REVIEWER FOR NSTP

GROUP DYNAMICS
 The existence of groups is permanently present in all civilizations. People spend
their entire lives joining groups, taking part in them, and getting out of them. To
understand why being part of a group is such an important characteristic of
humans, we need to know what a group is and what group dynamics are.

GROUP
 A group is basically an assemblage of people. It can be understood as a collection
of individuals (two or more), who come together and interact with each other, so
as to achieve the objectives of the organization.
 These are the foundation of an organization.

TYPES OF GROUPS
 PRIMARY GROUP
 People in the primary group tend to be close
 They interact a lot and influence the behavior of the group members.
Commitment and values are important.
 Becoming part of the primary can happen involuntarily, like with families, or by
choice, like with close friends.

 SOCIAL GROUP
 Social groups tend to be larger and more formally organized than primary groups
 Emotional involvement is lower and membership is less enduring
 Work groups, clubs, and church organizations are good examples of social group

 COLLECTIVES
 Collectives arise when individuals have something in common that draws them
together, usually unintentionally.
 Interaction tends to be limited and once the experience or action ends, the group is
dissolved.
 Crowds or audiences watching the same performance and queues are good
examples of collectives.
  CATEGORIES
 Categories are characterized by an aggregate of individuals who share something
in common, but only become groups when their similarities have social
implications.
 Categories can appear to be higher in entitativity and essentialism than primary,
secondary, and collective groups.
 The group is generally the largest type of such, where members can be either
permanently or temporarily ingroup. Categories can include individuals with the
same ethnicity, gender, religion, or nationality. For example, Thai, women, and
gamers can all be characterized as categories.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GROUP
 SIZE
 To form a group, it must be having at least two members. Practically, the number
of group members ranges from 15 to 20. The more the members in the group, the
more complex it is to manage.
 The larger the group, the more likely it is that subgroups arise and less likely it is
that individual has a close relationship with every other member of the group.

 GOALS
 Every group has certain goals, that are the reasons for its existence.

 NORMS
 A group has certain rules, for interacting with the group members.
 Norms are rules that define what the appropriate attitudes, feelings, and behaviors
are in a group. Group norms prescribe the desirable and undesirable actions in
particular situations.

 STRUCTURE
 It has a structure, based on the roles and positions held by the members.
 The group structure displays how a group is organized. Common aspects that are
used for structuring groups are roles (e.g. leader and follower).
 When people start to collaborate with each other in a group or a team, individual
differences brought to the group by its members may inhibit efficient group
collaboration.
  ROLES
 Every member of a group has certain roles and responsibilities, which are
assigned by the group leader.
 Every member of a group is expected to stick to the role/s assigned to him/her
 Most of the time, members’ skills and capabilities are taken into considerations in
assigning roles

 INTERACTION
 Interaction focuses on what group members actually do. For example, people talk,
get into arguments a help each other.
 The interaction between the group members can occur in several ways, i.e face to
face, telephonic, in writing or in any other manner,

 COLLECTIVE IDENTITY
 A group is an aggregation of individuals, which are separately called as members,
and collectively called as a group.
 It refers to the shared definition of a group that derives from it’s members’
common interest, experiences, and solidarities.

GROUP DYNAMICS
 Group dynamics refers to the attitudinal and behavioralcharacteristics of a group.
 Group dynamics concern how groups form, their structure and process, and how they
function. Group dynamics are relevant in both formal and informal groups of all types.
 In an organizational setting, groups are a very common organizational entity and the
study of groups and group dynamics is an important area of study in organizational
behavior.

GROUP DYNAMICS PROCESSES

 Group Development is a dynamic process. There is a process of five stages through
which groups pass through.
 The process includes the five stages: forming, storming, norming, performing, and
adjourning.
1. FORMING STAGE
 Group members get to know each other and become oriented toward other members.
 Group members learn each others’ strength and weaknesses, skills, talents and
limitations.
 Knowing the members of a group is essential. At this stage, group members are learning
what to do, how the group is going to operate, what is expected, and what is acceptable.

