A CASE STUDY: THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

AWARENESS IN HAPM CONSULTANTS SDN BHD

NURUL SYAKINAH BINTI JOHARI

OPEN UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA

2020
A CASE STUDY: THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH AWARENESS IN HAPM
CONSULTANTS SDN BHD

NURUL SYAKINAH BINTI JOHARI

A Final Year Project submitted infulfilment of the requirements for

the degree of
Bachelor of Occupational Safety and Health with Honours

Open University Malaysia

2020
 DECLARATION

Name: Nurul Syakinah binti Johari

Matric Number: 930106135052001

I hereby declare that this final year project is the result of my own work, except for quotations and
summaries which have been duly acknowledged.

Signature: Nurul Syakinah bt Johari Date: 05 August 2020

ii
 A CASE STUDY: THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH AWARENESS IN HAPM CONSULTANTS
SDN BHD

ABSTRACT

Occupational health and safety management systems are part of the overall management structure
enabling the control of the OS&H risks associated with the organization's sector. It includes the
organizational structure, organizing tasks, roles, strategies, procedures, processes, and resources to
create, enforce, acquire, evaluate, and sustain the OS&H policy of the organization. Providing a safe
and secure environment is one of the most successful ways to keep down construction company
costs.

It was part of the overall management strategy to promote the control of the risk associated with
the organization's sector in workplace health and safety. The contributing factors to the level of
awareness for the organizational level were factors that influenced the level of awareness including
safety and health hazards, unsafe work environment, long awaited treatment and services and lack of
emergency communication. This study is conducted to gather important safety awareness
information among workers, particularly at construction site as their work is high risk and exposed to
everyday hazards. To have a good description of an understanding of safety and health. The research
would include the definition of employers' contribution to occupational safety and health practices.
In addition, this work is also aim to investigate the definition, application and compliance of the
Occupational Safety and Health Act.

Keywords: occupational safety and health, health hazards, awareness, safety

management

iii
 KAJIAN KES: KESEDARAN KESELAMATAN DAN KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN DI HAPM CONSULTANTS
SDN BHD

ABSTRAK

Sistem Pengurusan Kesihatan dan Keselamatan Pekerjaan adalah sebahagian daripada sistem
pengurusan yang memudahkan pengurusan risiko Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerja yang
melibatkan sesuatu organisasi. Ini merangkumi struktur organisasi, merancang aktiviti,
tanggungjawab, praktik, prosedur, proses dan mengekalkan dasar Keselamatan dan Kesihatan
Pekerja dalam organisasi. Menyediakan tempat kerja yang selamat dan sihat adalah salah satu
strategi yang paling berkesan untuk mengawal kos dalam sesuatu pembinaan.

Itu adalah sebahagian daripada sistem pengurusan keseluruhan untuk memfasilitasi

pengurusan risiko keselamatan dan kesihatan pekerjaan yang berkaitan dengan perniagaan sesebuah
organisasi. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi tahap kesedaran merangkumi keadaan keselamatan
dan kesihatan, kawasan kerja yang berbahaya, dan kurangnya komunikasi kecemasan adalah faktor
yang menyumbang kepada tahap kesedaran untuk tahap operasi. Kajian ini dilakukan untuk
mengumpulkan maklumat penting mengenai kesedaran keselamatan di kalangan kakitangan terutama
di tapak pembinaan kerana pekerjaan berisiko tinggi dan terdedah kepada bahaya setiap hari.
Penyelidikan ini merangkumi pemahaman komitmen majikan terhadap amalan keselamatan dan
kesihatan di tempat kerja. Selain itu, penyelidikan ini juga untuk menilai interpretasi, aplikasi, dan
pelaksanaan Undang- Undang Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan.

Kata kunci: keselamatan dan kesihatan pekerjaan, bahaya kepada

kesihatan, kesedaran terhadap keselamatan, pengurusan

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude and appreciation to my

supervisor, Dr. Nastassia Binti Denis guidance, patience and invaluable advice throughout this
project.

I also would like to express my appreciation to my family and friends for their endless support
whenever I face problems. Without the mentioned parties, it is impossible for me to complete this
project report successfully.

THANK YOU.

NURUL SYAKINAH BINTI JOHARI

05 August 2020

v
 TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION ii
ABSTRACT iii
ABSTRAK iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
LIST OF TABLES viii
LIST OF FIGURES ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS x

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Research Background 1
1.2 Problem Statement 1
1.3 Research Objective 2
1.4 Research Questions 2
1.5 Scope of Study 2
1.6 ICE Background 3
1.6.1 ICE Appointment 3
1.6.2 ICE Organization Chart & Employment 3
1.6.3 Location of ICE HQ 6
1.7 OPUS Consultants Sdn Bhd 7
1.7.1 Background 7
1.7.2 OPUS Consultants Services 7
1.8 HAPM Consultants Sdn Bhd 9
1.8.1 Background 9
1.8.2 HAPM Consultants Sdn Bhd Services 10
1.9 Important of Construction Industries in the World 14
1.9.1 Economy Business of the Malaysian 14
Construction Industry

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEWS

2.1 Introduction 16
2.2 History of Occupational Safety and Health Law 16
2.3 History of OSH Law in Malaysia 18
2.4 OSH Act 1994 19
2.5 Work Hazard 21
2.5.1 Type of Work Hazard 21
2.5.2 Construction Hazard 22
2.6 OHSAS Management 18001 24
2.6.1 OHSAS 18001 Standard 24
2.6.2 Implementation OHSAS 18001 25
2.6.3 OHSAS Management Element 27

vi
 2.7 MS1722 30
2.7.1 Difference Between MS122 and OHSAS 18001 31
2.8 ISO Standards 33
2.8.1 Advantages of ISO Standards 34
2.8.2 Type of ISO Standards 34
2.9 Safety Culture in Organization 36
2.10 HIRARC 37
2.10.1 Planning and Conducting of HIRARC 37
2.10.2 Planning of HIRARC Activity 37
2.10.3 Process of HIRARC 38
2.10.4 Hazard Identification 38
2.10.5 Risk Assessment 38
2.10.6 Control Measures 40
2.11 Hierarchy of Control 41

CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 Research Methodology 44
3.3 Research Approach Design 46
3.3.1 Quantitative Research 47
3.3.2 47
3.4 Data Collection
3.4.1 Data Target and Population Size 48
3.4.2 Data Collection Procedure 48
3.5 Data Analysis 58
3.5.1 Quantitative Content Analysis 53

CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS & RESULTS

4.1 Introduction 54
4.2 Data and Results 54
4.3 Summary of Chapter 72

CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION

5.1 Introduction 73
5.2 Findings 73
5.2.1 To Provide a Guideline to HAPM Consultants 74
to Establish OHSAS Management
5.2.2 To Access on the Safety Awareness in HAPM 75
Consultants
5.2.3 To Perform Hazard HIRARC at the 76
Construction Site under HAPM Consultants
5.3 Recommendation
5.3.1 Promote the OSHMS Concepts and 77
Performance
5.3.2 Create Effective Safety Awareness 78
5.3.3 Implement Safe Work Procedure 79
5.4 Conclusion 80

REFERENCES 81

APPENDICES 86

vii
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1 ICE Manpower Requirement and Employment 10

Table 2.1 The Main Element for OHSAS18001 and MS1722 30
Table 2.2 Risk Matrix Table 38
Table 2.3 Description Risk Matrix Table 38
Table 2.4 Hazard Control Measures 41
Table 4.1 Gender of Respondents 53
Table 4.2 Working Experience of the Respondents 54

viii
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Organization Chart for ICE Pan Borneo Highway Sarawak 5
Figure 1.2 ICE HQ Office 6
Figure 2.1 History of Development of Safety and Health Management in 17
Malaysia
Figure 2.2 Example of Construction Hazard 22
Figure 2.3 The Shewart/ Deming Cycle (PDCA) 25
Figure 2.4 OSH Element (POPEA) 28
Figure 2.5 Flow Chart of Methodology of Hazard Identification, Risk 39
Assessment and Control Measures
Figure 2.6 Hierarchy of Controls 40
Figure 3.1 Research Design Process 44
Figure 4.1 Gender of Respondents in Percentage 53
Figure 4.2 Percentage Working Experience of the Respondents 54
Figure 4.3 Priority Safety at Organization 55
Figure 4.4 Safety Measure at Workplace 56
Figure 4.5 Safety Training 56
Figure 4.6 Safety Aid Trainer Certificate 57
Figure 4.7 Security Concern at Workplace 57
Figure 4.8 Accident in the Workplace 58
Figure 4.9 Safety in Working Hours 58
Figure 4.10 Precaution During Daily Work 59
Figure 4.11 Health and Safety Issue at the Workplace 59
Figure 4.12 Health and Safety in the Workplace 60
Figure 4.13 Safety Procedures at the Workplace 60
Figure 4.14 Safety Operation Procedure for Operation at Workplace 61
Figure 4.15 Consequences of Non-Observance of Safety Operation Procedure 61
Figure 4.16 Critical Concern Health and Safety at Workplace 62
Figure 4.17 Accidents and Injuries Should be Handled as soon as possible 62
Figure 4.18 Installation of Security Cameras at Workplace 63
Figure 4.19 Security Personnel Should be Working 24 hour with Rotation 63
Schedule at the Premises
Figure 4.20 Evacuation Awareness at the Building 64
Figure 4.21 All Safety Items Must be Updated Follow All Standards 64
Figure 4.22 Firefighting System and Equipment 65
Figure 4.23 Emergency Exit Doors at Workplace can be Opened Daily During 65
Working Hours at All Times
Figure 4.24 Windows and Office Ventilation System are Sufficient at the 66
Workplace
Figure 4.25 Emergency Lighting at the Workplace 66
Figure 4.26 Exit sign at the Workplace is Required 67
Figure 4.27 Flammable Substance Were Properly Stored 67
Figure 4.28 Management Priority in Safety and Health at Workplace 68
Figure 4.29 Responsible of Employee in Unhealthy Workplace Environment 68
Figure 4.30 Report Anything Suspicious in Workplace Immediately 69
Figure 4.31 Make Recommendation About Health and Safety at theWorkplace 69
Figure 4.32 Responsibility of Management in Safety and Health in Organization 70

ix
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ICE Independent Consulting Engineer

OSH Occupational Safety and Health
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health
Act SOCSO Social Security Organization
OSHMS Occupational Safety and Health Management System
ISO International Standard Organization
NIOSH National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health
HIRARC Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control
ERP Emergency Response Plan
JSA Job Safety Analysis

x
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 RESEARCH BACKGROUNDS

A safety and health workplace are an injury and sickness free workplace. Safety is certain
by providing plant or tools which is match for purpose, systems and procedures for
operation and protection of plant, and management of all related activities, and as well a
humans who are capable to operate the plant and tools and to enforce the systems and
procedure.

