Chemical Bonding

Q1 (o/n/18/22)
T
he table gives some data for elements in the third period and some of their compounds.

element Na Mg Al Si P S

type of bonding metallic metallic metallic covalent covalent covalent

formula of oxide Na O MgO Al O SiO P4O10 SO2

2 2 3 2
formula of chloride NaCl MgCl 2 AlCl SiCl PCl SCl 2
3 4 5
(a) C
omplete the table to show the bonding in the elements, and the formulae of their
oxides and chlorides. [3]

m
(b) SCl 2 is formed in the following reaction.

S2Cl 2(l) + Cl 2(g) 2SCl 2(l) ∆H = – 40.6 kJ mol–1

(i) C Ala
omplete the ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram to show the bonding in a molecule of SCl 2. Show
outer electrons only.

s
n

cl cl
na

[1]

(ii) Complete and fully label the reaction pathway diagram for the reaction between S2Cl 2 and
Cl 2. Include labels for activation energy, Ea, and enthalpy change of the forward reaction,
Ad

∆H.

S2Cl 2(l) + Cl 2(g)

energy

[2]
progress of reaction

Contact No.
1 03448954493
 Chemical Bonding

Q2 (m/j/18/22)
Ammonium iron(II) sulfate, (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2, has a relative formula mass, Mr, of 284.
(a) Define the term relative formula mass.

mass of formula unit where mass of each cabron-12 atom is exactly

12 units

[2]
(b) One of the cations in ammonium iron(II) sulfate is the ammonium ion, NH4+.
(i) Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram of an ammonium ion. Show outer shell electrons only.
H
Use × to show electrons from nitrogen.

m
Use ● to show electrons from hydrogen.
H N H

Ala H [2]

(ii) Suggest the shape of an ammonium ion and predict the bond angle.
tetraheadral
shape ..................................................................................................................................
109.5
bond angle .......................................................................................................................... [2]
n
na

Q3 (m/j/18/23)
The elements sodium to chlorine, in the third period, all form oxides.
(a) Draw a diagram to show the shape of the molecule of each of the oxides, SO3 and Cl 2O.
Name each shape.
Ad

In SO3 each oxygen atom forms a double bond with the sulfur atom.

SO3 Cl 2O

O
S Cl
O O
O Cl

120-trigonal planner V-shape [4]

.......................................................... ..........................................................

2
 Chemical Bonding

(b) (i) Explain why the melting point of MgO is higher than that of Na2O.

because there is stronger electrostatic force between O and Mg as the charge is 2+ thus
more energy will bw needed to break the bonds.

[2]
(ii) Explain why the melting point of SiO2 is much higher than that of SO3.

SiO has a giant covalent structure and strong covalent bonds.

2

m
[2]

Q4 (o/n/17/22)
Ala
The elements sodium to sulfur react with chlorine. The melting points of some of the
chlorides formed are shown.

chloride NaCl MgCl 2 Al Cl 3 SiCl 4 PCl 3 SCl 2

n
melting point / K 1074 987 463 203 161 195

(a) Predict the shapes of Al Cl 3 and PCl 3.

na

Draw diagrams to show the shapes, name the shapes and state the bond angles.

Al Cl 3 PCl 3
Ad

Cl P
Al Cl
Cl Cl
Cl Cl

trigonal planner
shape ........................................................ trigonal pyramidal
shape ........................................................
120
angle ......................................................... 107
angle .........................................................
[4]

3
 Chemical Bonding

(b) (i) Explain, in terms of structure and bonding, why the melting point of SiCl 4 is much
lower than that of NaCl.

SiCl4 is a simple covalent solid while NaCl is a giant ionic solid thus it is hard to break the
electrostatic forces than T D I D force.

[3]
(ii) Explain why the melting point of SiCl 4 is higher than that of PCl 3.

due to more electrons there is strong TDID force in SiCl4 making it hard to melt.

m
[2]
(iii) Draw the ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram of a molecule of SiCl 4.

