LAB ASSIGNMENT-2

1) Aim: To construct a single stage and double stage low pass filter.
Apparatus: Breadboard, 5.2K ohm resistors, 10 nf capacitors, oscilloscope,
multimeter, function generator.
Experiment: Take a bread board and attach a resistor and a capacitor as the
circuit given below
 1
Here, cutoff frequency 𝑓𝑐 =
2𝜋𝑅𝐶

Take cutoff frequency 𝑓𝑐 =3khz

Take R and C as 5.2k and 10nf so as to adjust cutoff frequency to 3 khz.
Now, measure the frequency response of this circuit from 10hz-12khz
𝑋𝑐
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 =𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑋𝑐 +𝑅

Ratio of 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 to 𝑣𝑖𝑛 is called transfer function of this filter.

𝑣𝑜⋃𝑡 1
| |=
𝑣𝑖𝑛 √𝜔 2 𝑅 2 𝑐 2 + 1

1
Capacitive reactance(𝑋𝑐 )=
𝑆𝐶

At lower frequencies 𝑋𝑐 ≫≫ 0.𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑉𝑖𝑛 .

At higher frequencies 𝑋𝑐 <<<<0.𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 0.
For double stage low pass filter
Observation:𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 is gradually decreasing as frequency is increasing from 10hz-
12khz. 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 is almost zero as frequency tends to 12 khz. Initially, 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 is almost
equal to 𝑉𝑖𝑛 .
For double stage filter also, 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 is gradually decreasing as frequency is
increasing from 10 hz-40 khz. Initially, 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 is almost equal to 𝑉𝑖𝑛 .
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 is almost zero as frequency tends to 40 khz.
Low pass filter passes the low frequency components to the input signal and
rejects the higher frequency components.
𝐴0
Frequency response is the ratio between output to input amplitude i.e
𝐴𝑖
Conclusion: I have build a low pass filter and double stage low pass filter.
2) Aim: To construct a single and double stage high pass filter.
Apparatus: Breadboard, 2.6k ohm resistors,10nf capacitors, function
generator and oscilloscope.
Experiment: Build a high pass filter in bread board and find the 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 and 𝑉𝑖𝑛
Graphs in oscilloscope. Adjust cutoff frequency to 6khz.
Observation:
It passes the high frequency components from the input signal and rejects the
low frequency components.

It passes all the high frequency components which are greater than this cutoff
frequency and it rejects all the frequencies which are less this cutoff frequency
𝑓𝑐 .
𝑅 1
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 =𝑉𝑖𝑛 .,𝑋𝑐 =
𝑅+𝑋𝑐 𝑤𝑐

When w → 0, reactance → ∞ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 =0

When w → ∞,reactance→0 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 =𝑉𝑖𝑛
Conclusion: I have build a high pass filter and double stage high pass filter.

3)Aim: To build a band pass filter.

Apparatus: two resistors of values 5.6k, two capacitors of values 4.7nf, bread
board etc.
Experiment: Build a band pass filter as follows
Observation:
Band pass filter is formed by cascading a high pass filter and low pass filter.
It passes only certain band of frequencies and it reject all other frequencies
outside the band.
 1
𝑓𝐶1 = =6.0426khz
2𝛱𝑅1 𝐶1
1
𝑓𝐶2 = =6.0436khz
2𝜋𝑅2 𝐶2

Bandwidth=𝑓𝑐2 − 𝑓𝑐1 =1hz

Center frequency=√𝑓𝑐2 . 𝑓𝑐1 =6.0431khz

Conclusion: I have build a band pass filter.

4): Aim To build a active band pass filter.

Apparatus: two resistors of values 1.2k ohm, two capacitors of values 47nf,
breadboard etc.
Experiment: Build a circuit as follows
Calculate the 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 and 𝑣𝑖𝑛 graphs
Observation: In passive filter, output is always less than input. Cutoff frequency
of passive filter will depend upon the load. So, depending upon the load value,
the cutoff frequency of such passive filters will get modified. This problems can
be overcome by using the active filter. Active filter not only selectively passes
the certain band of frequencies, but it also provides the gain to the input signal
Conclusion: I have build an active band pass filter