Safety consciousness at workplace is an issue affecting all form of business globally now
days. Implementing an Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) management system is
now a legal requirement in many countries. Occupational safety has in latest years end up
an increasingly more important component in each private and public sector. Safety’s
purpose is to decrease the accidents amongst personnel at the workplace.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

As the focal point on the security and health requirements are of the least significance
thus, the many workplace neglects the safety practices in Sarawak and this reason many
human tragedies, the loss of life, productivity and duties delay. Despite of safety and
health regulations in most countries, high rates of injury and fatality persist. In many
countries, such strategies are supposed to prevent accidents and are usually mandated
with the resource of the excellent occupational safety authority. The existence of legal
guidelines and awareness campaigns for the safety and health in Sarawak discovered that
safety and health requirement implementation in the organization is although low and the
report of safety and health requirement in industry.

On the other hand, a long way behind developed countries. One of the critical troubles
confronted with the aid of organizations are the factors affecting the implementation of
the safety and health in development site. Therefore, this research is to look into the
management practices and OSH implementation in organization especially in the
construction industry.

1
1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE

a) To provide a guideline to HAPM consultant to establish OHSAS Management.

b) To assess on the safety awareness in HAPM consultant.
c) To perform hazard HIRAC at the construction site under HAPM consultant.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION

a) What is the level of compliance of the development agencies at workplace?

b) What is the degree of mindset of the organization towards safety provision for
their workers and attitude toward self-rules of OSH?
c) What are the problems regarding safety and health issues faced by way of the
organization and how does it all affecting the laborer job performance?
d) What is the health and safety management method at the workplace?

1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY

The purpose of this study is to justify excellent safety practices in the workplace. Thus, to obtain
the above aim, there are 4 goals that have been set up as follows:
a) To identify is the level of compliance of the development agencies at workplace.
b) To identify is the degree of mindset of the organization towards safety provision for
their workers and attitude toward self-rules of OSH.
c) To identify the problems regarding safety and health issues faced by way of the
organization.
d) To identify the health and safety management method at the workplace.

2
1.6 ICE BACKGROUND

1.6.1 ICE Appointment

Opus Consultants (M) SdnBhd (formerly known as Ace Vector Sdn Bhd) was appointed
by GOM as the Independent Consulting Engineer (ICE) on 1 February 2016 to provide
the professional consultancy and advisory services for the Project. Subsequently, Opus
Consultants (M) Sdn Bhd has collaborated with a local Sarawak Consultant, HAPM
Consultants Sdn Bhd in providing the ICE services for the Project.

1.6.2 ICE Organization Chart and Employment

ICE approved organization chart for the team based in Sarawak and its support service
unit from KL Head office are as shown in the next page.
As for the Local Sarawak Graduate Development Program, ICE has recruited 6 out of 10
candidates required. The local graduate was mobilized in Kuching main office and WPC
site office.

3
 Supplemental
Designation Current Total Employed Outstanding
Agreement
Management Unit
Project Manager 1 0 1 1 -
Asst. Project Manager 1 0 1 1 -
Chief Construction Manager 1 0 1 1 -
Document Controller 3 1 4 4 -
Construction Unit
Regional Construction Manager 2 1 3 3 -
Construction Manager 6 1 7 7 -
Project Engineer 11 10 21 19 2
M&E Engineer 0 3 3 3 -
Technical Assistant 13 0 13 13 -
Contract & Costing 6 3 9 9 -
Project Planning & Control 1 1 2 2 -
TOTAL 45 20 65 61 3

Local Graduate Development

10 - 10 6 4
Programme (Sarawakian)

Table 1.1: ICE Manpower Requirement and Employment

4
Figure 1.1: Organization Chart for ICE Pan Borneo Highway Sarawak

5
1.6.3 Location of ICE HQ

ICE HQ is located at Kuching City centre. ICE HQ involves both staff from HAPM
Consultants SdnBhd and OPUS Consultant Sdn Bhd. Picture below shows ICE HQ
office.

Figure 1.2: ICE HQ Office

6
1.7 OPUS CONSULTANTS SDN BHD

1.7.1 Background

Opus Consultants are a leading engineering and asset management consultant with three
decades of journey delivering mega projects. This company dedicated to working closely
with the company consumers to structure their dreams in transportation infrastructure,
utilities, constructions and built-in developments.

Opus Consultants provide professional services in engineering, design and technical

consultancy, project management and asset management. This company also imaginative and
prescient and promise of quality, commitment, integrity and innovation, has underpinned role
as a major participant in the Malaysian market and abroad. Opus Consultants employees
committed and various team of innovative, versatile and energetic persons comprising of a
number of disciplines, enhances the price of input via bringing distinct perspectives into
clients’ projects.

At Opus Consultants, retaining these infrastructures are simply as important as constructing

them. Opus Consultants continuously attempt to convey the quality out of client’s
investments by imparting modern and practical options for large-scale infrastructure and
transportation projects, setting Opus Consultants at the forefront of the Asset Consultancy
industry.

1.7.2 Opus Consultants Services

Opus Consultants is committed to excellence in offering highly qualified project

management, asset management and technical consulting services that put efficiency,
thoroughness and timeliness at the forefront.

As a project management market pioneer, Opus Consultants bring value by company

experience and expertise to all client projects. Opus Consultants needs a benefit for the
customer:

7
 i. Professional project management with
transparency ii.Projects following the design brief
iii. Project delivery to agreed date, cost and quality
iv. Customer able to make informed choices, with sound professional
guidance v.Projects delivered with the latest design and methods

Opus Consultants provides specialized technical consulting services in the highway,

geotechnical, urban, infrastructure, pavement, transport, mechanical & electrical, and water
sectors. Knowledge and experience of Opus Consultants in road network maintenance gives
customers the confidence that our engineers will be aware of the end-state, considering ease
of maintenance and optimum maintenance costs from the design process. Other than that,
Opus Consultants provide service to help manage the asset of their clients over their entire
life cycle. Their help all clients make better and informed decisions about when, where and
how to invest which will lead to better results and protection of assets.

8
1.8 HAPM CONSULTANTS SDN BHD

1.8.1 Background

Hasmi & Associates Project Management Sdn Bhd or best known as HAPM is a
consulting practice focused on HAPM's expertise and property- in the provision of a wide
range of specialist services in consultancy planning, estate agency, land management, project
management, construction management and property development.

HAPM Group of companies has offices in both Western and Eastern Malaysia; from
Kuala Lumpur offices and regional offices in Kuching and Miri in Sarawak, it has been able
to offer a wide range of professional services to customers in Malaysia. HAPM has grown
over the years with Bucknall Group Plc, a publicly traded business on the London Stock
Exchange.

Today HAPM has built itself to be able to work in a unique position combining the
expertise of Malaysian employees who are well acquainted with local procedures and
practices along with the skills of specialists that can tap for major projects.

Technically, HAPM leads and is at the forefront of the growth of project management
in Malaysia. The company is also committed to genuine technology transfer and along with
its overseas employees, is actively designing training programs for its Malaysian workers.
HAPM associates have various offices all over the world, covering Europe, UK, Middle East,
Far East, Malaysia and Singapore. Company associates have coverage in Asia, the USA and
Africa. Also assisted by a multinational workforce of over 450 people from all backgrounds
in the construction industry. HAPM's expertise in assessing the overall project coupled with
developed technical capabilities allows this organization to adapt programs and control
systems to meet unique project requirements. It is HAPM's goal to make a distinctive and
positive contribution to the success of all clients 'projects.

9
1.8.2 HAPM Consultants Sdn Bhd Services

HAPM was founded by development, finance, design, construction, and programming

professionals. In a project, the organization cuts through conventional divisions both in its
roots and approach. HAPM maintain a wide variety of professionals as a business who are
experts in their profession. HAPM approach is to provide a comprehensive management
service. This ensures their project managers are able to call their colleagues at Hasmi &
Associates Project Management Sdn Bhd to help if expert advice is needed.

i) Project Management

HAPM will offer a complete project management service from the very
beginning of a concept idea through funding, site assembly, design preparation, work
selection and final certificate construction work. From the beginning of a project this
company works with their customers the developer or end user because the pre-
contact process is crucial. Before the commitment to build is made, HAPM define all
the criteria for financing, design, and construction, and then manage the whole
process through to completion.

HAPM Consultants are collaborating with the clients. That means daily,
straightforward strategy advice and detailed reporting from the outset. This means
implementing and managing time and cost management, setting goals, providing early
notice of possible problems and creating plans to prevent them. HAPM is most
effective when their take responsibility early. From the start, HAPM evaluate a
project's feasibility, and advice on all aspects of the project.

HAPM teams are cutting through the uncertainty and concentrating on finding
new and workable approaches. They track progress through design or development
and organize our skilled consultants and contract team to ensure that the task is
completed as expected with optimum performance. Not only can provide detailed
reports from a project summary to an individual mission, HAPM also can build clear
audit trails and can measure the financial details instantly to assess the effect of any
changes that the customer may want to make.

