛 𝐸 = 𝐴 𝑔 𝐸 𝑒 −𝐸 /𝑘𝐵 𝑇

2. Bose Einstein Distribution

For identical particles with spin 0 or integer/boson. Example: photon, phonon.

𝑔 𝐸
𝑛 𝐸 =𝐴
𝑒 𝛼 𝑒 −𝐸 /𝑘𝐵 𝑇 − 1

3. Fermi Diract Distribution

For particles with odd half-integer spin/fermion (1/2, 3/2, ...). Example: electron

𝑔 𝐸
𝑛 𝐸 =𝐴
𝑒 𝛼 𝑒 −𝐸 /𝑘𝐵 𝑇 + 1
Tugas 1

A cointainer has 1025 hydrogen atoms at 00 and atmospheric pressure. If possible

quntum states for each quantum number n is 𝑔 𝐸𝑛 = 2𝑛2 . Find the number of
atoms at first excited states (n=2) at 1000 K

13,6𝑒𝑉
𝐸2 4 exp 𝑒𝑉
𝑁 2 A 2𝑥22 exp − 4𝑥8,617𝑥10−5 𝐾 𝑥1000𝐾
𝑘𝐵 𝑇
= =
𝑁(1) 𝐴 2𝑥12 𝐸1 13,6𝑒𝑉
exp − exp
𝑘𝐵 𝑇 𝑒𝑉
8,617𝑥10−5 𝐾 𝑥1000𝐾

= 4 exp 39,44 − 157,82 = 4 exp −118,38 = 1,52 x10−51

Molecular Energy in Ideal Gas
Following Maxwell-Botlzmann Distribution

𝑛 𝐸 𝑑𝐸 = 𝐴 𝑔 𝐸 𝑒 −𝐸 /𝑘𝐵 𝑇 𝑑𝐸

The easiest way is to find the relation between momentum and energy because
𝑝2 = 2𝑚𝐸

Imagine the particles are distributed within a sphere with radius p. Each particle in
certain state with energy E has momentul p

Number of momentum states

𝑔 𝑝 𝑑𝑝 = 𝐵𝑝2 𝑑𝑝
Number of energy states
𝑔 𝐸 𝑑𝐸 = 𝑔 𝑝 𝑑𝑝 = 𝐵𝑝2 𝑑𝑝
= 𝐵 2𝑚𝐸 𝑚 𝑑𝐸/ 2𝑚𝐸
Number of molecules in energy state between E and dE

𝑛 𝐸 𝑑 𝐸 = 𝐶 𝐸𝑒 −𝐸/𝑘𝐵 𝑇 𝑑𝐸

To calculate C, use normalization for total molecules N

∞
𝑁 = න 𝐶 𝐸𝑒 −𝐸/𝑘𝐵𝑇 𝑑𝐸
0

∞ 1 𝜋
Remember ‫׬‬0 𝑥𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑎 𝑎

𝐶 2𝜋𝑁
𝑁= 𝜋 𝑘𝐵 𝑇 3/2 𝐶=
2 𝜋𝑘𝐵 𝑇 3/2

Molecular Energy Distribution

2𝜋𝑁 𝐸
−𝑘 𝑇
𝑛 𝐸 𝑑𝐸 = 3/2
𝐸𝑒 𝐵 𝑑𝐸
𝜋𝑘𝐵 𝑇
Total energy of N molecule
∞ ∞
2𝜋𝑁 3/2 −𝐸/𝑘𝐵 𝑇
3
𝐸 = න 𝐸 𝑛 𝐸 𝑑𝐸 = 3/2
න 𝐸 𝑒 𝑑𝐸 = 𝑁𝑘𝐵 𝑇
0 𝜋𝑘 𝐵 𝑇 0 2

∞ 3 𝜋
Remember ‫׬‬0 𝑥 3/2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑎2 𝑎

