UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO

College of Engineering Education

Civil Engineering Program

Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged

Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for

Self-Directed Learning (SDL)

Course/Subject: BCE 221: GEOLOGY FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS

Name of Teacher: Engr. NORODDIN V. MELOG

THIS SIM/SDL MANUAL IS A DRAFT VERSION ONLY; NOT FOR REPRODUCTION AND
DISTRIBUTION OUTSIDE OF ITS INTENDED USE. THIS IS INTENDED ONLY FOR THE
USE OF THE STUDENTS WHO ARE OFFICIALLY ENROLLED IN THE COURSE/SUBJECT.
EXPECT REVISIONS OF THE MANUAL.
 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Table of Contents

Course Outline: BCE 221 – Geology for Civil Engineers .................................................... 2

Course Outline Policy................................................................................................................. 2
Course Information .................................................................................................................... 5

Big Picture in Focus: ULO-1a.................................................................................................... 6

Metalanguage ......................................................................................................................................................6
Essential Knowledge........................................................................................................................................6
Structural Geology ........................................................................................................................................ 6
Rock deformation .......................................................................................................................................... 6
Outcrop .............................................................................................................................................................. 9
Geological Maps .......................................................................................................................................... 10
Strata ............................................................................................................................................................... 10
Fold and Faults ............................................................................................................................................ 13
Joints................................................................................................................................................................. 16
Folds, Faults, Joints; Bearing on Engineering Construction ..................................................... 20
Self-Help ............................................................................................................................................................. 20
Let’s Check ......................................................................................................................................................... 21
Let’s Analyze ..................................................................................................................................................... 22
In a Nutshell ...................................................................................................................................................... 23

Big Picture in Focus: ULO-3b ................................................................................................ 24

Metalanguage ................................................................................................................................................... 24
Essential Knowledge..................................................................................................................................... 24
Mechanical Properties of Rocks............................................................................................................ 24
Dynamic Properties of Rocks ................................................................................................................. 27
Grouting .......................................................................................................................................................... 30
Self-Help ............................................................................................................................................................. 32
Let’s Check ......................................................................................................................................................... 32
Let’s Analyze ..................................................................................................................................................... 33
In a Nutshell ...................................................................................................................................................... 34

1
 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Course Outline: BCE 221 – Geology for Civil Engineers

Course Coordinator: Engr. Noroddin V. Melog

Email: noroddin_melog@umindanao.edu.ph
Student Consultation: By appointment
Mobile: 09276878200
Phone: (082) 296 1084 local 133
Effectivity Date: May 25, 2020
Mode of Delivery: Blended (On-line with face to face or virtual sessions)
Time Frame: 54 hours
Student Workload: Expected Self-Directed Learning
Pre-requisite: BCHE 111/L – Chemistry for Engineers
Co-requisite: None
Credit: 3.0 units lecture
Attendance Requirements: A minimum of 95% attendance is required at all
scheduled Virtual or face-to-face sessions

Course Outline Policy

Areas of Concern Details

Contact and Non-contact Hours
Assessment Task Submission
This 3-unit course self-instructional manual is
designed for blended learning mode of instructional
delivery with scheduled face to face or virtual sessions.
The expected number of hours will be 54 including the
face-to-face or virtual sessions. The face-to-face
sessions shall include the summative assessment tasks
(exams) since this course is crucial in the licensure
examination for civil engineers.
Submission of assessment tasks shall be on 3 rd, 5th, 7th
and 9th week of the term. The assessment paper shall
be attached with a cover page indicating the title of the
assessment task (if the task is performance), the
name of the course coordinator, date of submission
and name of the student. The document should be
emailed to the course coordinator. It is also expected
that you already paid your tuition and other fees
before the submission of the assessment task.

If the assessment task is done in real time through the

features in the Blackboard Learning Management
System, the schedule shall be arranged ahead of time
by the course coordinator.

Since this course is included in the licensure

examination for civil engineers, you will be required to
take the Multiple-Choice Question exam inside the
University. This should be scheduled ahead of time by
your course coordinator. This is non-negotiable for all
licensure-based programs.