10
ii) Value Management

At any point in the design or construction process, HAPM may start valuation
management analysis. HAPM teams of construction experts, beginning with a client
design brief, assess if the project is planned to optimize savings without losing the
quality of design. Quality management is the systematic and objective method of
evaluating the design proposals of a project in terms of form and functionality. HAPM
finds the independent building efficiency research the cuts unnecessary costs and
maximizes value for money. Therefore, the original requirements of the customer
concerning feature, reliability, appearance and marketability can be met cost-
effectively. HAPM experienced value management consultants have carried out
various VM surveys, ranging from hundreds of Ringgit to multimillion projects.

iii) Litigation

As a litigation witness expert, HAPM expertise is increasingly sought after.

This company have a strong and unemotional understanding of the design and
construction process. HAPM is able to recreate and evaluate complex construction
projects, offering a clear image of what really occurred. There are familiar with the
legal process and at all levels, from reviewing and highlighting important documents
to writing expert reports, HAPM work closely with lawyers. Their consultants are
specialists in their profession, be it in architecture, construction or master
programming in general. Unquestionably, HAPM's presence would add greater
clarification and consistency to the situation.

iv) Construction Management

Construction is ever more complicated and costly. Effectively building

requires discipline among designers about build ability, discipline in integrating and
managing site activities. HAPM in particular gained its building construction
experience from some of the biggest and most demanding ventures in the UK. The
staff come similarly from both consulting and construction backgrounds. HAPM have
the advantage that software tools are available.

11
v) Quality Management

Within an increasingly aggressive marketplace, consumers look within their

purchases for value for money. That implies both proof of quality and competitive
price. The changing marketplace ensures that a quality assured product and/or service
is becoming increasingly essential to globally recognized standards and helps to retain
a competitive advantage.

vi) Facilities Management

HAPM's beneficial role as Project Manager is also attributed to its presence as
Director of Facilities. Efficient management service is thus assured to complete the
project that handle. There are three functions which make up the Facilities
Management, which is;
a) Manage Mission
b) Manage Building
c) Manage Asset

vii) Risk Management

HAPM has extensive expertise in managing risk. In addition, HAPM carry out
risk analysis studies on most of the projects in order to follow strict criteria and
reduce risks. HAPM agree that risk analysis is an important method to assist us in
identifying and solving issues before they arise, thus growing project trust. For any
project, unforeseen problems are likely, all of which will affect efficiency, time and
expense. Controlling the risks, both before and during the project, helps to deliver a
satisfactory plan, schedule and budget end result.

viii) Programme Management

HAPM team of program managers with design and construction expertise have
extremely detailed oversight on all project levels. HAPM work similarly to provide an
independent consulting service for end- customers, consultants, contractors and
subcontractors. As projects typically go wrong due to information flow issues, HAPM
resolve this by continuous contact with customers, suppliers and contractors to ensure
that the project continues according to schedule. Each is aware of their obligations by
programming and tracking the flow of information, and what deadlines must be met.
12
ix) Information Technology

HAPM lets clients pick solutions that are designed to suit the needs of their
company. HAPM also check the operating systems and applications that have been
implemented on a regular basis to ensure that they meet with our needs. Also prepare
procedural manuals and aid with the development of related computer and multimedia
systems.

13
1.9 IMPORTANT OF CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRIES IN THE WORLD

Construction industry is a significant global industry. The construction industry has historically
described itself as an economic field. Industry plays an important role in the country's economic
development, but it currently faces several obstacles that are affecting the project target and the
economy's steady growth. Construction is a high-risk industry that involves a wide variety of
activities including planning, design, installation, modification, maintenance of repairs and
ultimately demolition of buildings, structural engineering works, mechanical and electrical
engineering and other related works.

Construction is often dynamic and makes the industry more vulnerable to conflicts, delays
and costs. According to Hillebrandt., 1984, the construction industry has characteristics that are
shared separately by other industries but occur in combination in the construction alone.

The industry divided into three groups.

i. Building – Including development of private, agricultural, manufacturing, commercial or
other buildings.
ii. Building services – Heavy development, such as roads and highways, bridges, sewers,
railways, drainage projects, flood control projects and marine building.
iii. Special Trade constructing – This includes projects like electrical work, plumbing, fittings,
paintings, etc.

1.9.1 Economy Business of the Malaysian Construction Industry

In Malaysia, one of the first industries of the national economy is the building industry. In the
period of accelerated economic growth in the development of Malaysia, its contribution to gross
domestic product (GDP) ranges from 3-6 per cent per annum. The construction industry has
reported double-digit growth levels for eight years from 1989-1996. Construction industry trends
are directly proportional to the national economy. This is due to high costs involved in
developing the project or activity. To be able to have the money or cash flow necessary to start
all these construction projects, would include the good economic conditions and secure. It can be
illustrated by looking at the growth of the construction industry and the highest growth of 19.1
percent was reached by a good stable nation in 1990, though growth was also 23.0 percent during
recessions in 1998.

14
 The construction industry has attracted analysts, but most studies on the construction industry
have been carried out that revolve around the study of technology as an observation of design.
Lack of studies affecting product demand and building industry development. This is possibly
one of the causes of surpluses in declining building output growth, and when the economic
downturn is worse than the nation's economy. Study of the demand for the product and the
relationship between economic growth and the construction industry. It would not only
demonstrate a building's workability on the demand side but also allow predictions to be made
for the past about the construction industry's growth based on current economic conditions and
economic cycles relevant to the construction industry. Research examines the development of the
construction industry and the correlation with the output components to be implemented, such as
commercial, residential and civil engineering.

Since the construction industry is also concerned with the request production, requiring
investments or high cost and various components. Demand analysis for each form of product
production is very interesting to know the extent of economic impact on the growth of the
Malaysian construction industry. Analysis of developments in the construction industry and its
connection to the market to produce its goods. It will provide a good picture of the construction
industry's growth in the past, but also for predicting its future. A reference is sometimes made to
close relationship between a country's construction industry and economic development.
Construction industry volatility in Malaysia has led to people thinking about making an
investment. A thorough research is done to analyze the progress of the construction industry in
Malaysia so that comprehensive planning and preparation can be done in advance to solve the
construction industry 's problem during the recession. As Malaysia's construction industry as a
major economic field, a comprehensive analysis should be conducted to identify its growth
patterns. This research is intended to become a guide in future construction industry planning and
investment sectors by taking into account shifts in the size or demand that may occur.

Malaysian relationships to the development and growth of industry in our economy. Building
industry also improves the economy. The construction industry's rapid growth would stimulate
the transportation, selling, and purchase of equipment, building materials, and others. It also
provides many work opportunities and this contributed to the increase of sales contributing
indirectly to the national economy. This shows that the relationship between the economy and the
construction sector is a two-way path. The World Bank (1984) acknowledged that the
construction activity is an economic stimulus because of this relationship. Building industry study
focused more on micro- aspects of industry.
15
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE

REVIEWS

2.1 INTRODUCTION

One of the most significant chapters in conducting research is literature review, as this chapter will
assess the importance of the study and motivate researchers and perform this study. A few topics
were discussed in this chapter in terms of safety and health management, Occupational Safety and
Health Act and also safety in construction industries. It also addresses the Safety Act and
Occupational Health, incidents, accidents of causes, emergency measures, standards for health
knowledge, and prior safety related research.

2.2 HISTORY OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH LAW

Occupational safety and health (OSH), also generally referred to as occupational health and safety
(OHS), occupational health, or occupational safety, is a multidisciplinary field dedicated to the
safety, health, and welfare of the working people. Such words often apply to the purposes of this
sector, and their usage in the context of this article was originally an abbreviation of the department
for occupational safety and health, etc.

Occupational safety and health services are aimed at creating a safe and secure working
environment. OSH may also protect co-workers, family members, bosses, customers and many
others who may be influenced by the workplace environment. (Fanning, Fred. 2003).

Employers in common law jurisdictions have a responsibility under common law to take fair
care of their employees 'health. In addition, statutory law can impose certain general duties, enforce
particular duties and establish government agencies with powers to regulate safety issues in the
workplace: specifics of this differ from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.

The history of the battle for health safety and protection started in the nineteenth century.
Early history of legal changes Occupational health and safety laws in the United Kingdom and the

16
United States indicate regulations that are averse to party workers 'arguments by applying the
concept of common employment, negligence, and the perceived danger that occurs at work.
Nevertheless, it is

17
gradually, the law's theory extended to create a stable and secure forum for workers who depend on
the compensation scheme law to everything. The implementation of this insurance scheme is skewed
by a "fault" on the defendant from the conventional standards of tort law involving any liability.

18
2.3 HISTORY OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH LAW IN MALAYSIA

Over 120 years ago, towards the end of the 19th century, the role of occupational safety and health in
Malaysia started. This is followed by workplace safety, material safety and health, beginning with
boiler safety and then on machinery safety, and eventually covering the occupational safety and
health aspects of all occupations.

Before any European power conquest, Malaya has a self-government structure based on which
many sultanates of Islamic influence and indigenous culture have earned. Malaya has started to be
affected by the law brought by the colonists, especially English, which gives the area a great result in
legislation. Malaya has earned a great deal of British power in the development of law as long as it
has been occupied and mainly intervenes in political relations, culture, and local life compared to
other occupiers.

Several laws have been in effect long before independence providing for the enforcement of laws.
This Act reflects the government's commitment to protect employment. The enforcement of this act
starts as soon as an operation involves activities or hazardous materials that affect the safety of
employees, according to C.Thalbi.,2016. This development was also inspired by the collapse of
popular work theory, which started in late 19th century Europe.

Figure 2.1 History of development of safety and health management in Malaysia

19
2.4 OSH ACT 1994

The 1994 Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH 1994) was passed as the basis for the
Occupational Safety and Health Act on February 24, 1994, 2007). According to Che Juhan, 2012, the
key aim of the OSH 1994 was to ensure the protection, health and well-being of those working at
risk to protection or health resulting from the activities of working people, to protect those working
in the workplace other than those currently employed from the risks to safety or health resulting from
the activities of working people and to encourage a working environment tailored to workers
adjusted to their psychological and physiological needs.

