-Major controlling regulatory and

NERVOUS SYSTEM communicating system in the body

-Center of all mental activities
- regulates and maintains homeostasis

FUNCTIONS—
1. Sensory input-Five senses
2.Integration- brain and spinal
cord
-interprets data
3.Motor Output- nerve signal from the brain to
the effectors ( structures that will have an effect)

DIVISIONS—
1. Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord)
2. Peripheral Nervous System (nerves that
extend from the brain and spinal cord)

PNS SUBDIVISION—

1. Sensory (Afferent Division)

- conducts action potentials from sensory receptors to
the CNS.
2. Motor (Efferent Division)
- conducts action potentials from the CNS to effector
organs such as muscles and glands.

> Somatic NS
-transmit action potential from CNS to skeletal
muscles, joints, tendons
> Autonomic NS
-from CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle
and glands
> Sympathetic division
- activates “fight or flight” response
> Parasympathetic division
-restores the body in the state of ‘calm’
> Enteric NS
-digestive track
CELLS OF NS—
Neuron (Nerve Cells)
-generate and transmit nerve signals
-communication network of the body
Neuroglia
-nourish and support neurons
-facilitates the functioning communication network

STRUCTURE OF A NEURON—
>Cell body- contains nucleus
>Dendrites- shorter ; highly branched extensions
-receives signals from sensory
receptors/ neurons
> Axon- have branches that are fine
>Nerve- bundle of parallel axons (PNS)
> track- similar axon bundle (CNS)
>myelin Sheath- lipid coating
-insulates the axon
> Schwann Cell - forms myelin sheath
> node of Ranvier - gaps in myelin sheath
-speeds up the production of nerve
signal

TYPES OF ELECTRICAL SIGNAL OCCURS IN NEURON

1. Action Potential -neurons communicate via electrical signals
-transmits info from one neuron to the other
2. Neurotransmitter- neurons communicates via chemical signals
-transmits info from the one neuron to the next

ELECTRIC SIGNALS AND NEURAL PATH—

Resting Membrane Potential

> all cells exhibit electrical properties
> outside cells ; positive
>inside cells ; negative
>cell is polarized or at rest
> concentration of sodium ions is higher outside the cell
 ^ move through passive diffusion
^ actively permeable
^ mechanically-gated only opens when there is touch and pressure
^ only allow one substance to pass through

^ neurons moves quickly to reset membrane

potential to resting body
^ for every sodium intake, 2 potassium ions will
go inside and 3 sodium ions will go outside.

^ when the outside stimulation is large enough to

bring membrane potential in neuron, there will
be axon potential

THREE STATES OF VOLTAGE SODIUM CHANNELS—

 DEPOLARIZATION
^ positively charged sodium ions entering the
cell cause the inside of the cell membrane to
become ore positive.

^ inward movement of sodium ions make

inside the cell more positive

REPOLARIZATION
^ Sodium ions channels close and
additional potassium ions channels
open.

^Sodium ions movement into the cell

stops and potassium ions movement out
of the cells increases, causing
repolarization.

^ more negative

HYPERPOLARIZATION
^ at the end of the repolarization, the
charge of the cell membrane briefly
becomes more negative than the
resting membrane potential.
^ less than -70

AXON POTENTIAL

> myelinated axon - requires activation

of voltage (like grasshopper jumping)
gated sodium channel in nodle spaces

> non myelinated axon - conducted slowly

-like grasshopper walking

SALTATORY CONDUCTION

^ Increases the conduction velocity because that nodes of Ranvier make it unnecessary for action potentials to travel along the entire cel
 SYNAPSE
-junction where the axon of one neuron
interacts with another neuron or an effector
organ such as muscle or gland.

Components:
Sensory Receptor- takes up stimulus turned into electrical energy that transmits sensory neuron
Sensory Neuron- sends afferent signal into control center (spinal cord) specifically interneuron
Interneuron -located between the communicating with two other neurons to control center
Motor Neuron
Effector Organ- e.g : muscle of the hand

REFLEXES - involuntary reaction in response to stimulus applied to periphery and transmitted to

CNS
-allows person to react to stimuli
Reflex arc
- is the neuronal pathway by which a reflex occurs.