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 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Turnitin Submission To ensure honesty and authenticity, all assessment

(if necessary) tasks are required to be submitted through Turnitin
with a maximum similarity index of 30% allowed. This
means that if your paper goes beyond 30%, the
students will either opt to redo her/his paper or
explain in writing addressed to the course coordinator
the reasons for the similarity. In addition, if the paper
has reached more than 30% similarity index, the
student may be called for a disciplinary action in
accordance with the University’s OPM on Intellectual
and Academic Honesty.

Please note that academic dishonesty such as cheating

and commissioning other students or people to
complete the task for you have severe punishments
(reprimand, warning, expulsion).
Penalties for Late The score for an assessment item submitted after the
Assignments/Assessments designated time on the due date, without an approved
extension of time, will be reduced by 5% of the
possible maximum score for that assessment item for
each day or part day that the assessment item is late.

However, if the late submission of assessment paper

has a valid reason, a letter of explanation should be
submitted and approved by the course coordinator. If
necessary, you will also be required to present/attach
evidences.
Return of Assignments/ Assessment tasks will be returned to you two (2)
Assessments weeks
after the submission. This will be returned by email or
via Blackboard portal.

For group assessment tasks, the course coordinator

will require some or few of the students for online or
virtual sessions to ask clarificatory questions to
validate the originality of the assessment task
submitted and to ensure that all the group members
are involved.
Assignment Resubmission You should request in writing addressed to the course
coordinator his/her intention to resubmit an
assessment task. The resubmission is premised on the
student’s failure to comply with the similarity index
and other reasonable grounds such as academic
literacy standards or other reasonable circumstances
e.g.
illness, accidents financial constraints.
Re-marking of Assessment You should request in writing addressed to the
Papers and Appeal program
coordinator your intention to appeal or contest the
score given to an assessment task. The letter should
explicitly explain the reasons/points to contest the
grade. The program coordinator shall communicate

3

Grading System
Preferred Referencing Style
Student Communication
Contact Details of the Dean
Contact Details of the Program
Head
Students with Special Needs
College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
with the students on the approval and disapproval of
the
request.
If disapproved by the course coordinator, you can
elevate your case to the program head or the dean
with
the original letter of request. The final decision will
come from the dean of the college.
All culled from BlackBoard sessions and traditional
contact
Course discussions/exercises – 30%
1st formative assessment – 10%
2nd formative assessment – 10%
3rd formative assessment – 10%
All culled from on-campus/onsite sessions (TBA):
Final exam – 40%
Submission of the final grades shall follow the usual
University system and procedures.
IEEE Referencing
You are required to create a umindanao email account
which is a requirement to access the BlackBoard
portal.
Then, the course coordinator shall enroll the
students to have access to the materials and resources
of the course. All communication formats: chat,
submission of assessment tasks, requests etc. shall be
through the portal and other university recognized
platforms.
You can also meet the course coordinator in person
through the scheduled face to face sessions to raise
your issues and concerns.
For students who have not created their student email,
please contact the course coordinator or program
head.
Dr. Charlito L. Cañesares
Email: clcanesares@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: (082) 296-1084 or 300-5456 loc. 133
Engr. Showna Lee T. Sales
Email: ssales@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: (082) 296-1084 or 300-5456 loc. 133
Students with special needs shall communicate with the
course coordinator about the nature of his or her special
needs. Depending on the nature of the need, the course
coordinator with the approval of the program
coordinator may provide alternative assessment tasks or
extension of the deadline of submission of assessment
tasks. However, the alternative assessment tasks should
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 College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

still be in the service of achieving the desired course

learning outcomes.
Help Desk Contact CEE Blackboard Administrator
Jetron J. Adtoon
jadtoon@umindanao.edu.ph
09055267834

CEE
Frida Santa O. Dagatan
cee@umindanao.edu.ph
09562082442
082-2272902

GSTC
Ronadora E. Deala, RPsy, RPm, RGC, LPT
Ronadora_deala@umindanao.edu,ph
09212122846