In terms of health, the protection of the body and mind from diseases caused by the methods,
products or techniques used in the workplace is the defense of health. Although health is the defense
of individuals from physical injury. These two terms are combined to explain how in the work
setting the significance of these two things is highlighted. The implementation of the 1994
Occupational Safety and Health Act (Act 514) is considered a solution to this issue based on the
study of injuries at work and the factors involved.

In addition, the 1994 Occupational Safety and Health Act provides for the general responsibility
of employers, manufacturers, retailers, suppliers, own employees and importers. There is also a
regulatory requirement, the creation of security committees, the recruitment of security officers and
the development of security measures to protect the protection and health of workers, liability and
investigative duty as well as the regulation of jobs (Occupational Safety and Health Act, 2007).

There is a government agency that is charged with implementing the Safety and Health Act and
extending its operation to ensure the safety and health of employees in other industries. The agency
Which is classified as Occupational Safety and Health Department (DOSH) under the Ministry of
Human Resources. It has many other roles apart from implementing Act 514 by inspection and
withdrawal suit or fine. Where the DOSH also plays the task of issuing the certificate as professional,
through exhibits, seminars and workshops, and various sign-up machinery and machinery that poses
a danger to the workplace or business, it broadens knowledge on safety and health jobs. (Unit
Occupational Safety and Health, 2005).

20
 While Act 514 (OSHA) was implemented in 1994, the DOSH has existed since 1908, when
Perak's government introduced this law at that time was in the mining operation of tin ore. But it was
officially established as the Factory and Machinery in 1970, its name was changed to the DOSH until
1994. Here demonstrates that the body has a long lifetime and has ample experience in upholding the
legislation on occupational health and safety (Occupational Safety and Health Unit, 2005). It can
therefore be inferred that safety awareness is an important aspect in the field of work and education,
especially in the technical and vocational sector as it is one of the goals based on the OSHA 1994
definition. OSHA 1994's main aim was to encourage and promote safety and health awareness
among the staff as well as organization and successful safety and health initiatives.

21
2.5 WORK HAZARD

You would need to recognize the hazards in your workplace to complete the first step of every
workplace risk assessment. Should workplace have hazards and while there should be a delegated
person to perform formal risk assessments, it is still the duty of all to be aware of workplace hazards
and reduce harm danger.

Not all risks are visible, and may be special to your workplace. That can make it hard to
recognize and protect your employees from them immediately. So, we've developed this guide to
help you understand the different threat types and where they may be present.

However, if you're responsible for handling your workplace health and safety, it's important to
understand the difference between them. The remainder of this paper focuses on risks, including
where they can be found in different workplaces. We also give you a number of additional tools to
make the risk assessment process as smooth as possible.

2.5.1 Type of Work Hazard

Not all risks are apparent, and will be unique to your workplace, according to Katie M, 2019.
This can make it hard to recognize and protect your workers from them instantly. In certain cases, the
terms 'risk' and 'danger' are used interchangeably. However, if you are responsible for managing your
workplace health and safety, it's crucial that you understand the difference between them.

The six major hazard categories are:

a. Biological

Biological hazards include viruses, bacteria, insects, wildlife, and so on, and can have
negative health effects. Mould, blood, and other body fluids, toxic organisms, waste, dust,
and vermin, for example.

22
b. Chemical

Chemical hazards are toxic substances which can harm people. Such hazards can cause both
health and physical impacts such as irritation of the skin, irritation of the respiratory system,
blindness, corrosion and explosions.

c. Physical

Physical hazards are environmental conditions that can harm an employee without actually
being harmed by them, including heights, noise, radiation and strain.

d. Safety

These are hazards which create unsafe conditions for working. Exposed wires or a broken
carpet, for example, may result in a danger to travel. These are also listed under the physical
hazard’s category.

e. Ergonomic

Ergonomic hazards arise from physical causes which may result in damage to the
musculoskeletal system. For instance, a poor office workstation setup, bad posture and
manual handling.

f. Psychosocial

Psychosocial hazards include those which can adversely affect the mental health or welfare
of an employee. Sexual assault, victimization, tension and workplace abuse, for instance.

2.5.2 Construction Work Hazard

In Malaysia, the construction industry is now recognized as a major economic force. It's one of
the riskiest sectors too. Based on the report of the Social Security Organization (SOCSO) in
2000, the rate of fatality in the construction sector in Malaysia was more than three times that of
all workplaces. Whereas SOCSO's insurance expenses for industrial injuries and diseases
accounted for approximately RM650 Million. Because an accident's hidden or indirect cost is
eight to 33 times higher than the direct cost, the overall cost of the accident will amount to
billions of ringgits.
23
 There is a common misconception that the construction site is unsafe and that the risks to
which the workers are exposed are normal. In the long term, the incidents may cause physical
injury or a health condition.

Construction sites contain two major categories of hazard, which are;

i) Danger of physical injury or possibility of physical injury

According to Davies V.J, 1990, the agents to the above described danger are usually
associated with processes of works or equipment used and climatic conditions such as
scaffolding, power access equipment and manual handling, ladder, roofing, plant and
machinery, excavation, etc.

ii) Risk of ill health or danger to health

According to King R.W, 1985, safety risks in construction work can be classified
under chemical, physical and biological risks.

Figure 2.2: Example of Construction Hazards

24
2.6 OHSAS MANAGEMENT 18001

Occupational Health and Safety Management Qualification is an international standard that offers a
framework for the recognition, monitoring and elimination of workplace health and safety risks.
Implementation of the norm would send a direct indication to your stakeholders that you see the
health and safety of workers as a priority within your company.

OHSAS 18001 certification is being completed by a growing number of organizations as

employers are under increasing pressure to ensure a robust health and safety program is in place that
protects workers from potential occupational hazards and decreases the possibility of workplace
injuries. A company may also recognize health and safety threats and comply with regulations on
health and safety by planning ahead.

Since 1970, the OSHA practices have helped workers reduce the number of occupational safety
and health risks at work. As per Cordier and J. Pamela, 2005, OSHA practices also enable an
organization to identify and track its health and safety risks on a regular basis, reduce the potential
for injury, help achieve compliance with health and safety regulations and continuously enhance
performance.

Therefore, before they operate a business project, both managers and senior managers must warn
and recognize the safety and health certificate. It is that if there are injuries in the workplace where
the corporation does not enforce safety and health in the enterprise it would be the fault of the
business because it is their duty to protect their employees' welfare. Clearly, the business is all about
money, but the firm must note that its employee is the company's asset. There will be no result
output without an employee.

2.6.1 OHSAS 18001 Standard

OHSAS 18001 standards are now becoming increasingly common among Malaysian
organizations, especially those involved in Building & Construction, and are also moving
towards this standard in the manufacturing sector. After its introduction by the British Standards
Institution, BSI, the OHSAS 18001 specification has achieved substantial recognition worldwide
according to R.L. Granerud., And R.S. Rocha., 2011.

25
 The OHSAS 18001 specification has been in effect since 1999 and the revised edition from
2007. These versions force the organization to comply with legal requirements, develop health
and safety goals and acceptable working environment standards, and design management
processes to improve results and procedures while reducing the risks identified by A. S. T.
Ledesma., 2009.

OHSAS 18001 is the fundamental and criteria for designing organizational health and safety
management programs according to Vinodkumar and Bhasi, 2013. This assists an organization
in monitoring workplace health and safety hazards and in designing responses to common
demand for an agreed standard to be accredited and measured against. OHSAS 18001 was
designed specifically to enable organizations to systematically monitor the risks of OH&S and
improve performance. It does not define clear performance requirements to develop on that
basis.

2.6.2 Implementation OHSAS 18001

OHSAS 18001 provides organizations with specifications for their health and safety
management programs and may be reviewed and accredited by a third-party registrar as a
standard document. During the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) process, OHSAS 18001 also is a
method for performance assessment on OSHA to achieve quality improvement.

OHSAS 18001's basic minimum standards include health and safety policy, preparation,
execution and operation, monitoring, management evaluation and quality improvement.
Continuous improvement is a management strategy which systematically includes
suggestions from employees to enhance the development of various aspects of the production
process. Continuous improvement has also been described as a planned, organized and
systematic process of continuing, increasing, and enterprise-wide reform of existing practices
aimed at improving company efficiency, according to A. S. T. Ledesma, 2009. The
Continuous improvement of Enhancement assists OHSAS 18001 specifications form
fundamental concepts for performance assessment implementation.

Therefore, organizations need to develop, document, enforce, maintain and continually

improve an Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) management system in compliance with
the requirements of this OSHAS standard and decide how it can meet these requirements. On
that basis, the company shall identify the scope of its OSH management system and record it.
OHSAS 18001 program also includes some performance assessment and organizational
26
management criteria.

27
 According to BF Muniz, 2012 it needs to develop an OHS management program to
eliminate or mitigate danger and risk in the company and other stakeholders that may be
exposed to OHS risks related to its operations.

Act Plan

Check Do

Figure 2.3: The Shewart/ Deming Cycle (PDCA)

The OHSAS model is based on the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) technique, as explained in the
above. PDCA can be represented in brief as;

a. Plan means setting the targets and processes necessary to achieve results in line with
the OH&S strategy of the organization;
b. Do means enforce the process;
c. Check is monitor and evaluate process against OH&s strategies, priorities, legal and
other criteria and documentation of results;
d. Act is to take steps to continuously enhance the efficiency of OH&S

28
 2.6.3 OHSAS Management Element

Management of health and safety programs may be organized in different ways using various
main elements. OHSAS 18001 was created by the British Standard Institute in response to
consumer demand for recognizable occupational health and safety management systems. This
was created by taking into account that it would be compliant with other international
standards such as the management system of quality and climate and could be used as an
integrated management system within an enterprise. International labor organization, 2001
acknowledged that the introduction of the system of health and safety management to the
company has beneficial effects on mitigating accidents and growing output.

