THE MICROSCOPE • The first person to see

microorganisms.
OBJECTIVE OF THE LESSON:
o Name the parts of the microscope Joseph Jackson Lister (1826)
and their function • Reduces special aberration or the
chromatic effect by showing the
o Used the microscope to observe
several weak lenses used together at
biological specimen
certain distances gave good
magnification without blurring the
image. This was the prototype for the
MICROSCOPE compound microscope.
• A microscope is an instrument used to see
Ernst Ruska (1931)
objects that are too small for the naked eye
•Starts to build the first electron
• A microscope is an instrument that
microscope.
produces an accurately enlarged image of
small objects
COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE
• In ancient Greek micro means small and
scope mean to look
PARTS OF THE COMPOUND
• Microscope is important because biology
LIGHT MICROSCOPE
mainly deals with the study of cells and
a) Mechanical Parts
their contents, genes, and all organisms.
b) Illuminating Parts
Some organisms are so small that they can
c) Optical Parts
only be seen by using magnifications which
can only be achieve by a microscope.
• Cells are too small to be seen with a naked
eye.

INVENTED THE MICROSCOPES

Hans and Zacharias Janssen (1590)
• Developed first microscope

Galileo Galilei (1609)

• Developed a compound microscope
with convex and concave lens.

Robert Hooke (1665)

• A book called Micrographia officially
documented a wide range of MECHANICAL PARTS
observations through the Base - microscope stand.
microscope. Pillar - short supporting piece arising from
the
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1674) base.
Arm - short curved handle used in carrying
the
microscope.
Inclination joint - joint between the pillar
and the
arm used to tilt the upper arm
Body tube - attached to the arm; bears the
lenses.
Draw tube - upper portion of the body tube
which
bears the eyepiece.
Revolving nosepiece - revolving structure at
the lower end of the body tube which bears
the lower lenses or objectives.
Dust shield
- metallic structure above the
nosepiece, which protects the lower lenses
or
objectives.
Coarse Adjustment Knob - screw used to
bring
the specimen into focus.
Fine Adjustment Knob - screw below the
coarse adjustment used for more delicate
focusing.
Stage - platform with a central aperture and
two clips to hold the slide being studied.
Mechanical Stage - mechanism attached to
the stage for ease in moving the slide.
Condenser Adjustment knob - elevates and
lower the condenser to regulate the
intensity
of light.
Iris Diaphragm - lever in front of the
condenser and which is moved horizontally
to
open/close diaphragm.
ILLUMINATING PARTS
Mirror - located beneath the stage and has
concave and plane surfaces to gather and
direct light in order to illuminate the object.
OPTICAL PARTS
Eyepiece or ocular lens - found on top of
the
body tube which functions to further
magnify
the image produced by the objective lenses.
It
usually ranges from 6x, 10x, or 15x.
OBJECTIVES
Scanner - the lowest magnification power of
all
objective lenses, usually 4x.
Low Power Objective - gives the lowest
magnification, usually 10x.
High Power Objective - gives higher
magnification usually 40x or 60x.
Oil Immersion Objective - gives the highest
magnification, usually 97x or 100x.
Magnification
• Multiply the eyepiece
magnification (10X) by the
objective magnification (4X, 10X,
40X)
What are the possible magnifications of a
microscope?
with an ocular marked 10x and
objectives marked 5x, 15x, 30x
and 60x.
50x, 150x 300x and 600x
USE OF THE COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
1. Always carry the microscope with one
hand
on the arm and one hand on the base. Carry
it close to your body.
2. Always start and end with lowest
powered
objective.
3. Place the slide on the microscope stage,
with
the specimen directly over the center of the and
glass circle on the stage. flammability, reactivity, toxicity, and
4. Use only the fine adjustment knob when disposal.
using
the high-power objective.
5. As much as possible, keep both eyes
open to
reduce eyestrain. Keep eye slightly above
the
eyepiece to reduce eyelash interference.
6. If, and if, you are on low power, lower
the
objective lens to the lowest point, then
focus using
first the coarse knob, then the fine focus
knob.
7. Adjust the diaphragm as you look
through the
eyepiece, and you will see that more detail
is
visible when you allow less light

Never work in the laboratory without the

supervision of an instructor.
• Never leave experiments while in
progress.
• Never run in the laboratory.
• Wear disposable gloves, as provided in
the
laboratory, when handling hazardous
materials. Remove the gloves before exiting
the laboratory.
• Bring your lab notebook every lab
meeting.
• Be aware of others in the lab. Areas of the
room may be crowded at times and you
should take care not to disturb the
experiments of others in the lab.
• Do not eat, drink, chew gum, smoke or
apply
cosmetics in the lab.
• Do not work with chemicals until you
are sure of their safe handling. This
includes some awareness of them