2. STORMING STAGE
 Conflicts arise as group members find their place in the group.
 The second stage of group development is the storming stage. The storming stage is
where dispute and competition are at its greatest because now group members have an
understanding of the work and a general feel of belongingness towards the group as well
as the group members.
 This is the stage where the dominating group members emerge, while the less
confrontational members stay in their comfort zone.
 Questions around leadership, authority, rules, policies, norms, responsibilities, structure,
evaluation criteria and reward systems tend to arise during the storming stage. Such
questions need to be answered so that the group can move further on to the next stage.

3. NORMING STAGE
 Once a group is clear about its needs, it can move forward to the third stage of group
development, the norming stage. This is the time where the group becomes really united.
 At this stage, the morale is high as group members actively acknowledge the talents,
skills and experience that each member brings to the group. A sense of belongingness is
established and the group remains focused on the group's purpose and goal.
 Members are flexible, interdependent, and trust each other. Leadership is distributive and
members are willing to adapt according to the needs of the group.

4. PERFORMING STAGE
 In this stage, the group becomes fun and enjoyable. Group interaction are lot more easier,
more cooperative, and productive, with weighed give and take, open communication,
bonding, and mutual respect.
 If there is a dispute or disruption, it’s comparatively easy to be resolved and the group
gets back on track. The group can focus on the work to be done.
5. ADJOURNING STAGE
 Group members withdraw and the group ceases to exist.
 This stage of a group can be confusing and is usually reached when the task is
successfully completed. At this stage, the project is coming to an end and the team
members are moving off in different directions.

WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF GROUPS?

 Some have tried to argue that people are better off without groups. They result in
conflicts, people start to behave differently in groups and many bad historical decisions
have been made in groups. However, the value of groups is not ambiguous. Conflicts can
be resolved and more importantly, groups contribute to one's values, norms, beliefs and
identity.
 Being part of a group opens so many possibilities that it is important to understand how
groups work. Learning how to relate with group members more effectively will enrich the
group as well as the individuals in it.
DRUG ABUSE AND DRUG ADDICTION

DRUG
 A drug is any substance that, when absorbed into the body of a living organism, alters
normal bodily function. Drugs are chemicals that change the way a person’s body works
by altering emotions and thoughts.

CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS
 Recreational Drugs
 Pharmaceutical Drugs

ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION
 Oral
 Injection
 Snorting
 Smoking

CATEGORIES OF DRUG OF ABUSE

 Narcotics
 Hallucinogens
 Depressants
 Stimulants

STIMULANTS
 Stimulate the brain and the central nervous system
 Increase the state of mental alertness
 Decrease appetite

EXAMPLES OF STIMULANTS
 Cocaine
 Nicotine
  Amphetamine
EFFECTS OF STIMULANTS
 Wakefulness
 Alertness
 Increased energy
 Restlessness
 Euphoria
 Confusion
 Reduced appetite, increased talkativeness
 Increased breathing and heart rate
 Elevated blood pressure

COCAINE
 Erythroxylon
 Coca, local anesthetic & CNS stimulant
 Street name: Crack, snow, star dust, Charlie, Nose candy

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF COCAINE ABUSE

 Increased agitation
 Disinhibition
 Change in concentration and focus
 Common cold like symptoms
 Increased movement
 Brain: Increased risk of strokes; reduced attention; insatiable hunger; insomnia or
hyperinosemia; lethargy
 Throat: Soreness; hoarse voice
 Lungs: Hemoptysis; bronchospasm; dyspnea; infiltrates; eosinophilia; chest pain; asthma
 Systemic: Fever; Eosinophilia
 Nose: Rhinorrhea (discharge)
 Teeth: Bruxism (abrasion)
 Heart: Increased risk of infarction
 Skin: Pruritus
HEROINE
 Most infamous product of opium poppy
 Current resurgence in use: white powder & black tar heroin
 High purity and skyrocketing profits
 Cheaper than “Oxy” and other pain meds

NICOTINE
 Nicotiana tabacum
 Most addictive drug
 Potent parasympathomimetic stimulant

HOW IS NICOTINE ADDICTIVE

 Over time, nicotine affects the neurotransmitter in the brain changing the way certain
brain cells work. When one stops using nicotine, the changes remain for a while until the
brain can revert back to a normal state. These changes are what cause the withdrawal
symptoms characteristics of addiction.