OSH Management System components are policy, organization, planning and

implementation, performance evaluation, review, and analysis. While the need for a systemic
approach in OSH is growing, several countries including Asian countries have adopted
similar OSHMS concepts. Good use of OSHMS according to Kogi, 2002 requires a proper
procedure.

i. Policy

Attaining a high level of health and safety, a company requires health and safety policies
that relate to its economic success and meet people and community responsibility in a
manner that fulfills both spirit and written law. Employer or most senior company
accountable should state policies in a manner that meets employers, staff, consumers and
community as wholes standards of achieving improved results in terms of health and
safety. Containing physical and human capital growth and reducing financial risks would
be cost- effective strategy. It should be structured on the basis of size and complexity of
organizational operations; it should be communicated and readily available at all levels.

ii. Organizing

Health and safety policies should be implemented in an coordinated and systematic

manner for an efficient level of health and safety within the company. It can be
accomplished through the development of a positive culture that encourages engagement
and participation at all levels and maintained by effective communication and promotion
of worker skills that will allow all workers to become a responsible and knowledgeable
contributor to health and safety efforts. An effective and active senior management
29
leadership is needed to

30
 sustain and grow a positive health and safety culture. Not only do they try to eliminate
injuries, but they can also inspire people to work safely.

iii. Planning & Implementing

To enforce their policies within the organization, a effective organization has organized
and standardized approaches. They use the method of hazard detection and risk
minimization that their work produces, they assess the danger to minimize or reduce the
risk. Wherever possible danger will be avoided by modifying the design of buildings,
equipment and procedures, or reduced by physical protection measures, otherwise
protected work environment and personal protective equipment must be given to mitigate
risk.

iv. Evaluation

Organization should have developed and established a mechanism for reporting,

evaluating, and reviewing health and safety performance data, and reviewed regularly.
Accountabilities and obligations should be assigned at all management levels within the
company for monitoring and reviewing. A performance metric for health and safety shall
be structured based on the size and complexity of the operations, health and safety results
measured against defined criteria. It provides clear details about when and where
regulated measure is required. The efficacy of the control measures applied is measured
by means of an active monitoring method and assessment of failure management by
means of a reactive monitoring method by investigating accident, incident and ill-health.
Monitoring system philosophy should not only recognize immediate causes but also
determine the root cause or underlying cause.

v. Action for improvement

Organization should develop and sustain a preventive and corrective action system arising
from surveillance, review, and organizational auditing. Performance of health and safety
management system to be organizationally successful, institution should also ensure
continuous improvement of corrective action including policy review and adjustment in
relevant health and safety elements based on national and international laws &
regulations and voluntary guidance.

31
 Figure 2.4: OSH Element (POPEA)
Source: ILO – OSH 2001 Implementation Manual

32
 2.7 MS1722

The Malaysian Standard offers the Occupational Safety and Health Management System (OSHMS)
specifications and a basis for the organization's establishment of a sustainable safety and health
culture. It does not define basic OSH success requirements nor has it provided comprehensive
specifications for a management system design. Many of the specifications found in this standard are
to be integrated into every other management system. The application will rely on factors like the
organization's OSH strategy, the complexity of its activities and the risks and uncertainties of its
operations. The aim of this provision is to tackle occupational safety and health rather than protection
of the products and services.

This includes a program according to the MS1722 norm which can lead to shielding workers
from hazards and reducing work-related accidents, disabilities, ill health, illnesses, near misses and
fatalities.

The purpose of this Standard is:

a. Be used to establish a framework for OSHMS;

b. Provide requirements for the development of arrangements to strengthen compliance with
regulations and standards leading to continual improvement in OSH performance;
c. Provide requirement on OSHMS to respond appropriately to the organizations according to their
size and nature of activities;
d. Provide requirements regarding the integration of OSHMS elements in the organization as a
component of policy and management of arrangements; and
e. Provide a means to motivate all members of the organization, particularly employers, owner,
managerial staff, employees and their representatives, in applying appropriate OSH management
principles and methods to continually improve OSH performance.

33
2.7.1 Difference between MS1722 and OHSAS 18001

In the terms and definitions sections of both OHSAS and MS, the key differences between the
standards are stated. The definition that clearly shows the differences between the scope of the
standards lies with the sense of the hazard. For OHSAS, the nature of the danger is limited to
source, circumstance or act with, or a combination of, a potential for harm in terms of human
injury or ill health. Unlike the MS, the threat spectrum involves “damage to property”. The lack
of the "damage to property" category separates other significant concepts such as incident, near
miss and risk between OHSAS and MS.

Besides, OHSAS and MS are composed of five main elements that interrelate and are
represented in a cyclic form as elements. Both standards operate on the concept of continuous
improvement defined by a cyclical stream, to demonstrate that the OSH management system is
an iterative method to refine the OSHMS in order to achieve improvements in overall OSH
performance. Table below describe the cross-reference of both standards.

Main Element for Main Element for

OHSAS 18001:2007 MS 1722:2011
Occupational Health & Safety Policy
or OH & S policy
Planning Organizing
Implementation and operation Planning and implementation
Checking Evaluation
Management Review Action for improvement
Table 2.1: The main elements for OHSAS18001 and MS1722

34
OHSAS is different from MS in terms of procedural criteria where the number of compulsory
procedures needed to reach the standard is 15. The required OHSAS compulsory procedures are;

a) Hazard identification, risk assessment and determining controls or HIRADC,

b) Legal and other requirements,
c) Competence, training and awareness,
d) Communication,
e) Participation and consultation,
f) Control of documents,
g) Operational control,
h) Emergency preparedness and response,
i) Performance, measurement and monitoring,
j) Calibration and maintenance of equipment to monitor and measure performance,
k) Evaluation of compliance,
l) Incident investigation,
m) Nonconformity, corrective action and preventive action,
n) Control of records and
o) Audit procedure.

At the other hand, the MS requires only five required procedures which are;
a) Hazard identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control or HIRARC,
b) Emergency prevention, preparedness and response,
c) Procurement,
d) Incident investigation and
e) Audit.

35
2.8 ISO STANDARDS

The International Standard Organization (ISO) is an international, independent, non-governmental

organization that brings together experts to share knowledge and develop voluntary, consensus-
based, market-relevant standards that support innovation and provide solutions to global challenges.
The key outputs of the ISO are the so-called "ISO specifications," which are designed on the basis of
a system specification by technical committee. According to ISO, "A standard is a document that
includes criteria, specifications, guidelines or features that can be regularly used to ensure materials,
products, processes and services are suitable for their purposes." More than 20,000 standards have
been set, covering anything from consumer goods and infrastructure to food safety, agriculture and
health care.

This is important to health professionals as these ISO requirements address aspects of the work
environment and health and safety at work. For instance, ISO standards exist to protect employees
from hand arm vibration, safety glass design, workplace noise, and so on. If these principles are to be
implemented as health and safety policies in the workplace, they will follow a scientific approach
based on facts, to the extent practicable.

ISO allows documents with the requirements, specifications, guidelines or features required.
Organizations should regularly use these to make sure that materials, goods, processes to facilities
are appropriate for their purpose. Additionally, to ensure standardization, ISO guarantees that these
standards are recognized in all related countries. Organizations indicate through ISO certification
that their goods, facilities, or systems follow the standards agreed upon. The ISO standards also
promote innovation and advance efficiency, health, and reliability worldwide.

Companies have the opportunity to show their value to their market through an ISO certification
and/or quality mark, such as customers, manufacturers, business partners and government.
Reliability is an abstract concept and is reflected in the product and/or service quality, health, climate
and durability. For example, safety may apply directly to ICT and information protection, food
safety, aviation safety and health protection. Companies show with an ISO standard that they meet
and abide by the standards of international legislation and regulation. An ISO certificate also allows
for a reduced liability penalty. Industries are proving themselves to be a serious competitor,
improving their competitive role. It is critical, particularly in the tendering field, that companies have
an ISO certificate. ISO could also be a standard that large contractors or, for example, local
governments and municipalities may consider for orders.

36
2.8.1 Advantages of ISO Standards

The ISO certificate is an important resource for a lot of firms. The fact that it involves a foreign
recognition provides the ability to function outside national boundaries, which ensures
companies can come into contact with more consumers. In addition, ISO certification provides a
distinctive element. Most customers choose to partner with businesses that have ISO
certification. Should have an ISO standard as an entity is often necessary in the case of
(international) tenders. It's useless without registration, so the entire thing will get even harder.
Organizations with an ISO logo work on their image and demonstrate that they work in
compliance with international standards to the rest of the world. It shows to their suppliers and
clients that they are doing business with a serious party and that they are assured of maximizing
service and customer settlement.

2.8.2 Type of ISO Standards

ISO standards have been set for various industries, each with a particular number of its own. ISO
9001 for quality control and ISO 14001 for environmental protection are the most common ISO
numbers. For more complex subjects ISO numbers are also available. Think of programs for
food security, information security and energy management. Following are the most well-known
numbers:

i. ISO 9001 Standards

The ISO 9001 is considered one of the most commonly recognized quality management
codes. Within a growing environment, it focuses on productivity growth, demonstrable
consistency, higher customer loyalty, efficiency, cost savings and adaptive capability.

ii. ISO 14001 Standards

ISO 14001 standards concentrate primarily on environmental regulation as a social theme.
In fact, ISO 14001 is more often a requirement for businesses to do business with others.
Through this credential, businesses show that they accept their responsibility for the
environment and comply with the environmental regulations applicable in the sector
concerned.