Show outer electrons only. Ala Cl

Cl Si Cl

Cl [1]
n
na

Q5 (m/j/17/21)
Structure and bonding can be used to explain many of the properties of substances.
(a) Copper, ice, silicon(IV) oxide, iodine and sodium chloride are all crystalline solids.
Ad

Complete the table with:

● the name of a type of bonding found in each crystalline solid,
● the type of lattice structure for each crystalline solid.

crystalline solid type of bonding type of lattice structure

copper metallic gaint metallic

ice covalent / hydrogen simple covalent

silicon(IV) oxide covalent giant covalent

iodine covalent simple covalent

sodium chloride ionic giant ionic

[5]

4
 Chemical Bonding

(b) (i) Name the strongest type of intermolecular force in ice.

hydrogen bonding [1]
(ii) Draw a fully labelled diagram of two water molecules in ice, showing the force in (i) and
how it forms.
s-
s+ s+
H O H
s+ s+
H O H

m
[3]
(c) The graph represents how the temperature of a sample of copper (melting point
1085 °C) changes as it is gradually cooled from 1200 °C.

1200
Ala
temperature, T
/ °C
n
T1
na

X Y Z

time / t
Ad

(i) Identify the state(s) of matter present during each stage of the process shown in the
graph.
liquid
X .........................................................................................................................................
solid and liquid
Y .........................................................................................................................................
solid
Z ......................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) S
tate what is happening to the energy and movement of the particles in the copper during
stage X.

[2]

5
 Chemical Bonding

(iii) Explain why the temperature stays constant at T1 during stage Y.

[2]

Q6 (f/m/17/22)
Hydrogen halides are compounds formed when halogens (Group 17 elements) react with
hydrogen.

The bond polarity of the hydrogen halides decreases from HF to HI.

m
Some relevant data are shown in the table.

hydrogen halide HF HCl HBr HI

boiling point / °C
H–X bond energy / kJ mol–1
Ala 562
19

(a) (i) Explain the meaning of the term bond polarity.

–85
431
–67
366
–35
299

when shared electron pair is unequally attracted between 2 atoms

[1]
n

(ii) Suggest why the boiling point of HF is much higher than the boiling points of the other
na

hydrogen halides.

As it has stronger PDD forces and also has hydrogen bond thus it will be difficult
to weaken its bonds.
Ad

[2]

(iii) Describe and explain the relative thermal stabilities of the hydrogen halides.

[3]

6
 Chemical Bonding

Q7 (m/j/16/22)
(a) (i) Explain the trend in the boiling points of the hydrogen halides, HCl, HBr and HI.

decrease as it's atomic radius is increasing and so is the bond energy

[2]

(ii) Suggest why the hydrogen halide HF does not follow the trend in boiling points shown by
HCl, HBr and HI.

because it has hydrogen bonding and the others have PDD forces

m
[2]

Q8 (m/j/16/23)
Ala
(a) Some electronegativity values are shown.

element electronegativity
aluminium 1.5
n
chlorine 3.0
iron 1.8
na

(i) Use the data to suggest the nature of the bonding in iron(III) chloride. Explain your answer.

covalent as the electronegetivity difference is less than 1.7

Ad

[2]
(ii) Suggest an equation for the reaction between iron(III) chloride and water.
FeCl3 + H2O > [1]

Q9 (m/j/16/23) REPEATED
(a) (i) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram of the ammonium ion. Show the outer electrons only.
Use the following code for your electrons.
• electrons from nitrogen
× electrons from hydrogen

[2]

7
 Chemical Bonding

(ii) State the shape of an ammonium ion and give the H–N–H bond angle.

shape ..................................................................................................................................

bond angle .......................................................................................................................... [2]

Q10 (f/m/16/22)
Over one million tonnes of hydrogen cyanide, HCN, are produced each year using
the Andrussow process. The overall equation for the reaction is shown.

CH4(g) + NH3(g) + 1 12 O2(g) HCN(g) + 3H2O(g)

(a) (i) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to represent the bonding in a molecule of ammonia,

m
NH3, and state the shape of the molecule.
H

trigonal pyramidal
H Ala
N H

shape of molecule .............................................................................................................. [3]

(ii) A molecule of hydrogen cyanide, HCN, is shown.

H C N
n

The bonding between the carbon and nitrogen atoms consists of one sigma (σ) bond and
two pi (π) bonds.
na

Sketch the shape of the sigma bond and one of the pi bonds in the space below.
Show clearly the position of the atomic nuclei in each diagram.
Ad

sigma (σ) pi (π) [2]

8
 Chemical Bonding

Q11 (o/n/15/22)
(a) One of the factors that determines the type of bonding present between the particles
of a substance is the relative electronegativities of the bonded particles.
(i) Explain the meaning of the term electronegativity.

ability of an atom to attract shared electron pair from a covalent bond

[2]

(ii) Name and describe the type of bonding you would expect to f nd between particles with
equal electronegativities.

m
covalent because the electrons are shared in it.