Silvino P. Josol
gstcmain@umindanao.edu,ph
09060757721
Library Contact LIC
Brigida E. Bacani
library@umindanao.edu,ph
09513766681

Course Information- see/download course syllabus in the BlackBoard LMS

CC’s Voice: Good day dear students! Welcome to this course BCE 221 – Geology for Civil
Engineers. By now, I am confident that you really wanted to become a civil
engineer and that you visualized yourself already in the field doing site
investigations. This course deals with the fundamentals of geology applied to civil
engineering problems.

CO: Upon completion of the course, you are expected to:

CO 1: Explain the role of geology in the design and construction process of

underground openings in rock.
CO 2: Apply geologic concepts and approaches on civil engineering projects.
CO 3: Demonstrate skills in classifying rock using basic geologic classification
system.
CO 4: Use the geologic literature to establish the geotechnical framework needed
to properly design and construct heavy civil works rock projects.

Let ug begin!

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Telefax: (082) 296-1084
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Big Picture

Week 6-7: Unit Learning Outcomes-Unit 3 (ULO-3): At the end of the unit, you are
expected to:
a. Be able to understand geological maps and its bearing in engineering
construction.
b. Be able to understand the concept rock mechanics and use the
geologic literature to establish geotechnical framework.

Big Picture in Focus: ULO-1a. Be able to understand geological maps and its
bearing in engineering construction.

Metalanguage

The most essential terms below are defined for you to have a better
understanding of section ULO-3a in the course.

1. Geological Map – A special-purpose map made to show various geological features.

Rock units or geologic strata are shown by color or symbols.
2. Folds – Undulation or waves in the stratified rocks of Earth's crust. Stratified rocks
were originally formed from sediments that were deposited in flat horizontal
sheets, but in a number of places the strata are no longer horizontal but have been
warped.
3. Faults – A fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock. Faults allow the
blocks to move relative to each other. ... Earth scientists use the angle of the fault
with respect to the surface (known as the dip) and the direction of slip along the
fault to classify faults.
4. Joints – A brittle-fracture surface in rocks along which little or no displacement has
occurred.

Essential Knowledge

To perform the aforesaid big picture (unit learning outcomes),you need to fully
understand the following essential knowledge that will be laid down in the succeeding
pages. Please note that you are not limited to exclusively refer to these resources. Thus,
you are expected to utilize other books, research articles, and other resources that are
available in the university’s library e.g. library, search.proquest.com, etc.

Structural Geology - The study of rock deformation.

Rock deformation - A process of changing/transformation of rocks due to stress and
heat.

Deformation of rock to occur several conditions must be met, including:

✓ The rock material must have the ability to deform under pressure and heat.
✓ The higher the temperature of the rock the more plastic it becomes.
✓ Pressure must not exceed the internal strength of the rock.

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Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

This displacement of rocks is caused by:

✓ Tectonic plate movement and subduction
✓ Volcanic activity
✓ Intrusive igneous activity

Rock - Aggregates of mineral grains that are connected by strong and permanent forces
Rock Mechanics - The study of rock behavior in the solid state under varying
environmental and internal conditions.

Structural geology can be used in the field of rock mechanics and rock engineering, and
particularly in underground engineering works (tunneling and rock caverns) to gather
more reliable data for empirical stability analyses and deterministic calculation models.

Attitude of Beds

Attitude – A general term for the orientation of a line or plane. Attitude refers to the
three-dimensional orientation of planar and linear features such as a bed, a joint, a
hornblende needle or a fold.

The attitude of planar features, such as beds or joints, is defined by their strike and dip.

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Telefax: (082) 296-1084
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Strike – The direction of a line formed by the intersection of the bedding plane with the
horizontal plane. Strike is the bearing of a horizontal line on the inclined plane (a
scalar). If a plane is immersed in a water, the strike line will be the waterline.