37
iii. ISO 27001 Standards
There must be no undervaluing of the value of information security. A lack of protection
for information has serious consequences. ISO 27001 requirements help businesses
comply with ever more stringent (European) regulations on privacy. Every company is
obliged to manage personal data in a strictly confidential manner according to law. By
doing so, they are proving to be a trustworthy partner by collaboration. ISO 27001
supports organizations in building up an Information Security Management System
(ISMS).

iv. ISO 50001 Standards

ISO 50001 standards are the international energy management system that provide
insights into corporations' energy use. In addition, it shows how businesses continue to
reduce their own energy usage and continuously enhance their energy efficiency. Any
company that wants to implement, sustain or improve an energy management program
will do well to concentrate on certification of ISO 50001 standards. Via the regional
definition of the EU Energy Efficiency Directive (EED), businesses may be exempted
from energy audits as part of the Government's reduction goals.

38
2.9 SAFETY CULTURE IN ORGANIZATIONS

According to Fernandez-Muniz et.al, 2007, safety culture can be seen as an aspect of the
organizational culture that relates to the people, work, and organizational features that influence the
health and safety of employees. From Choudhry's (2007) point of view, researchers and practitioners
have been increasingly interested in the idea of safety culture over the last two decades due to its
effect on safety outcomes such as accidents, deaths, and other events where the safety culture seeks
to prevent any unsafe acts.

According to Azimah, 2010, the organization's effective Occupational Safety and Health
Management System would lead to the development of the safety culture as well as the reduction of
accidental rates. According to Gadd, 2002, safety culture is the product of values, perception, and
competencies that determine the organizations' commitment to safety and health culture.

The attitude of employees towards safety culture in organization suggests a vital factor in how
they view the protection and healthy atmosphere of the company. Most of the safety culture research
indicates a positive relationship between the understanding of the employee and her safety culture.

According to O'Toole, 2002, it indicates that the perception of a supportive workplace has an
effect on minimizing injuries and incidents. On several factors such as management dedication to
safety; awareness and knowledge; safety monitoring process; employee engagement and dedication;
drugs and alcohol; emergency response and off-the-job protection that the researcher tested to show a
positive view of their safety culture. The researcher found that the highest point of managerial
dedication and leadership to safety is to influence employee understanding of the safety and health
system.

39
2.10 HIRARC

To meet OSH's goals, we need to look at HIRARC, which is the core of workplace health and safety.
HIRARC is a composite word composed of three sequential operations that run one after the other.
The activities consist of Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control. Identification of
hazards is the recognition of things that can cause injury or harm to an individual. Risk assessment is
the evaluation of a person's risk for injury or harm if exposed to a threat. The implementation of
steps to minimize or increased a person's risk of exposure to a threat is referred to as risk control.

2.10.1 Planning and Conducting of HIRARC

The HIRARC aim is as follows: -

i. Identifying all the factors which can hurt employees and others.
ii. In the conditions of a particular situation and the potential damage that might come from
it, know what the odds are of the harm actually coming to someone.
iii. To enable employers to plan, implement and monitor preventive measures to ensure that
the risks are always adequately controlled.

2.10.2 Planning of HIRARC Activity

The HIRARC operations are to be scheduled and carried out; -

a) For situation;
i) Where hazard appears to pose considerable threat.
ii) Uncertain if current checks are sufficient.
iii) Before take corrective or preventive action.

b) By organization which aims to develop the OSH Management System continuously. It should
be the employer's responsibility to appoint a skilled worker to lead a team of employees to
perform HIRARC relevant to a specific process or task.

40
2.10.3 Process of HIRARC

HIRARC process requires 4 simple steps.

I. Classify activity at work.

II. Determine hazards
III. Carry out risk assessment (analysis and evaluation of risk from each hazard), by calculate
or to estimate.
IV. Likelihood of incidence.
V. Hazard Severity.
VI. Decide that danger is tolerable, and take control steps.

2.10.4 Hazard Identification

The aim of hazard identification is to highlight the critical task operations, that is, those tasks
that present significant risks to employees' health and safety as well as highlight certain hazards
related to certain equipment due to energy sources, working conditions or activities performed.
Threats can be classified into three major groups: health risks, safety hazards and risks to the
environment.

2.10.5 Risk Assessment

Risk may be viewed in a number of ways to interpret the analytical findings and make decisions
about risk management. For risk analysis that uses probability and severity in a qualitative
approach, presenting result in a risk matrix is a very successful way of communicating the risk
distribution in a workplace plant and field. Risk estimation can be conducted with the following
formula:
L x S = Relative Risk
L = Likelihood
S = Severity

41
An example of risk matrix is shown below:

Table 2.2: Risk Matrix Table

To use this matrix, first consider the column with the intensity that best describes the risk
outcome. Then follow the row of probability to find the term which best fits the likelihood that
the severity will occur. The level of risk is given in the box where the column and row meet.

The relative risk value can be used to determine the measures required to efficiently handle
the hazards in the work place. Table D sets priority by the following ranges:

Table 2.3: Description Risk Matrix Table

42
The hazards assessed must have urgent action as "high risk" in order to mitigate the danger to
life safety and/or the environment. Clearly define persons responsible for the necessary
intervention, including follow-up. Another detailed method of risk assessment may require such
as quantitative risk assessment as a means of determining appropriate controls.

2.9.6 Control Measures

Control is the elimination or inactivation of a danger in such a way that the danger does not pose
a risk to employees who are expected to access an area or work on equipment during the
scheduled job. Hazards should be managed at source (where the problem occurs). The better a
regulation is closer to the source of the hazard. This approach is often referred to as applying
controls of the engineering. If this does not work, it is also possible to monitor hazards along the
route to the worker, between the source and the worker. This approach can be called the
application of administrative controls.

Figure 2.5: Flow chart of methodology of hazard identification, risk assessment and control
measures.
43
2.11 HIERARCHY OF CONTROL

Working through a logical progression is important when you're considering a hazard control. The
hierarchy of controls represents that logical progression, from the first to the last. The most effective
checks are those ranked at the top. Therefore, it would be easier to use an engineering device such as
enclosing a noisy machine inside a sound-proof barrier than to restrict the number of hours that a
worker will operate in the space with the noisy machine.

See the diagram below. The threat reviews are set out in sequence. Elimination lies at the
end. That is what you will first be able to do. If removal is not necessary or practicable, then you
must move down the list, attempting substitution, then technical controls, then administrative
controls, and eventually (and only as a last resort) personal protective equipment.

The fundamental method of protecting workers is the control of exposures to occupational hazards.
A hierarchy of controls has traditionally been used as a means of determining how feasible and
effective control solutions are to be implemented.

Figure 2.6: Hierarchy of Controls

44
 The theory behind this hierarchy is that the top-of-the-graphic control strategies are theoretically
more effective and safer than those at the bottom. Using this hierarchy usually leads to significantly
healthier programs being applied, where the risk of disease or death has been greatly reduced.

NIOSH leads a national program called Prevention through Design (PtD) to prevent or reduce
work-related accidents, diseases and deaths by incorporating aspects of prevention in all projects that
affect workers. Controlling Hierarchy is a PtD tactic.

Just as they are different hazard categories, there are different hazard control categories, too.
The following table shows those hazard controls.
Hazard Control Description Example
Elimination Take a workplace hazard off. Changing a manufacturing
procedure to avoid the use of a
product believed to cause cancer.
Substitution Replace a hazard with a less Changing a process so staff work
dangerous thing. with a less explosive fluid instead
of using a highly explosive fluid.
Engineering Develop a solution that regulates the Enclosing a noisy computer behind
Control danger at source (requires physical a shield which is soundproof.
workplace change).
Administrative Establish other job practices to In a noisy area, limiting the amount
Control safeguard workers from hazards. of time that workers can work.
Personal Protective clothing or equipment Provide hearing safety to
Protective shielding a worker against a threat. individuals employed in a noisy
Equipment environment.
(PPE)
Table 2.4: Hazard Control Measures

45
 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter provides a detailed explanation of how the research was performed. First there will be
consideration of the option of quantitative analysis. Subsequently, how the data was obtained and,
lastly, how it was analyzed will be explained.

Analysis methodology is a systematic investigative strategy. This is a method of gathering

data to capture one's analytical approach; chapter 4 presents data sources and techniques used to
conduct data analysis (Sherwin, 2002). This research's purpose and goals will be accomplished by
circulating the questionnaire among the employees involved in the construction project.

After gathering all the data, it will be analyzed and checked to ensure that the information
collected has achieved the goals of the report. Methods are used mainly and secondary data to
support the argument in literature review, while data collection is used to support the analysis by
questionnaires.

46
3.2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research is a quest for information. According to Kothari, 2004, research can also be described once
as a scientific and systematic search for relevant information on a specific topic. Cambridge
Dictionary stated that research is a thorough analysis of a subject, particularly with a view to
discovering new knowledge or reaching new understanding. Some people consider work as a process
that goes from known to unknown. It is just a road of exploration. The research's goal is to find
answers to questions through the application of scientific procedures. The primary aim of the study is
to find out the secret and not yet known facts.

My research approach on this subject is set out in the research process. First phase in the
research process is through issue identification, which is also known as the identification in problems
in which researchers need to classify a subject for study. Typically, the topic or field of interest
comes from which one-point concept. The subject of research typically comes in a state of
uncertainty. The subject or areas of interest in this research are:

The literature review was done to study prior work related to the dissertation subject.
Literature Review is the method in which research literature is found, collected, read and analyzed on
an area of interest. In this research I read some past research to get details from key words of the
research that is Design, Health and Safety and Hazard at Workplace on the relevant article. The
initial review of the literature was conducted through discussion with superiors, lecturers and
classmates to gather more ideas and knowledge on the subject. This study's description of problems
and issues will be gathered via the subject-related books, journals, and articles. After the issues and
the issue have been established, three researched goals are created.

The third step is to select a design for the research. The design or strategy for your
investigation will be determined after the study issue has been narrowed down. Quantitative research
that gathers data using a questionnaire is conducted to obtain the date for achieving the research
goals. Primary data is generally collected through an online database of the OUM library, namely the
Tan Sri Dr Abdullah Sanusi Digital Library. The secondary sources include books, journals,
newspaper, and seminar papers. Those sources are necessary to complete the literature review
portion.