AMPHETAMINE
 Potent CNS stimulant, phenylamine derivative, used in attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder.
 Street name: Black beauties, co-pilots, crystal meth, heart

AMPHETAMINE LONG-TERM EFFECTS

 Abusing amphetamines over a long period of time can cause many mental and physical
problems
 Psychosis
 Tracks on forearms
 Kidney failure/damage
 Sexual dysfunction
 Sinusitis
 Involuntary muscle spasms
 Weight problems
 Skin abscess
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF AMPHETAMINE ABUSE
 Increased body temperature
 Dry mouth
 Increased blood pressure
 Faster breathing
 Decreased appetite
 Euphoria

DEPRESSANTS
 Depressants are a family of drugs that work on the central nervous system (CNS). They
can induce sleep, drowsiness, comas, and decreased inhibition or even death.
 Sedatives, sleeping pills, tranquilizers, and hypnotics are among prescription drugs that
are Central Nervous System depressants.
 These drugs slow down brain activity and are used to treat panic disorders, anxiety, acute
stress reactions, mental illness, and sleep disorders such as insomnia.
 Although they may be routinely prescribed, chronic use can produce depression or lead to
tolerance, dependence, or addiction.
 Drugs in this class include:
 Benzodiazepines
 Alcohol
 Barbiturates

ALCOHOL
 Chronic alcohol use may result in:
 Memory loss, impaired judgment, headaches, depression, anxiety, blackouts,
insomnia
 Cancers of the esophagus, mouth, throat
 Heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke
 Liver disease, liver cancer
 Chronic stomach problems, GI bleeding, diarrhea, ulcers, malnutrition
 Impotency, reproductive disorders
 Muscle damage, osteoporosis
BENZODIAZEPINES
 Anxiolytic drug & have sedative, hypnotic, anti-convulsant properties
 Street name: Benzos, downers, goofballs

EFFECTS OF BENZODIAZEPINES
 Normal therapeutic dose: Dry mouth, light headache, confusion
 Acute overdose: Prolong sleep; decrease libido; erection problem

HALLUCINOGENS
Are substances that:
 Alter sensory processing in the brain
 Causing perceptual disturbances
 Changes in thought processing, and depersonalization

TYPES OF HALLUCINOGENS
 Psychedelics (Ex: LSD, Peyote, mescaline)
 Dissociative (Ex: Magic mashroom, ketamin, PCP)
 Deliriants (Ex: Datura/Jimson Weed)

HOW HALLUCINOGENS WORK

 Hallucinogens can be used in many different ways. You can take it in a pill form, smoke
it, eat it, or drink it. It all depends on the hallucinogen and way it is formed. Once the
hallucinogens is in your body, chemicals like serotonin and acetylcholine interfere with
neurotransmitters and cause hallucinations. A hallucinogen high can last as little as 30
minutes and as long as 4 hours, depending on the hallucinogens you take and the amount
you take.

OPIOIDS/NARCOTICS
 These are powerful painkillers that quickly produce feelings of euphoria. They’re highly
addictive and can have lasting effects on your brains. Example include heroin, morphine,
and prescription painkillers.
  Prescription opioids, when legally prescribed by a doctor and used as directed, can relax
the body and relieve symptoms of an illness, an injury or a surgical procedure, such as:
 Post-surgical pain
 Severe pain due to trauma or disease
 Coughing
 Diarrhea
 Opioids may be given orally, via a skin patch, under the tongue or by injection.

MARIJUANA
 Cannabis sativa, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabicol/THC, common illicit drug.
 Street name: Ganja, Hashish, Bhang
 Most common
 Dizziness, dry mouth & drowsiness
 Lower concentration
 Common
 Euphoria, Blurred vision, red eye, headache
 Rare
 Anxiety, Ataxia, Tachycardia

MARIJUANA CLASSIFICATION
 How Should You Classify Marijuana?
 Marijuana is generally described as a depressant with stimulant and hallucinogenic
properties. However, it is not simply a depressant, a hallucinogen or a stimulant. People
respond to marijuana in different ways. In some people, the drug can cause anxiety. In
others, it might produce feelings of contentment or drowsiness. When used chronically,
cannabis may cause delusions. The way a person’s body responds to cannabis depends on
his or her age, genetics and history of marijuana use.