Generally expressed as an angle relative to north. i.e. N 37°E, N 12°W

Dip – The dip of a bed is the angle between the bedding and horizontal plane, i.e., the
amount of inclination with respect to horizontal.

It is measured in a vertical plane at right angle to the strike of the bedding. It is

expressed in degrees (45°) or in gradient (1 in 1), or in percentage (50%).

Two Types of Dip:

1. True Dip
- The angle between a bed and a horizontal plane measured in a vertical plane
lying at right angles to the strike of the bedding. It is the maximum vertical angle
of an inclined structural plane. It is denoted by σ.
2. Apparent Dip
- The angle measured in any direction other than the true dip direction. The
amount is always less than the true dip. It is denoted by 𝝆.
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Telefax: (082) 296-1084
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Measurement of strike and dip helps geologists construct accurate geologic maps and
geologic cross-sections. For example, data on rock attitudes helps delineate fold
structures in layered rocks.

Outcrop

• An outcrop or rocky outcrop is a visible exposure of bedrock or ancient

superficial deposits on the surface of the Earth.
• These outcrops were formed by the intrusion of molten granite into pre-
existing country rock at a depth of about ten miles below the surface. Over
millions of years, erosion removed thousands of feet of overlying rock, exposing
the more resistant bodies of granite.

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2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Geological Maps

A geologic map or geological map is a special-

purpose map made to show various geological
features. Rock units or geologic strata are shown by
color or symbols. Bedding planes and structural
features such as faults, folds, are shown with strike
and dip or trend and plunge symbols which give
three-dimensional orientations features.

Strata

In geology and related fields, a stratum (plural: strata) is a layer of sedimentary

rock or soil, or igneous rock that was formed at the Earth's surface,[1] with internally
consistent characteristics that distinguish it from other layers.

➢ Inclined Strata

The horizontal layers, or beds, present in

most sedimentary rocks. During or
immediately after the accumulation of
sediments, physical, biological, and
chemical process produce sedimentary
structure.

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Telefax: (082) 296-1084
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➢ Inclined Strata

Homoclinal ridges are mountains with a

steep carp slope and gentle dip slope, and
result for inclined strata that unequally
resistant to erosion.

➢ Dome

A dome is a feature is structural geology

consisting a symmetrical anticlines that
intersect each other at their respective apices.

➢ Basin

A geological basin is large area. It is often

below sea level.

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➢ Plunging Folds
A fold whose axis plane is not horizontal (not
parallel to sea level).

➢ Faults

A planar or gently curved fracture in the rocks of

the earth’s crust, when compressional of
tensional forces cause relative displacement of
the rocks on the opposite sides of the fracture.

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➢ Angular Unconformity

Is an unconformity where horizontally parallel

strata of sedimentary rock are deposited on
tilted and eroded layers, producing an angular
discordance with the overlying horizontal layers.

Fold and Faults

Fold - in geology, undulation or waves in the stratified rocks of Earth’s crust.

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 The axial plane of a fold is the plane or surface that divides the fold as
symmetrically as possible
 An axis of a fold is the intersection of the axial plane with one of the strata of
which the fold is composed.
 The angle of inclination of the axis, as measured from the horizontal, is called
the plunge.
 The portions of the fold between adjacent axes form the flanks, limbs, or slopes
of a fold.

Faults - in geology, a planar or gently curved fracture in the rocks of the Earth’s crust,
where compressional or tensional forces cause relative displacement of the rocks on
the opposite sides of the fracture.

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Types of Faults

 Normal dip slip faults are produced by vertical compression as the Earth’s crust
lengthens. The hanging wall slides down relative to the footwall.
 Reverse dip-slip faults result from horizontal compressional forces caused by a
shortening, or contraction, of the Earth’s crust. The hanging wall moves up and
over the footwall.
 Thrust faults are reverse faults that dip less than 45°. Thrust faults with a very
low angle of dip and a very large total displacement are called overthrusts or
detachments.
 Strike-slip (also called transcurrent, wrench, or lateral) faults are similarly
caused by horizontal compression, but they release their energy
by rock displacement in a horizontal direction almost parallel to the
compressional force.
 Oblique-slip faults have simultaneous displacement up or down the dip and
along the strike. The movement along a fault may be rotational, with the offset
blocks rotating relative to one another.