[2]

Ala
(iii) Name and describe the type of bonding you would expect to f nd between particles with
very different electronegativities.

ionic as attraction between oppositly charged ion

[2]
n
(b) The boiling points of some molecules with equal numbers of electrons are given.

hydrogen
na

substance f uorine argon methanol

chloride

formula F2 Ar HCl CH3OH

boiling point / K 85 87 188 338

Ad

(i) Explain why the boiling points of f luorine and argon are so similar.
because similar TDID forces and similar energy needed.

[2]

(ii) Explain why the boiling point of hydrogen chloride is higher than that of f uorine.
Because it has PDD force which is greater and stronger
than TDID force.

[2]
(iii) Explain why methanol has the highest boiling point of all these molecules.

because it has hydrogen bonding in it which is the strongest covalent bond

[2]

9
 Chemical Bonding

Q12 (m/j/15/21)
(a) Sodium and silicon also react directly with chlorine to produce the chlorides shown.

melting difference between the electronegativities of the

chloride elements
point / °C

NaCl 801 2.2

SiCl 4 – 69 1.3

(i) Describe what you would see during the reaction between sodium and chlorine.

m
[2]
(ii) Explain the differences between the melting points of these two chlorides in terms of
their structure and bonding. You should refer to the difference between the electronegativities
of the elements in your answer. Ala
NaCl structure and bonding ...............................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
SiCl 4 structure and bonding ................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
explanation .........................................................................................................................
n
na

[4]
Ad

Q13 (m/j/15/23)
(e) Neon and argon can both be obtained by fractional distillation of liquid air as they have
different boiling points.
Neon has a boiling point of 27.3 K. The boiling point of argon is 87.4 K.
(i) Name the force that has to be overcome in order to boil neon or argon and explain what
causes it.

[3]
(ii) Explain why argon has a higher boiling point than neon.

[2]

10
 Chemical Bonding

Q14 (o/n/14/22)
(a) (i) Sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide both contain only S=O double bonds.
Draw labelled diagrams to show the shapes of these two molecules.

SO2 SO3

[2]

m
(ii) For your diagrams in (i), name the shapes and suggest the bond angles.

SO2 shape ................................................. SO3 shape ...................................................

Ala
SO2 bond angle ......................................... SO3 bond angle ........................................... [2]

Q15 (o/n/14/23)
(a) Group VII is the only group in the Periodic Table containing elements in all three
states of matter at room conditions.
n

State and explain, in terms of intermolecular forces, the trend in the boiling points of the
na

elements down Group VII.

Ad

[4]

(c) Compounds containing different halogen atoms covalently bonded together are
called interhalogen compounds.
(i) One interhalogen compound can be prepared by the reaction between iodine and f uorine.
This compound has Mr = 222 and the percentage composition by mass: F, 42.8; I, 57.2.

Calculate the molecular formula of this interhalogen compound.

molecular formula ................................. [3]

11
 Chemical Bonding

(ii) Another interhalogen compound has the formula ICl.

Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram of a molecule of this compound, showing outer shell

electrons only. Explain whether or not you would expect this molecule to be polar.

[2]

m
Q16 (o/n/13/22)
Ala
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion theory (VSEPR) is a model of electron-pair repulsion
(including lone pairs) that can be used to deduce the shapes of, and bond angles in, simple
molecules.
(a) Complete the table below by using simple hydrogen-containing compounds. One
example has been included.

formula of
number of number of shape of
n
a molecule
bond pairs lone pairs molecule
with this shape
na

3 0 trigonal planar BH3

4 0
Ad

3 1

2 2
[3]

(b) Tellurium, Te, proton number 52, is used in photovoltaic cells.

When f uorine gas is passed over tellurium at 150 °C, the colourless gas TeF6 is formed.

(i) Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram of the TeF6 molecule, showing outer electrons only.

12
 Chemical Bonding

(ii) What will be the shape of the TeF6 molecule?

..........................................

(iii) What is the F–Te–F bond angle in TeF6?