Next phase is Analysis Data which transforms data into information for which the method of
quantitative content analysis is used at this point. When the data is gathered, the data will be
compiled and analyzed. Analysis of data requires the use of statistics or an assessment table. Data
47
is obtained

48
from interview for this report. The findings obtained by the study are used to direct the next step,
conclusion.

The final move is to end with the declaration of results. No research project without some
sort of reporting is complete. In particular, work needs to be shared in such a way that it can
reproduce the experiment or test. All data will be concluded at this stage and any advice will also be
included.

Problem Identification
Researcher need to identify a topic to research

Literature Review
Locating, obtaining, reading, and evaluating the
research literature in area of interest
Research Design
Quantitative research such as preparing questionnaire
to collect the data for achieving the research objectives

Analysis of Data
Data analysis by using Quantitative Content Analysis

Conclusion
Writing a Report

Figure 3.1: Research Design Process

49
3.3 RESEARCH APPROACH DESIGN

The research approach has been described, according to Yin (2003), as a systematic and logical
procedure for solving the problem with the help of evidence. It also defined as research involves the
analysis of information and the collection of relevant related variables that collect, document and
analyze valid and reliable information about.

As mentioned in Kowalczyk, 2016, there are three specific approaches for researchers to
choose from while doing market research, depending on a variety of factors involved in the study.
On the one hand, by using measured amounts, the researcher can use a quantitative research method
to test hypotheses and make predictions, and ultimately describe an event using figures. This
approach helps the researcher to use statistics in statistical experiments to ensure that the results have
a statistical relationship, and to clarify their findings using statistics. At the other hand, when
analyzing and trying to understand a case, the researcher may use a qualitative analysis approach in
which they explain the kind and nature of the subject.

This approach helps the researcher to describe their findings using texts. With this analysis
approach, the participant gets a visual picture of what the researcher is doing, making statistical
procedures difficult to measure tests. A researcher may also choose to use a mixed method in which
the researcher uses a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods to describe an event
altogether. Biases that are characteristically associated with one method (quantitative or qualitative)
are thought to be cancelled out with mixed methods (Creswell, 2003). Creswell says the decision on
which tool a researcher employs depends on;

a) The question of research;

b) Experience of research;
c) The general population;
d) Whether the researcher wants to determine the type of information to be collect or whether it
originates from the data to be collected, and
e) Whether the data is numerical or textual.

50
3.3.1 Quantitative Research

Quantitative research is based upon measurement of quantity or quantity. It applies to

phenomena which can be expressed quantitatively. It assumes a fixed fact that can be
evaluated (Kothari,2004). Quantitative research is a formal, objective and systematic process
to describe and test relationships and to examine interactions between causal and effect
variables. The data are gathered by measuring items, then analyzed by numerical analysis and
statistical inferences. Finally, statistical analyzes show the analyzed results (Minchiello et at.,
1990).

The results of research in larger population are valid reliable, and generalizable for
quantitative research. Often useful for research involving numbers, such as evaluating
performance differences between various student groups or determining the efficacy of a new
blood pressure medication. Although quantitative research methods work well within the
laboratory under strictly controlled conditions, it is difficult in natural settings to measure
phenomena such as human behaviour. Survey instruments are vulnerable to errors such as
errors in measurement and defective sampling techniques. Another disadvantage, according
to Dowd, 2018, is that quantitative research involves numbers, but it is difficult to quantify
some of the topics needed to research.

3.3.2 Qualitative Research

On the other hand, qualitative research concerns, for example, phenomena related to quality
or type. Qualitative research employs an inductive and subjective view of real-world
knowledge. It considers individuals or organizations, rather than secluded variables and
theories in a complete manner. It deals with understanding human actions from the viewpoint
of the informant, and assumes a complex and mediated reality. According to Minchiello
1990, data are collected from informant descriptions through participant observation and
interviews, and analyzed by themes.

According to Creswell 2003, through direct quotations and a careful description of

programs, situations, events, people, interactions and observed behaviours, Qualitative data
provide depth and details. The qualitative approach offers the respondent the ability to talk
openly, and can provide valuable data that quantitatively would not be collected. Qualitative
research uses various claims to knowledge, research strategies and methods of collecting and
analyzing data.
51
3.4 DATA COLLECTION

To gather data that responded to the research question, a suitable research method was needed. For
this research, the choice was chosen to use questionnaire form method. All data gathered will be
explained below by doing the questionnaires.

There are 30 questions with 4 key topics focused on health and safety awareness, workplace
policies / procedure, infrastructure development, and occupational health and safety engagement.

3.4.1 Data Target and Population Size

The respondent for this research study focusses on working environment for safety
knowledge in the area of safety and health. The study involved employee around Sarawak at
the construction site.

3.4.2 Data Collection Procedure

The questionnaires were conceived in English and divided into four major sections. Each of
the question focus on the criteria of case study. Question patterns consist of simple answer
which is by using multiple answers. Below is the sample questionnaire form used to collect
data to complete the analysis.

52
 WORKPLACE HEALTH AND SAFETY SURVEY

QUESTIONNAIRE ON A CASE STUDY OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY

AWARENESS

Respected Sir/Madam,

I am Nurul Syakinah binti Johari, student of Bachelor's degree in Occupational Safety and
Health Management from the Open University of Malaysia, pursuing a workplace
environment awareness research project on occupational safety.

You are invited to participate and share your humble opinion regarding your work and how it
affects your health and safety by taking this survey.

Name of the Respondent:

Position:
Work Experience:

A. HEALTH & SAFETY AWARENESS

Please select the most appropriate answer option.

Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

disagree Agree
1. My safety at work should be my
organization 's priority.
2. I was given a walk – through on the
safety measures during my on-boarding
3. I have been given health and safety
training
4. I am certified trainer in first aid
5. Employees can voice any security
concerns they have with ease.

53
6. I know who I should report to if any
unexpected accidents or injuries
occurred at my place of work.
7. I know how to get my job done in a safe
way.
8. I know what I can take the best
precaution while doing my daily work.
9. I have ample experience to deal with
and assist with any health and safety
issues at
my place of work.
10. I am conscious and know my right to
health and safety in the workplace.

B. WORKPLACE HEALTH AND SAFETY POLICY & PROCEDURES

Please select the most appropriate answer option.

Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

disagree Agree
11. I can understand all of the safety
procedures very well.
12. Safety operation procedures are
available for all operation.
13. All employees were informed of the
consequences of non-observance of safe
operating procedures.
14. Health and safety in the workplace are
seen by all as critical concerns.
15. All workplace accidents and injuries are
handled rapidly to increase the safety of
the workplace.

54
 C. BUILDING INFRASTRUCTURE

Please select the most appropriate answer option.

Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

disagree Agree
16. Security cameras are installed at the
premises.
17. The premises are managed 24 hours by
security personnel.
18. I am aware of the evacuation plan for my
building.
19. All safety items are updated and satisfy
all safety standards.
20. The firefighting system and equipment
are authorized, checked and maintained
in compliance with relevant standard.
21. All emergency exit doors in the outward
opening of the workplace and can be
opened during working hours at all
times.
22. The windows and office ventilation
system are sufficient.
23. In the workplace emergency lighting is
required.
24. At workplace, exit sign is required.
25. Flammable substances were properly
stored on the workplace.

55
 D. PARTICIPATION IN OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

Please select the most appropriate answer option.

Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

disagree Agree
26. My management in my workplace does
not give me a hard time if I decide to
stop doing my job because of the
unhealthy
environment.
27. I'm not going to say or do anything even
though I know my place of work isn't
healthy.
28. If there is anything suspicious in my
workplace, I will report immediately.
29. I can also make any recommendations
about health and safety problems in my
workplace.
30. If I discuss safety and health concerns,
the management reacts positively.

56
3.5 DATA ANALYSIS

According to Saunders, 2007, analysis of data can be described as consisting of three concurrent
operation flows; data reduction, data display, and drawing or verification of the conclusion. We were
transcribed for further study after the survey was done. Quantitative content analysis tends to be an
appropriate approach for this research. This approach is described below, and how it has been
implemented.

3.5.1 Quantitative Content Analysis

Content analysis refers to a class of procedures for the systematic and replicable study of text.
Essentially, it means classifying sections of a text by applying a formal, systematic
theoretical framework from which conclusions can be drawn about the content of the
document. Content analysis is replicable in the sense that other researchers could reproduce
the study, by clearly specifying the computing and other procedures. Analysis of material can
be done quantitatively but also in qualitative.

Analysis of content can be extended to all forms of written text such as speeches,
letters or documents, whether digital or in print, as well as text in the form of images, video,
film or other visual media. It can be used to analyze a text's manifest as well as the latent
content. The content of the manifest refers to the message 's clear, countable components.
Latent material refers to the purpose behind the contents of the manifest. All manifest and
latent concepts also require clarification, according to Graneheim and Lundman, 2004, the
interpretations differ in complexity and level of abstraction.

This chapter discussed the collection of data for the conclusion of this study. In this
study method of research that are used quantitative analysis method in which in the form of
survey questionnaires. The questionnaire is consisting of 30 question and also divided into
four subtopics, which are health & safety awareness, workplace health and safety policy &
procedures, building infrastructure and participation in occupational health and safety. There
are 70 total of employee that fill the survey form for these researches which mostly involve
and expose with safety and health working environment. The results of the data collected
must be achieve the goals of this study. The use of data collection id to define the research
methodology techniques in which different researches use different types of methods to
analyses data.

57
 CHAPTER 4

DATA ANALYSIS & RESULTS

4.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter explains the data analysis, followed by a summary of the results from the research. The
findings contribute to the problems of research that have guided the study. Data were analyzed for
the identification, definition and analysis of an occupational safety awareness case study. Statistics
were collected from self-administered questionnaires, completed by 70 workers whose job
environment exposes them to safety and health.

4.2 DATA & RESULTS

The first section of the data will be explaining the sex and working experience of the respondent.