ADDICTION
 ADDICTION refers to not having control over doing, taking or using something, until it
becomes harmful.
 Commonly, addiction refers on dependence on alcohol or drugs, but you can also become
addicted to everything; like gambling, playing games or even chocolates.
 Being addicted to something means having a difficult time without it during the day.
 Drug abuse may be defined as the habitual use of drugs not needed for therapeutic
purposes, solely to alter one’s mood, affect of state of consciousness, or to affect a body
function unnecessarily
  Continued use of drugs can lead to drug dependence, a state of physical & mental
dependence
 Commonly abused drugs:
 Marijuana
 Cocaine
 Heroine
 Alcohol
 Sometimes sedatives, coffee and cigarettes can all be used to harmful excess

DRUGS
|
DRUG ABUSE
|
DRUG DEPENDENCE
|
PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE MENTAL DEPENDENCE

PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE
 In physical dependence, the body has been altered in ways that create cravings for the
drug & manifests withdrawal symptoms.

MENTAL DEPENDENCE
 In mental dependence individual believes that optimal state of well being is achieved
only through action of drug

SIGN & SYMPTOMS OF DRUG ABUSE

 Physical warning:
 Bloodshot eyes
 Pupils larger or smaller than usual
  Changes in sleep patterns
 Sudden weight loss or weight gain
 Deterioration of physical appearance
 Unusual smells on breath
 Impaired coordination

REASONS BEHIND DRUG ADDICTION

 Typically, adolescence is the period when a person experiments. Taking drugs is common
as teenagers struggle to establish their independence in a society where alcohol and other
substances are associated with being a mature adult. Some reasons behind addiction to
substances, alcohol and prohibited drugs are:
 Curiosity
 Social influences (peer pressure)
 New sensations (Effects of ecstasy such as increased energy and confidence
 Rebellion
 Escape mechanism. (escaping from problems such as family, school/work,
friendship, relationship, low self-esteem and depression)

CAUSES OF DRUG ABUSE

 Unemployment
 Financial burdens
 Socio-civilization culture
 Curiosity/ Experimentation
 Peer pressure
 Addiction
 Sexual involvement
 Failure in exam
 Break-up Relationship
 Depression
 Illegal Relationship
 Others

TREATMENT FOR DRUG ADDICTION

 Hospitalization
 Behavioral Therapies
 Occupational Therapy
 Change in addict’s social environment
PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF DRUG ABUSE
 Requires knowledge of:
 Causes of drug-taking behavior
 Sources of illicit drugs
 Drug laws
 Treatment programs
 Community organizing skills

ELEMENTS OF PREVENTION
 Education
 Treatment
 Public policy
 Law enforcement
 Education and treatment goals same: Reduce demand for drugs
 Public policy and law enforcement goals same: reduce supply and availability of drugs.
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