.......................................... [3]

Q17 (o/n/13/22)
(a) The boiling points of methane, ethane, propane, and butane are given below.

compound CH4 CH3CH3 CH3CH2CH3 CH3(CH2)2CH3

m
boiling point / K 112 185 231 273
(i) Suggest an explanation for the increase in boiling points from methane to butane.

Ala
(ii) The isomer of butane, 2-methylpropane, (CH3)3CH, has a boiling point of 261 K.
Suggest an explanation for the difference between this value and that for butane in
the table above.
n
na

[4]

Q18 (o/n/13/23)
Ad

Ammonia, NH3, and methane, CH4, are the hydrides of elements which are next to one
another in the Periodic Table.
(a) In the boxes below, draw the ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram of a molecule of each of these
compounds. Show outer electrons only.
State the shape of each molecule.
NH3 CH4

shape shape [3]

13
 Chemical Bonding

(b) Ammonia is polar whereas methane is non-polar. The physical properties of the two
compounds are different.

(i) Explain, using ammonia as the example, the meaning of the term bond polarity.

(ii) Explain why the ammonia molecule is polar.

(iii) State one physical property of ammonia which is caused by its polarity.

m
[4]
Ala
(c) When ammonia gas is mixed with hydrogen chloride, white, solid ammonium chloride is
formed.

State each type of bond that is present in one formula unit of ammonium chloride and how
many of each type are present.
You may draw diagrams.
n
na

[3]
Ad

Q19 (m/j/13/21)
(a) Fluorine reacts with other elements in Group VII to form a number of different compounds.
Two such compounds and their boiling points are given in the table.

compound Cl F3 BrF3
boiling point / °C 12 127

(i) The two molecules have similar electronic conf gurations.

Showing outer electrons only, draw a 'dot-and-cross' diagram of the bonding in Cl F3.

14
 Chemical Bonding

(ii) The two molecules have the same shape.

Suggest why the boiling points are signif cantly different.

[4]

Q20 (m/j/13/22)

(a) Chlorine reacts with both bromine and iodine to form BrCl and ICl respectively.
The melting points of chlorine and the two chlorides are shown in the table.

m
substance Cl 2 BrCl ICl
m.p. / °C –101 –66 24
Ala
(i) Showing outer electrons only draw a 'dot-and-cross' diagram of the bonding in ICl .

(ii)Suggest why the melting points increase from Cl 2 to ICl .

n
na

(iii) Suggest which of these three molecules has the largest permanent dipole.
Explain your answer.
Ad

[5]

Q21 (m/j/13/23)
(a) The sequence of atoms in the CS2 molecule is sulfur to carbon to sulfur.
(i) Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram of the carbon disulf de molecule.
Show outer electrons only.

15
 Chemical Bonding

(ii) Suggest the shape of the molecule and state the bond angle.

shape .........................................................................................................................

bond angle ................................................................................................................. [3]

Q22 (o/n/12/22)
Each of the Group VII elements chlorine, bromine and iodine forms a hydride.
(a) (i) Outline how the relative thermal stabilities of these hydrides change from HCl to HI.

m
(ii) Explain the variation you have outlined in (i).

Ala [3]

Q23 (m/j/12/21)
n
(a) Another sulfur compound which is present in the Earth’s atmosphere is carbonyl sul f de,
OCS. The sequence of atoms in the molecule is oxygen-carbon-sulfur and the molecule
is not cyclic.
na

(i) Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram of the OCS molecule.

Show outer electrons only.
Ad

(ii) Suggest a value for the O – C – S bond angle.

...................................

[2]

16
 Chemical Bonding

Q24 (m/j/12/22)
(a) Sulfur forms the compound S4N4 with nitrogen. The structure of S4N4 is shown below.
Assume all bonds shown are single bonds.

S N
a
N S

b
S N

N S
(i) Determine the number of lone pairs of electrons around a nitrogen atom and a sulfur

m
atom in S4N4.

nitrogen atom ................................

sulfur atom ................................
Ala
(ii) Which bond angle, a or b, in the S4N4 molecule will be smaller? Explain your answer.

[2]

Q25 (m/j/11/23)
n
(a) Ethane, CH3CH3, and fluoromethane, CH3F are iso -electronic, that is they have the
same total number of electrons in their molecules.
na

Calculate the total number of electrons in one molecule of CH3F.