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Joints - are cracks or fracture that divide the rocks into parts or block s and there is no
relative displacement.

Classification of Joints

A. Based on Spatial Relationship

Non-Systematic Joints
are joints that are so irregular in form, spacing, and orientation that they cannot
be readily grouped into distinctive, through-going joint sets.

Systematic Joints
are planar, parallel joints that can be traced for some distance, and occur at
regularly, evenly spaced distances.

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Telefax: (082) 296-1084
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B. Based on Genesis

Tension Joint
appear rough, irregular with jagged surfaces.

Shear Joint
are those, which are due to shearing stresses involved in folding and faulting of
rocks.

Compression Joint
rocks may be compressed to crushing and numerous joints may be result due to
compressive forces in this case.

C. Based on Geometry

In stratified rocks, joints are generally classified based on relationship of their

attitude with that of the rocks in which they occur.

Strike joints - in which the joint sets strike parallel to the strike of the rocks.

Dip joints - in which the joint sets strike parallel to the dip direction of the rocks.

Oblique joints - are those joints where the strike of the joints is at any angle
between the dip and the strike of the layers.

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Occurrence of Joints
- Joints are most common structural features of all types of rocks.
- Rocks of all three main classes igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary shows various
type of joints.

A. Igneous Rocks - formed by cooling and crystallization of molten material called

magma or lava.

Two regular systematic type:

Sheet Joints - When magma cools fast, the size of rocks become courser at the
center due to slow cooling and cause shrinkage of layers.

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Columnar Joints - These joints split a rock body into long prisms or columns.
Also called prismatic joints.

B. Sedimentary Rocks - These joints may be closely and regularly spaced sets,
parallel or sub-parallel to each other and bearing varying relationships with the
attitude of the rocks.

Unloading Joints - This

causes stress buildup that
eventually exceeds the tensile
strength of the bedrock and
results in the formation of
jointing.

C. Metamorphic Rocks - These rock types are heavily jointed in many cases, the
joints being of irregular or non-systematic types.

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Telefax: (082) 296-1084
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Folds, Faults, Joints; Bearing on Engineering Construction

They have a significant role particularly in the location of dams, reservoirs, tunneling,
road and railways, etc.

Folds Faults Joints

Can create an inclination of
limbs in a dam site
Dams
Dams is a multi-million
project and is not allowed to
rest over an active fault
if too many, it will become
physically weak and can't
withstand the stresses of
dam

Tunneling
May release contained It will be incompetent to If occurs unfavorably, they
strains or bulging of sides provide safety to tunnels. may cause fall of rocks from
the roof of the tunnel.

Can cause a little seepage of
water
Reservoir
It may create an uplift They can act as a venue for
pressure over dams and serious leakage of water.
may cause a leakage of
water

May weaken the stability of
the ground
Tunneling
It may trigger off landslides
If surface slopes and dip
direction of joints occur in
the same direction, it may
cause a landslide.

Self-Help

To further visualize and understand more about the significant concepts in ULO-3a you
can view the following:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bsIC-zRaFgQ

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6uf8SSJajyM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UIvosdkZBdQ

You can also refer to the sources below to help you further understand the lesson:

F G Bell (2007). Engineering Geology, Second Edition – Butterworth-Heinemann

McLean, Gribble (2005). Geology for Civil Engineers

Retrieved from

http://libgen.is/search.php?req=geology+for+civil+engineers&lg_topic=libgen&open=
0&view=simple&res=25&phrase=1&column=def
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2nd Floor, B&E Building
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Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Let’s Check

In this part, you will have an oral presentation about the topics in ULO-1a. In this
activity, you will present a topic by video presentation and upload it in our LMS. Please
refer to guidelines uploaded in LMS.