DENGUE
 Description of the Disease
 Dengue is a virus spread to people via the bite of infected mosquitoes, primarily
female Aedes aegypti species.
 Dengue is commonly found in tropical and sub-tropical climates worldwide,
 Dengue is the name of the virus that causes dengue (DENV). The four DENV
serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4)
 Signs and symptoms
 Dengue results in a high fever and any of the symptoms listed below:
o an extensive red rash
o headache
o muscle
o aching joints or bones
o nausea
o vomiting
o suffering from eye discomfort
o enlarged glands
 The following are some possible warning signals, which often appear during the
first day or two after your fever has subsided:
o irritation or agitation
o an awful stomach ache
o continual vomiting
o bleeding from the nose or gums
o Having blood in your feces, urine, or vomit
o bruises that may seem to be blood under the skin
o fast or difficult breathing
o fatigue
 Ways of Prevention
o The Department of Health (DOH) reminded the public to follow the 4S
strategy against dengue last July 10, 2019, since recorded cases of it
started to rise.
 Seek early consultation
 Support fogging/spraying
 Search and destroy
 Self-protection measures
MALARIA
 WHAT IS MALARIA?
 A female Anopheles mosquito bite from an infected female transmits the life-
threatening parasites that cause malaria to humans.
 It is preventable and curable disease.
 According to the latest World Malaria Report, In 2020, there were 241 million
reported cases of malaria throughout the world—of these cases 627,000 deaths
resulted from the disease.
 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
 These signs and symptoms are similar to those experienced by people who have
the flu. They include:
o Fever and sweating
o Chills that shake
o your whole body
o Headache and
o muscle aches.
o Fatigue
o Chest pain, breathing problems and cough.
o Diarrhea, nausea and vomiting.
 WAYS OF PREVENTION
 Personal protection measures against mosquito bites
o The use of mosquito bed nets.
o Wearing clothes that cover the entirety of one's body.
o Using insect repellents on exposed skin.
 Antimalarial Medications: Preventative medicines such as:
o Atovaquone/Proguanil (Malarone)
o Chloroquine
o Doxycycline
o Mefloquine
o Primaquine
o Tafenoquine
CHOLERA
 WHAT IS CHOLERA?
 Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by infection of the intestine with
Vibrio cholerae bacteria. People can get sick when they swallow food or water
contaminated with cholera bacteria. It is transmitted directly through food orwater
contaminated with fecal material from an infected person. Most infected people
develop no symptoms or only mild diarrhea. However, approximately one in 10
infected people develop severe cholera, which causes symptoms including
profuse, watery diarrhea, vomiting, rapid heart rate, low blood pressure, muscle
cramps, restlessness, or irritability. Symptoms typically appear 2-3 days after
exposure but can develop up to 5 days after exposure. Individuals with severe
cholera can develop acute renal failure, severe electrolyte imbalances, and coma.
If left untreated, these can lead to shock and rapid death.
 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
 DIARRHEA
 NAUSEA AND VOMITING
 DEHYDRATION
 WAYS OF PREVENTION
 BE SURE YOU DRINK AND USE SAFE WATER.
 WASH YOUR HANDS OFTEN WITH SOAP AND SAFE WATER.
 USE TOILETS
 BOIL IT, COOK IT, PEEL IT, OR LEAVE IT.
 CLEAN UP SAFELY.

BIRD FLU
 Also known as Avian Influenza
 DESCRITION OF THE DISEASE
 Avian Influenza, commonly known as “bird flu”
 A type of communicable disease caused by infection with avian influenza Type A
viruses.
 It mostly infects poultry and wild birds.
 It is lethal to poultry animals.
 It could possibly be fatal among humans.
 Transmitted from infected birds to other animals
 Transmitted from infected birds to humans
 Transmitted from an infected human to other humans
 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS (POULTRY ANIMALS
 Edema in the comb and wattles
 Purple discoloration / cyanosis of the wattles, combs, and legs
 Diarrhea
 Nasal discharge
  Soft-shelled or misshapen eggs
 Decreased egg production
 Coughing and sneezing
 Lack of energy and appetite
 Pinpoint hemorrhages on feet and shanks
 Ruffled feathers
 Lack of coordination
 Swelling of the head, eyelids, wattles, hocks, and comb
 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS (HUMAN)
 A very high temperature or feeling hot or shivery
 Aching muscles
 Headache
 A cough or shortness of breath
 Diarrhoea
 Sickness
 Stomach pain
 Chest pain
 Bleeding from the nose and gums conjunctivitis
 WAYS OF PREVENTION
 Do not visit poultry farms, bird markets and other places
 Do not eat raw or undercooked poultry products
 Wash your hands after touching uncooked poultry.
 Practice good hygiene and cleanliness.
 Visit a doctor if you become sick during or after travel.
 Avoid raw eggs and foods made with egg (mayonnaise,
 bread, etc)
 Get Flu shots