Average Molecular Energy

𝐸 3
𝐸ത = = 𝑘 𝑇
𝑁 2 𝐵
Distribution of Molecular Speed

1
𝐸= 𝑚𝑣 2 𝑑𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣𝑑𝑣
2

𝑚 3/2
2 /2𝑘
𝑛 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑛 𝐸 𝑑𝐸 = 4𝜋𝑁 𝑣 2 𝑒 −𝑚𝑣 𝐵𝑇 𝑑𝑣
2𝜋𝑘𝑇

Average molecular speed

1 ∞ 8𝑘𝐵 𝑇 ∞ 1
𝑣ҧ = න 𝑣 𝑛 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = Remember ‫׬‬0 𝑥 3 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑎2
𝑁 0 𝜋𝑚

The RMS speed, prinsip Equipartisi

3𝑘𝐵 𝑇 1 2 3
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑣^2
ҧ = Remember 𝑚𝑣 = 2 𝑘𝐵 𝑇
𝑚 2
Planck Radiation

ℎ𝑣
ഥ=
∈
𝑒 ℎ𝑣 /𝑘𝐵 𝑇 − 1

Wien’s displacement

𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑇 = 2.898 × 10−3 m.K

Stefan-Boltzaman Law
Energi radiated by an object per second

𝑅 = 𝑒𝜎𝑇 4 , with 𝜎 = 5.67 × 10−8 W/m^2K^4

Specific Heat of Solids
Classical internal Energy of solid

𝐸 = 3𝑁𝑘𝐵 𝑇 = 3𝑅𝑇

𝑅 = 𝑁𝐾𝐵 = 8,31 J/mol.K

Specific Heat at constant volume

𝜕𝐸
𝐶𝑣 = = 3𝑅 = 24.93 J/mol.K
𝜕𝑇 𝑉

Dulong Petit law

Einstein Formula
Probability for an oscilator to have frequency 𝑣
1
𝑓 𝑣 = ℎ𝑣
𝑒 𝑘𝐵 𝑇 −1

Average energy per oscilator Internal Energy of Solid

ℎ𝑣 3𝑁ℎ𝑣
𝐸ത = ℎ𝑣 𝐸= ℎ𝑣
𝑒 𝑘𝐵 𝑇 −1 𝑒 𝐵𝑇
𝑘 −1

Einstein specific heat formula

2
𝜕𝐸 ℎ𝑣 𝑒 ℎ𝑣/𝑘𝐵 𝑇
𝑐𝑉 = = 3𝑅 2
𝜕𝑇 𝑉
𝑘𝐵 𝑇 ℎ𝑣
𝑒 𝑘𝐵 𝑇 −1
Einstein Model at high temperature
ℎ𝑣 ≪ 𝑘𝐵 𝑇
𝑥 𝑥2
Remember : 𝑒 ≈ 1 + 𝑥 + + ⋯.
2!

ℎ𝑣 ℎ𝑣
𝑒 𝐵𝑇
𝑘 ≈1+
𝑘𝐵 𝑇

3𝑁ℎ𝑣
𝐸= ℎ𝑣 = 3𝑁𝑘𝐵 𝑇
𝑒 𝑘𝐵 𝑇 −1

𝜕𝐸
𝐶𝑣 = = 3𝑅 = 24.93 J/mol.K
𝜕𝑇 𝑉
Free electron contribution to specific heat
Classical approach, only one electron per quantum state
3 3
𝐸𝑒 = 𝑁𝑜𝑘𝐵 𝑇 = 𝑅𝑇
2 2

3
𝐶𝑣 = 𝑅
2

3
Total specific heat 𝐶𝑣 = 𝑅 + 3R
2

Quantum approach:

𝜋 2 𝑘𝐵 𝑇 2/3
𝐶𝑣𝑒 = 𝑅 ℎ2 3𝑁
2 𝜖𝐹 𝜖𝐹 =
2𝑚 8𝜋𝑉
Liquid Helium He3
phenomena of Bose Einstein Condensation and Superconductivity
Doppler Broadening