Presenter Topic
Student 1 Attitude of Beds and Outcrops
Student 2 Geological Maps
Student 3 Folds, Faults, and Joints; Concepts
Student 4 Folds, Faults, and Joints; Bearing on Engineering Construction

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Telefax: (082) 296-1084
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Let’s Analyze

In the space provided, write the term/s being asked in the following statement:

_________________________________1. A process of changing/transformation of rocks due to

stress and heat.

_________________________________2. The study of rock behavior in the solid state under

varying environmental and internal conditions.

_________________________________3. The direction of a line formed by the intersection of the

bedding plane with the horizontal plane.

_________________________________4. A feature is structural geology consisting a symmetrical

anticline that intersect each other at their respective apices.

_________________________________5. Are similarly caused by horizontal compression, but

they release their energy by rock displacement in a horizontal direction almost parallel
to the compressional force.

_________________________________6. A fold that is concave upward.

__________________________________7. Are cracks or fracture that divide the rocks into parts or
block s and there is no relative displacement.

__________________________________8. A fold that is convex upward.

__________________________________9. A layer of sedimentary rock or soil, or igneous rock that

was formed at the Earth's surface, with internally consistent characteristics that
distinguish it from other layers.

__________________________________10. A general term for the orientation of a line or plane.

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In a Nutshell

My Geo-Vlog

In a creative way, create a video presentation of at least one topic in ULO-3a. The length
of the video presentation should be a minimum of 3 mins and a maximum of 10 mins. It is an
open category presentation.

Example:

1. Topic: Geological Maps

You may create a vlog on how to make a geological map.
2. Topic: Joints
You may create a vlog showcasing different joints in your area.
3. Topic: Faults
You may create a vlog about its importance in engineering construction.

RUBRICS

Content Creativity Videography

How did you discuss your
chosen topic?
How well did you research
or give information about
your topic?
50%
What creative ways did you
use in the presentation?
How unique is your
presentation?
30%
100%
How well did you angle
your shots?
What modes did you use in
creating your video?
20%

23
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Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Big Picture in Focus: ULO-3b. Be able to understand the concept rock

mechanics and use the geologic literature to establish geotechnical
framework.

Metalanguage

The most essential terms below are defined for you to have a better understanding of
section ULO-3b in the course.

1. Rock Mechanics – a theoretical and applied science of the mechanical behavior of

rock and rock masses; compared to geology, it is that branch of mechanics
concerned with the response of rock and rock masses to the force fields of their
physical environment.
2. Static Moduli – Those directly measured in deformational experiment.
3. Dynamics Moduli – Those calculated from the elastic wave velocity and density.
4. Grouting - Refers to the injection of pumpable materials into a soil or rock
formation to change its physical characteristics.

Essential Knowledge

To perform the aforesaid big picture (unit learning outcomes), you need to fully
understand the following essential knowledge that will be laid down in the succeeding
pages. Please note that you are not limited to exclusively refer to these resources. Thus,
you are expected to utilize other books, research articles, and other resources that are
available in the university’s library e.g. library, search.proquest.com, etc.

Mechanical Properties of Rocks

A. Porosity

Porosity is the percentage of void space in a rock. It is defined as the ratio of the
volume of the voids or pore space divided by the total volume. It is written as
either a decimal fraction between 0 and 1 or as a percentage. For most rocks,
porosity varies from less than 1% to 40%.

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B. Permeability
Permeability is another intrinsic property of all materials and is closely related
to porosity. Permeability refers to how connected pore spaces are to one
another. If the material has high permeability than pore spaces are connected to
one another allowing water to flow from one to another, however, if there is low
permeability then the pore spaces are isolated, and water is trapped within them.

C. Density
Density is defined as the mass per volume. In rocks, it is a function of the densities
of the individual grains, the porosity, and the fluid filling the pores. There are
three types of density in rocks: dry density, wet density, and grain density.

Three types of Density:

• Dry density - is measured on rocks without any water or fluid in their
pores.