[1]
Ad

(b) The boiling points of these two compounds are given below.

compound bp / K

CH3CH3 184.5

CH3F 194.7
Suggest explanations for the following.

(i) the close similarity of the boiling points of the two compounds

(ii) the slightly higher boiling point of CH3F

[2]

17
 Marking Scheme Chemical Bonding

Answer 1
(a)

Na Mg Al Si P

metallic metallic metallic covalentt covaleent

Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 P4O100

NaCl MgCl2 AlCl3 SiCl4 PCl5

[1] forr each correct ro

ow 4

(b)(i)

m
1

(b)(ii)
n Ala
na

M1 prrofile for exothermic reaction [1]

2
Ad

M2 identification of ∆H and Ea [1]

Answer 2
(a)
option 1:
the mass of (all the atoms/ions in) a formula (unit) / molecule OR the (weighted) average /
(weighted) mean mass of (all the atoms / ions in) the formula (unit) / molecule [1]
relative / compared to 1 / 12 (the mass of an atom) of carbon–12 OR on a scale in which
a carbon–12 (atom / isotope) has a (mass) of (exactly) 12 (units) [1]
option 2:
mass of one mol of a compound / formula (unit) / molecule [1]
relative / compared to 1 / 12 (the mass) of 1 mol of C-12 OR in which one mol C-12 (atom / 
isotope) is (a mass of exactly) 12 g [1] 2

19
4 Chemical Bonding

(b)(i)

4 shared pairs only (any symbols) (in NH4) 1

3 × dot-and-cross bonds AND 1 × 2 crosses (in NH4) 1

(b)(ii) tetrahedral 1

109–109.5° (inclusive) 1

m
Answer 3
(a)
O
Ala
S O
Cl
O O Cl
n
trigonal planar non-linear/bent/V-shaped/angular 4

(b)(i) stronger attraction for O2− / stronger ionic bonding / more energy needed to 1

na

overcome ionic bonding / separate ions

charge density of magnesium (ion) is greater (than sodium ion) ora 1

(b)(ii) Either:
M1 SiO2 has a giant (covalent) structure / giant molecular
Ad

M2 Covalent bonds (much) stronger than VdW / id-id / IMFs in SO3

OR

M1 SO3 has a (simple) molecular structure / (simple) molecule.

M2 VdW / id-id / IMFs M2 IMF’s are (much) weaker than covalent bonds (broken in SiO2)
OR
M1 Covalent bonds are broken in SiO2 AND VdW / id-id / IMFs in SO3
M2 Covalent bonds are stronger (than VdW / id-id / IMFs) 2

20
 Chemical Bonding

Answer 4
(a)

trigonal planar (trigonal) pyramid(al)

120° 100–107°
3 marking points for each box: diagram, name and shape.
for each box:
all three correct = 2 marks
two correct = 1 mark 4
(b)(i)
SiCl4 simple / molecular AND Van der Waals’ / id-id forces / London / dispersion forces / IMFs 1

m
NaCl ionic OR giant 1
bonding (in NaCl) stronger (than forces in SiCl4) owtte 1
(b)(ii) SiCl4 has more electrons ORA Ala
stronger Van der Waals’ / id-id forces / London / dispersion forces / IMFs
(b)(iii)
n 1

1
na

1
Ad

Answer 5
(a)

substance type of bonding type of lattice structure

copper metallic giant/metallic 1

ice covalent OR hydrogen(-bonding) hydrogen-bonded /
 / H(–bonding) simple / molecular 1

silicon(IV) oxide covalent giant (molecular) / 1

macromolecular

iodine covalent simple / molecular 1

sodium chloride ionic giant / ionic 1

21
 4 Chemical Bonding

(b)(i) hydrogen bonding 1

(b)(ii) H-bond between O and H of different molecules 1

minimum three partial charges (in a row) over two H2O molecules,
i.e.:

δ–
either O––Hδ+ - - - - δ–O
or Hδ+ - - - - δ–O––Hδ+ 1

lone pair of electrons on O of H-bond, in line with H-bond 1

(c)(i)
( X = liquid AND Z = solid 1

Y = liquid and solid OR ‘liquid / solid’ OR ‘liquid OR solid’ 1

m
(c)(ii) (kinetic) energy reducing 1

motion slowing owtte 1

(c)(iii)
Ala
energy given out / released forming bonds / forming bonds exothermic

compensates for / counteracts heat loss / cooling owtte

1

Answer 6
(a)(i) bond in which the centres of positive and negative charges do not coincide
n
OR electron distribution is asymmetric / unequal
OR two (bonded) atoms are partially charged 1
na