TYPHOID FEVER
 DESCRIPTION OF THE DISEASE
 Typhoid fever is Caused By Salmonella thypi bacteria. Typhoid fever is rare in
developed countries. It is still a serious health threat in the developing world,
especially for children. The typhoid virus is very contagious. A person who is
infected can expel the bacteria from their body through their feces or, less
frequently, through their urine.
 WHO’S AFFECTED
 Countries with poor sanitation and insufficient access to clean water
 Most common in children around the world
 According to outbreaknewstoday.com (2022) Through August 27 of this year,
health officials in the Philippines have reported 9,057 cases of typhoid fever, a
121 percent rise from the 4,102 cases during the same period in 2021. Northern
 Mindanao (1,225 instances) and Central Visayas (1,801 cases) have recorded the
most cases, followed by the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) (1,017). 43
deaths from typhoid have been reported in 2022, which is more than three times
the figure (12) for the same period in 2021.
 SIGNS ANS SYMPTOMS
 As typhoid is an enteric infection, it affects the intestine and hence, the typhoid
symptoms one experiences are related to digestion. Generally, the signs and
symptoms of typhoid fever start showing up gradually over a period of 10-14 days
after exposure to the bacteria. The duration of the typhoid illness is about 3-4
weeks. Some signs and symptoms of typhoid fever which indicate you might be
infected with the condition include:
o High fever
o Stomach pain
o Muscle pain
o Fatigue
o Headache
o Rose Spots
o Constipation and Diarrhea
 WAYS OF PREVENTION
 Get vaccinated against typhoid fever.
 Visit your doctor or a travel clinic at least 2 weeks before traveling to discuss
your options.
 Practice safe eating and drinking habits. Carefully selecting what you eat and
drink when you travel is important because typhoid fever vaccines do not work
100% of the time and there isn’t a paratyphoid fever vaccine. Safe eating and
drinking will also help protect you from other illnesses, including travelers’
diarrhea, cholera, dysentery, and hepatitis A.

COVID-19
 WHAT IS COVID-19?
 COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) is a disease caused by a virus named
SARS-CoV-2 and was discovered in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. It is very
contagious and has quickly spread around the world. It is part of the coronavirus
family, which includes common viruses that cause a variety of diseases from head
or chest colds to more severe diseases like Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
(SARS) and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS).
 SIGN ANS SYMPTOMS OF COVID-19
 Most common symptoms:
o Cough
o Fever
 o Tiredness
o Loss of taste and/or smell
 Serious symptoms:
o Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
o Loss of speech or mobility, or confusion
o Chest pain
 Less common symptoms
o Sore throat
o Runny nose
o Headache
o Aches and pains
o Diarrhea
o Rash on the skin, or discoloration of fingers or toes
o Red or irritated eyes
o Vomiting
 WAYS TO PREVENT THE SPREAD OF COVID-19
 Maintain a safe distance from others (at least 1 meter), even if they don’t appear
to be sick.
 Wear a mask in public, especially indoors or when physical distancing is not
possible.
 Choose open, well-ventilated spaces over closed ones. Open a window if indoors.
 Clean your hands often. Use soap and water, or an alcohol-based hand rub.
 Get vaccinated when it’s your turn. Follow local guidance about vaccination.
 Cover your nose and mouth with your bent elbow or a tissue when you cough or
sneeze.
 Stay home if you feel unwell.

NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

HYPERTENSION
 WHAT IS IT?
 According to World Healt Organization (2019), hypertension is characterized as
elevated blood pressure. The force produced by flowing blood on the walls of the
body's arteries, which are the primary blood vessels, is referred to as blood
pressure.
 SIGNS
 Blood pressure is categorized as normal, elevated, or stage 1 or stage 2 high blood
pressure:
 o Normal: less than 120 and diastolic of less than 80 (120/80).
o Stage 1: 130 to 139 or diastolic between 80 to 89.
o Elevated: 120 to 129 and diastolic less than 80.
o Stage 2: 140 or higher or the diastolic is 90 or higher.
 SYMPTOMS
 Symptoms are subjective and can be perceived only by the person affected
o Blurry or double vision
o Lightheadedness or Fainting
o Fatigue
o Shortness of Breath
o Dizziness
 WAYS TO PREVENT
 Be physically active
 Eat a healthy diet
 Keep yourself at a healthy weight
 Limit alcohol
 Quit smoking
 Get a good night's sleep
 Reduce stress
 Monitor your blood pressure at home and regular checkups
 Get support

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
 DESCRIPTION OF THE DISEASE
 Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally, taking an
estimated 17.9 million lives each year.
 CVDs are a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels and include
coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, rheumatic heart disease and other
conditions.
 More than four out of five CVD deaths are due to heart attacks and strokes, and
one third of these deaths occur prematurely in people under 70 years of age.
 SIGNS AND SYMTOMS
 RESPIRATION DIFFICULTY
o Shortness of breath is frequently described as a severe tightening of the
chest, a need for air, difficulty breathing, breathlessness, or a sense of
suffocation.
 FAINTING OR DIZZINESS
o Fainting is a momentary loss of consciousness. If you're going to pass out,
you'll feel lightheaded, woozy, or dizzy. Your skin could feel cold and
clammy, and your field of vision could white out or black out.
  CHEST PAIN
o Chest pain can occasionally feel crushing or scorching. Sometimes the
pain starts in the jaw and moves up the neck before spreading to the back
or both limbs.
 WEARINESS OR FATIGUE
o The feeling of being sleepy and a lack of energy and motivation is
weariness and fatigue. Fatigue is also a significant reaction to physical
activity, emotional stress, or inadequate sleep.