• Wet density - is measured on fully saturated cores.

• Grain density - describes the density of solid or mineral grains of the rock.

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D. Strength

Rock mass strength depends on the strength of intact rock and the strength of
rock discontinuities.

Types of Strength:

• Tensile Strength - The tensile strength is defined as the maximum

tensile load a body can withstand before failure divided by its cross-
sectional area. This property is also sometimes referred to Ultimate
Tensile Stress or UTS.

• Compressive Strength - Compressive strength is defined as the

maximum compressive load a body can bear prior to failure, divided by
its cross-sectional area.

• Shear Strength - Shear strength is the maximum shear load a body can
withstand before failure occurs divided by its cross-sectional area.

• Torsional Strength - Torsional strength is the maximum amount of

torsional stress a body can withstand before it fails, divided by its cross -
sectional area.

• Yield Strength - Yield strength is defined as the stress at which a

material changes from elastic deformation to plastic deformation. Once
this point, known as the yield point, is exceeded, the materials will no
longer return to its original dimensions after the removal of the stress.

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Telefax: (082) 296-1084
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E. Hardness

The hardness of a mineral can be tested in several ways. Most commonly,

minerals are compared to an object of known hardness using a scratch test – if a
nail, for example, can scratch a crystal, then the nail is harder than that mineral.

F. Elasticity

Ability of a deformed material body to return to its original shape and size when
the forces causing the deformation are removed. A body with this ability is said
to behave (or respond) elastically.

G. Plasticity

Ability of certain solids to flow or to change shape permanently when subjected

to stresses of intermediate magnitude between those producing temporary
deformation, or elastic behavior, and those causing failure of the material, or
rupture.

Dynamic Properties of Rocks

A. Modulus of Deformation (Young’s Modulus)

• The basic concept behind Young’s modulus was described by Swiss

scientist and engineer Leonhard Euler in 1727.In 1782, Italian scientist
Giordano Riccati performed experiments leading to modern calculations
of the the modulus. Yet, the modulus takes its name from British scientist
Thomas Young, who described its calculation in his Course of Lectures on
Natural Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts in 1807.
• The term modulus is derived from the Latin root term modus which
means measure.
• This modulus reflects the stiffness of earth’s materials or resistance to
elastic deformation under load.

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Young’s Modulus of some common rocks

Youngs Modulus of Elasticity (E),

Types of Rocks Name of Rocks
kg/cm2*105

Basalt 2.0 – 10.0

Diabase 3.0 – 9.0

Igneous Rocks Gabbro 6.0 – 11.0

Granite 2.6 – 7.0

Syemite 6.0 – 8.0

Dolomite 2.0 – 4.4

Sedimentary Limestone 1.0 – 8.0

Rocks Sandstone 0.5 – 8.6

Shale 0.8 – 3.0

Gneiss 2.0 – 6.0

Metamorphic Marble 6.0 – 9.0

Rocks Quartzite 2.6 – 10.2

Schist 4.1 – 7.2

B. Modulus of Rigidity (Shear Modulus)

• The modulus of rigidity is the elastic coefficient when a shear force is applied
resulting in lateral deformation. A material(rock) property with a value equal
to the shear stress divided by the shear strain.

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Telefax: (082) 296-1084
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C. Bulk Modulus

• It is a measure of the ability of a substance to withstand changes in volume

when under compression on all sides.
• When an element is subjected to equal stresses in three mutually
perpendicular directions then, the ratio of direct stress to volumetric strain
is called as “Bulk Modulus”.

D. Poisson’s Ratio

• Named after French mathematician Siméon Denis Poisson (1781-1840)

• it is defined as the ratio of the lateral strain to the axial strain for a uniaxial
stress state.