(a)(ii) HF has the strongest (permanent) dipole–dipole / van der Waals’

(forces) / HF has hydrogen bonding 1

requires more energy to overcome (than weaker (permanent) dipole–dipole/

van der Waals’ forces between other hydrogen halides) 1
Ad

(a)(iii) thermal stability of the hydrogen halides decreases down group (17) 1

larger (halogen) atoms / atomic radius (down group) / increased shielding 1

Answer 7
(a) (i)

stronger / more / greater id–id / London / dispersion forces [1]

due to increasing numbers of electrons [1]

(ii) (intermolecular forces in HF are) hydrogen bonds [1]
(which are) stronger (than vdW) / more energy needed to separate molecules [1]
OR
HF much more polar / F much more electronegative [1]
Intermolecular forces in HF stronger (than in HCl, HBr, HI) [1]

22
4 Chemical Bonding

Answer 8
(a) (i) covalent
small(er) difference in electronegativity between Fe and Cl (than between Al and Cl) [1]
(ii) FeCl 3 + 6H2O → [Fe(H2O)6]3+ 3Cl – OR
FeCl 3 + 6H2O → [Fe(H2O)6OH]2+ + H+ + 3Cl – [1]

Answer 9

(a) (i) H (+)

x

H x N+ H
x

m
H [2]

(ii) shape = tetrahedral

angle = 109°–109.5° [2]

Answer 10
Ala
(a) (i)
n

three bonding pairs [1]

lone pair AND octet [1]
na

shape = (trigonal) pyramidal [1]

(ii) sig
gma
a(σ) bon
nd
Ad

[1]
OR

pi((π) bond

[1]

23
4 Chemical Bonding

Answer 11
(a)(i)
ability/ tendency/ power of an atom / nuclues to attract / pull electron(s) [1]

in a covalent bond / shared pair electrons / bonding pair of electrons [1]

(ii)
Covalent [1]
overlap of orbitals OR shared pair(s) (of electrons) [1]

OR
metallic [1]
positive ions / cations surrounded by delocalised electrons [1]
(iii)

m
ionic / electrovalent [1]
(electrostatic) Attraction between oppsitely charged / +ve and -ve ions [1]
(b)(i)
Ala
similar strength / amount / number of intermolecular forces / induced dipole / van der Waals' /
VdW / London / forces / LDF / dispersion forces [1]

therefore similar energy needed [1]

(ii)
M1 HCl polar / has a dipole AND F2 non-polar / has no dipole
n
OR
(permanent) dipole (-dipole) attractions / forces between HCl (molecules) AND induced dipole
(-induced dipole) attractions / forces / LDFs between F2 (molecules) [1]
na

M2 more energy needed for HCl than F2

OR
pd-pd forces stronger than id-id forces
OR
Ad

IMFs / VdWs in HCl stronger than in F2 [1]

(iii)
Hydrogen bonding (between methanol molecules) [1]

Stronger than IMFs / van der Waals’ in other three / is the strongest intermolecular force [1]

Answer 12
(a) (i)
Yellow / orange flame [1]
White fumes / solid [1]
Yellow / green gas disappears [1]

24
 Chemical Bonding

(ii)
NaCl giant / lattice AND ionic [1]
SiCl4 simple / molecular AND covalent [1]

For NaCl large difference in electronegativity [1]

(of sodium / Na and chlorine / Cl / Cl2) (indicates electron transfer/ions)

For SiCl4 smaller difference (indicates sharing/covalency) with (weak)

van der Waals’ / IM forces (between molecules) ora [1]

Answer 13
(a) (i)
Van der Waal’s/London/dispersion [1]

m
Uneven electron distribution/temporary dipole [1]
Induced dipole-dipole attraction [1]

(ii) more electrons [1]

Answer 14
Ala
more polarisable/greater attraction/stronger IMFs [1]

(a) (i) O

S S
O O O O
M1 SO2 correct M2 SO3 correct 1+1
n

(ii) 115–120° bent / non-linear 1

na

120° trigonal planar 1

Answer 15
(a)
increase in attraction 1
Ad

(boiling point) increases (down the group) 1

increasing number of electrons (in molecules) down group 1

increasing strength of / more van der Waals’ forces (allow correct alternatives to van der