 WAYS OF PREVENTION
 Having a cardiovascular disease can affect one’s daily life. Therefore, we should
be mindful of our health and follow these simple ways or strategies to prevent
acquiring the said disease:
o Control blood pressure - to have a clear picture of your heart’s condition.
o Do not smoke and limit alcohol intake - to avoid oxygen decrease and
weight gain.
o Maintain regular exercises – to maintain a healthy body and burn calories.
o Manage stress - to reduce the risk of sudden heart attacks.
o Consume healthy and nutritious foods - to absorb nutrients needed by the
heart.

DIABETES
 INTRODUCTION
 The World Health Organization (WHO), describes diabetes as a metabolic disease
that is chronic and characterized by high blood glucose (or blood sugar) levels.
 Over time, these elevated blood glucose levels cause significant damage to the
heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves.
 TYPES OF DIABETES
 TYPE 1
o Juvenile diabetes.
o Can manifest at any age (especially on children and adolescents).
o Daily insulin injections.
 TYPE 2
o Around 90% of all cases of diabetes are caused by it (Type 2 diabetes).
o Oral medications and/or insulin.
 GESTATIONAL DIABETES
o Elevated blood sugar levels during pregnancy.
o Risk for diabetes Type 2.
 SIGNS ANS SYMPTOMS
  TYPE 1
o People who have type 1 diabetes may have nausea, vomiting, or stomach
pains. Type 1 diabetes usually starts when you’re a child, teen, or young
adult but can happen at any age.
 TYPE 2
o Type 2 diabetes symptoms often take several years to develop. Some
people don’t notice any symptoms at all. Because symptoms are hard to
spot, it’s important to know the risk factors for type 2 diabetes.
o The symptoms of type 2 diabetes are similar to those of type 1 diabetes.
 GESTATIONAL DIABETES
o Typically has no symptoms.
o Possible symptoms include increased thirst and more frequent urination
 WAYS OF PREVENTION
 TYPE 1
o Not preventable, as of right now.
o Maintain and control sugar level - insulin injection.
o Healthy life style – exercise and diet.
 TYPE 2
o Maintain a healthy lifestyle.
o Exercise and eat well.
 GESTATIONAL DIABETES
o Physical activity.
o Diet

CANCER
 Cancer is a non-communicable disease in which some of the body’s cells grow
uncontrollably and spread to other parts of the body.
 The most common cancers in 2020 according to WHO:
 Breast Cancer (2.26 million cases);
 Lung Cancer (2.21 million cases);
 Colon and Rectum Cancer (1.93 million cases);
 Prostate Cancer (1.41 million cases);
 Skin Cancer (1.20 million cases); and
 Stomach Cancer (1.09 million cases).
 RISK FACTORS AND POSSIBLE CAUSES
 CANCER RISK FACTORS AND POSSIBLE CAUSES
o Lifestyle factors
o Family history, inheritance, and genetics may play an important role in
some childhood cancers
o Some genetic disorders
 o Exposures to certain viruses
o Environmental exposures
o Some forms of high-dose chemotherapy and radiation
 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
 Changes in breast, bladder, bowel, and mouth;
 Cough or hoarseness that does not go away;
 Eating problems and fatigue that is severe and lasts;
 Neurological problems;
 Skin changes; and
 Weight gain or weight loss for no known reason
 WAYS TO PREVENT CANCER
 Don't use tobacco
 Eat a healthy diet
 Maintain a healthy weight and be physically active
 Protect yourself from the sun
 Get vaccinated
 Avoid risky behaviors
 Get regular medical care

COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
- Dengue
- Malaria
- Cholera
- Bird Flu
- Typhoid Fever
- COVID-19

NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
- Hypertension
- Cardiovascular Disease
- Diabetes
- Cancer