Poisson’s Ratio of some common rocks

Average Values of Poisson’s

Types of Rocks Name of Rocks
Ratio
Basalt 0.14 – 0.20
Diabase 0.125 – 0.25
Igneous Rocks Gabbro 0.125 – 0.25
Granite 0.125 – 0.25
Syemite 0.25
Dolomite 0.08 – 0.20
Limestone 0.10 – 0.20
Sedimentary Rocks
Sandstone 0.066 – 0.125
Shale 0.11 – 0.54
Gneiss 0.091 – 0.25
Marble 0.25 – 0.38
Metamorphic Rocks
Quartzite 0.23
Schist 0.01 – 0.20

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2nd Floor, B&E Building
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Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Grouting

• Grouting in civil engineering refers to the injection of pumpable materials into a

soil or rock formation.
• Acts as a sealant on the material’s permeability.

Modes of grouting

A. Permeation or penetration – Grout flows into a soil voids freely with minimal
effect
B. Compaction or controlled displacement – grout remains more or less intact
as a mass and exerts pressure on soil
C. Hydraulic fracturing or uncontrolled displacement – grout rapidly
penetrates a fractured zone, created the grout pressure is greater than the tensile
strength of a soil or rock.

Grouting Materials

A. Cement grouting
B. Bentonite grouting
C. Chemical grouting
D. Resin grouting
E. Bituminous grouting

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2nd Floor, B&E Building
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Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Grouting Methods

A. Permeation grouting
Fills the pores without any volume changes includes cement grout, bentonite grout and
chemical grout

B. Compaction grouting
Inject the grout from the side or an inclined angle to reach beneath.

C. Jet grouting
Involves injection of low viscosity liquid grout into the pore spaces of granular soil

D. Soil fracture grouting

root like zones of grout method formed into the soil mass.

E. Circuit grouting
A drill hole is bored to the depth of the bottom zone and grout is pumped down and
returned up to the drill hole.

F. Point circuits
are delivered of pre-determined positions along the line of drive and on the systems

G. Electro kinetic injection

Stabilization of silty soils may not be possible by chemical or admixture perhaps
because of the confinement or the necessity to avoid disturbance of the ground.

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2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Self-Help

To further visualize and understand more about the significant concepts in ULO-3b you
can view the following:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pO_LgcXVqZA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NhioAAdYDJM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UIvosdkZBdQ

You can also refer to the sources below to help you further understand the lesson:

F G Bell (2007). Engineering Geology, Second Edition – Butterworth-Heinemann

McLean, Gribble (2005). Geology for Civil Engineers

Retrieved from

http://libgen.is/search.php?req=geology+for+civil+engineers&lg_topic=libgen&open=
0&view=simple&res=25&phrase=1&column=def

Let’s Check

In this part, you will have an oral presentation about the topics in ULO-1a. In this
activity, you will present a topic by video presentation and upload it in our LMS. Please
refer to guidelines uploaded in LMS.

Presenter Topic
Student 1 Physical and Mechanical Properties of Rocks
Student 2 Types of Wave Theory and factors affecting wave velocity
Student 3 Static and Dynamics Moduli of Elasticity
Student 4 Grouting

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2nd Floor, B&E Building
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Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

Let’s Analyze

In the space provided, write the term/s being asked in the following statement:

_________________________________1. The term modulus is derived from the Latin root term
modus which means ______.

_________________________________2. It is a measure of the ability of a substance to withstand

changes in volume when under compression on all sides.

_________________________________3. This is the fastest kind of seismic wave.

_________________________________4. It is the fastest surface wave and moves the ground from
side-to-side.

_________________________________5. Are often used in wellbore stability and in-situ stress

applications to evaluate the possibility of breakouts, elevated pore pressure, and
tectonic stress distribution.

_________________________________6. The _________ of rock are those calculated from the

elastic-wave velocity and density.

_________________________________7. Defined as the ratio of the lateral strain to the axial

strain for a uniaxial stress state.

__________________________________8. Defined as the stress at which a material changes from

elastic deformation to plastic deformation.

__________________________________9. The percentage of void space in a rock.

__________________________________10. Refers to the injection of pumpable materials into a

soil or rock formation to change its physical characteristics.

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2nd Floor, B&E Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133

In a Nutshell

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