Waals’ forces) 1

(b) (i) so more energy needed to overcome (the forces)

F I
42.8 57.2
1
19 127

2.253 0.450
0.450 0.450

5 1 / IF5 1

EF = MF or IF5= 222 1

25
4 Chemical Bonding

(ii)

xx
x x
xCl I
xx 1

(Yes) as electronegativities are different 1

Answer 16
(a)

formula of a

m
number of number of shape of
molecule with
bond pairs lone pairs molecule
this shape

3 0 Ala trigonal planar BH3

CH4
allow other
4 0 tetrahedral Group IV
hydrides
n
NH3
pyramidal or allow other
na

3 1 trigonal Group V
pyramidal hydrides

H2O
non-linear or allow other
Ad

2 2 bent or Group VI
V-shaped hydrides

1 mark for each correct row (3 × 1) [3]

(b) (i)

(1)

26
 Chemical Bonding

(ii) octahedral or square-based bipyramid (1)

(iii) 90° (1)

Answer 17
(a) (i) from methane to butane (1)
there are more electrons in the molecule
therefore greater/stronger van der Waals’ forces (1)
(ii) straight chain molecules can pack more closely (1)
therefore stronger van der Waals’ forces
or reverse argument (1)

m
Answer 18
(a)
NH3 CH4
n Ala
na

pyramidal tetrahedral

both ‘dot-and-cross’ diagrams correct (1)

NH3 is pyramidal or trigonal pyramidal (1)
CH4 is tetrahedral (1)
Ad

(b) (i) nitrogen and hydrogen have different electronegativities (1)

N–H bond has a dipole or
δ– δ+
N  H or
bonding pair is unequally shared (1)

(ii) molecule is not symmetrical or

dipoles do not cancel out (1)

(iii) NH3 has higher boiling point than expected from Mr value or
has higher boiling point than methane
or NH3 is soluble in water (1)

(c) three covalent N–H bonds (1)

one co-ordinate (dative covalent) N–H bond (1)
one ionic bond between NH4+ and Cl – (1)

27
 Chemical Bonding

Answer 19
(a) (i)

F Cl F

3 bonding pairs and

2 lone pairs around Cl atom (1)
3 lone pairs on each of the F atoms (1)
[1]
[1]
(ii) either

m
referring to van der Waals’ forces in BrF3
van der Waals’ or
intermolecular forces are greater/stronger (1))

OR referring to permanent dipoles

Ala
because there are more electrons in BrF3 than in ClF3

permanent dipole or intermolecular forces are stronger/greater in BrF3

(1)
[1]
[1]

because BrF3 has a larger permanent dipole than ClF3 (1)

[1]
OR because difference in electronegativity is larger between Br and F than
between Cl and F (1)
n
[1]
part (ii) has a maximum of 2 marks
na

Answer 20
(a) (i)

I Cl
Ad

(1)
(ii) intermolecular forces/van der Waals’ forces
are stronger or greater in ICl (1)
ICl has most electrons or
has the largest permanent dipole (1)

(iii) ICl (1)

greatest difference in electronegativity is between I and Cl (1)

28
 Chemical Bonding

Answer 21

(a) (i)

S C S

S atom has 6 and C atom has 4 electrons (1)

S=C double bonds (4 electrons) clearly shown (1)

(ii) linear and 180° (1)

m
Answer 22
(a) (i) thermal stability decreases down Group VII (1)
Ala
(ii) from Cl to I, atomic size increases or
the bonding pair is further from the nucleus of X or
HX bond becomes longer or
smaller orbital overlap occurs (1)
hence HX bond strength decreases down Group VII (1)
n
Answer 23
(a) (i)
na

(1)
Ad

(ii) 180° (1)

Answer 24
(a) (i) around the N atom there is only one lone pair
around the S atom there are two lone pairs both (1)
(ii) angle (a) or sulfur – no mark for this
because two lone pairs repel more than one lone pair or
lone pair-lone pair repulsions are stronger
than lone pair-bond pair repulsions (1)

Answer 25
(a) 18 (1)
(b) (i) both have very similar/same van der Waals’ forces (1)
(ii) CH3F has permanent dipole (1)

29