Gender Total Respondent Percentage (%)

Male 27 39
Female 43 61
Table 4.1: Gender of respondent

Gender
MaleFemale

39%

61%

Figure 4.1: Gender of respondent in percentage

Based on the chart presented, there are 39 percent of the respondents are male and the rest which is
61 percent are female respondents.

58
 Range (Years) Below 1 Year 1 – 3 Years 4 - 6 Years Above 6 Years
Total Respondent 10 36 17 7
Percentage (%) 14 52 24 10
Total (%) 100 %
Table 4.2: Working Experience of the respondent

Working Experience
Below 1 Year 1 - 3 Years 4 - 6 Years Above 6 Years

10% 14%

24%

52%

Figure 4.2: Percentage working experience of the respondent

Based on the above chart, 14 % of respondents have less than 1 year of work experience, which is
likely to be fresh graduates, 52% of 1-3 years of work experience, 24% of 4-6 years of experience,
and the least is 10% which over 6 years of work experience.

Second section will be divided into four section which is section A, section B, section C and
section D. Section A comprises of data describing health & safety awareness of the organization and
worker. Section B data obtained from questionnaires about workplace health and safety policy &
procedures. Section C is the data obtained from questionnaires about safety in building infrastructure
and section D data obtained from questionnaires about worker participation in occupational health
and safety.

59
Section A: Health and Safety Awareness

My Safety at Work Should Be My Organization’s Priority.

Figure 4.3: Priority safety at organization

According to chart above, the highest percentage is 68.6% which shows that the respondent mostly
strongly agrees when asked about if the safety at their work placed should be their organization
priority. Second highest is by 21.4% agree and another the least which 10% are neutral response with
safety at work should be organization priority.

60
I Was Given a Walk-Through on The Safety Measures During My On-Boarding.

Figure 4.4: Safety measure at workplace

Based on chart above, there are 84.3 % of respondent give a positive feedback on the important of
safety measure in the organization. This shows that all organization or company are really taking a
deep consideration of health and safety of their workers and the organization.

I Have Been Given Health and Safety Training.

Figure 4.5: Safety Training

The chart shows that 76.8 % of respondent have been given health and safety training by the
organization. This shows that health and safety training for employee in the workplace are needed in
all organization out there.

61
I Am Certified Trainer in First Aid.

Figure 4.6: Safety aid trainer certificate

Based on the chart only 38.6 % respondent have safety aid trainer certificate which mean not all
workers had the certificate for safety aid trainer.

Employees Can Voice Any Security Concerns They Have with Ease

Figure 4.7: Security concern at workplace

Base on the chart above, we can see there are 61.8 % of respondent strongly agree that employees
can easily voice any security concerns they face, 30.9% are agree meanwhile 7.4% with neutral
answer. This shows that many organizations nowadays are concern of their worker and company
safety or security issues that they are open to hear any problems regarding security issues from their
workers.

62
I Know Who Should I Report to If Any Unexpected Accidents Or Injuries Occurred At My Place Of
Work.

Figure 4.8: Accident in the workplace

Based on chart above, 51.4% respondents strongly agree and 34.3% agree who they should report if
any unexpected accident or injuries happen in the workplace. This shows that they had been given
the talked on their organization safety procedure in which they could easily report to the right person
if problems regarding safety and health pf the workers and organization arise.

I Know How to Get My Job Done in a Safe Way

Figure 4.9: Safety in working hours

Based on the chart above, the respondent mostly gives a positive feedback which they mostly know
how to do their work in a safe way in their organization. This shows that all the workers are concern
on their own safety and health and also the security of their organizations.

63
I Know What I Can Take the Best Precaution While Doing My Daily Work

Figure 4.10: Precaution during daily work

By referring to the chart, there are 94.2 % of respondents give positive feedback and know what the
best precaution their can take during daily work.

I Have Ample Experience to Deal with And Assist with Any Health and Safety Issues at My Place of
Work

Figure 4.11: Health and safety issue at the workplace

Only 64.3% of respondent agree have experience to deal with any health and safety issues at their
workplace.

64
I Am Conscious and Know My Right to Health and Safety in The Workplace

Figure 4.12: Health and safety in the workplace

Refer to the chart, there are 38.6 % strongly agree and 50% of respondents agree about health and
safety in the workplace. This shows that many respondents are conscious and know of their right to
health and safety in their workplace.

Section B: Workplace Health and safety policies and procedure

I Can Understand All of The Safety Procedures Very Well

Figure 4.13: Safety procedures at the workplace

Refer to the chart, there are 87.1% of respondents can understand all the safety procedure very well.

65
Safety Operation Procedures Are Available for All Operation

Figure 4.14: Safety operation procedure for operation at workplace

Based on the chart, 91.5% of respondents agree that safety operation procedures are available for all
operation in the workplace.

All Employees Were Informed of The Consequences of Non-Observance Of Safe Operating

Procedures

Figure 4.15: Consequences of non-observance of safety operation procedures

According to the chart above, there are 39.7% who strongly agree and 41.2% agree all employees were
informed of the consequences of non-observance of safe operating procedures.

66
Health and Safety in The Workplace Are Seen by All as Critical Concerns

Figure 4.16: Critical concerns health and safety at workplace

Refer chart above, there are 44.3% strongly agree for critical concerns health and safety at the
workplace.

All Workplace Accidents and Injuries Are Handled Rapidly to Increase the Safety of The Workplace

Figure 4.17: Accidents and injuries should be handled as soon as possible

There are 82.9% of respondent give positive response when discuss handle the accidents and injuries
at the workplace.

67
Section C: Building Infrastructure

Security Cameras Are Installed at The Premises

Figure 4.18: Installation of security cameras at workplace

Refer to the chart, 78.5% of respondents agree that security cameras are installed at their workplace.
This shows 21.5% the others workplace did not install the safety camera at their premises.

The Premises Are Managed 24 Hours by Security Personnel

Figure 4.19: Security personnel should be working 24 hours with rotation schedule at the premises.

Refer to chart above, 51.4% strongly agree and 24.3% agree the premises are managed 24 hours by
security personnel.

68
I Am Aware of The Evacuation Plan for My Building

Figure 4.20: Evacuation awareness at the building.

According to chart above, most of the respondent are aware of their organization building evacuation
plan with 47.1% strongly agree and 37.1% agree.

All Safety Items Are Updated and Satisfy All Safety Standards

Figure 4.21: All safety items must be updated follow all safety standards

75.7% give positive response when discussing about updated safety item according all safety
standards which shows that their company building safety items are updated and satisfy all safety
standards.

69
The Firefighting System and Equipment Are Authorized, Checked And Maintained In Compliance
With Relevant Standard

Figure 4.22: Firefighting system and equipment

There are 82.6% positive feedbacks by respondent when discussing about authorization of
firefighting system and equipment.

All Emergency Exit Doors in The Outward Opening Of The Workplace And Can Be Opened During
Working Hours At All Times

Figure 4.23: Emergency exit doors at workplace can be opened daily during working hours at all
times.

Chart above state 85.7% positive response from respondent that emergency exit door must be opened
during working hours at all times.

70
The Windows and Office Ventilation System Are Sufficient

Figure 4.24: Windows and office ventilation system are sufficient at the workplace

41.4% respondents strongly agree that the window and office ventilation must be sufficient at the
workplace.

In the Workplace Emergency Lighting Is Required.

Figure 4.25: Emergency lighting at the workplace.

Refer to the chart, 94.3% respondent give positive feedback when discussing about installation
emergency lighting at the workplace.

71
At a Workplace, Exit Sign Is Required

Figure 4.26: Exit sign at the workplace is required.

There are 67.1% strongly agree a 27.1% agree installation exit sign at the workplace.

Flammable Substances Were Properly Stored on The Workplaces

Figure 4.27: Flammable substance were properly stored

Refer to the chart, 55.7% strongly agree for storing all flammable item in the proper place at the
workplace.

72
Section D: Participation in Occupational Health and Safety

My Management in My Workplace Does Not Give Me a Hard Time If I Decide to Stop Doing My Job
Because Of The Unhealthy Environment

Figure 4.28: Management priority in safety and health at workplace.

According to chart above, there are 68.6% give positive responses when discussing management
responsible due to environment in the workplace.

I’m Not Going to Say or Do Anything Even Though I Know My Place Of Work Isn’t Healthy

Figure 4.29: Responsible of employee in unhealthy workplace environment.

According to the chart, 32.9% strongly disagree and 32.9% disagree if the employee remains silent
when know workplace environment is unhealthy.

73
If There Is Anything Suspicious in My Workplace, I Will Report Immediately

Figure 4.30: Report anything suspicious in workplace immediately

57.1% strongly agree and 34.3% agree if anything happen at workplace report immediately to
responsible person.

I Can Also Make Any Recommendations About Health and Safety Problems in My Workplace

Figure 4.31: Make recommendation about health and safety at the workplace

The positive response from respondents which is 87.1% for each safety issues from the management
reflected the management awareness and commitment towards creating a safe and healthy
environment for the employees.

74
If I Discuss Safety and Health Concerns, The Management Reacts Positively

Figure 4.32: Responsibility of management in safety and health in organization

42.9% strongly agrees for experiencing positive response from management when discussing about
safety and health matters.

75
4.3 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER

Chapter 4, to summaries, presented the results of the collected questionnaires. The conclusion and
advice will be taken from the data obtained in the next chapter which is Chapter 5. Through data
analysis; it gives the knowledge of safety and health its own impacts and problems that affect the self
of the company. The definition of safety awareness also has its own effect in the advancement of
construction in which the principle will influence the way the building will be designed.

76
 CHAPTER 5

DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION

5.1 INTRODUCTION

The final chapter of this study concludes all the results leading to the achievement of three (3)
objectives as set out in Chapter 1. It concludes the literature review and the findings from data
collected from questionnaires. Conclusions are made for the purpose of the study and
recommendations for better service in safety and health in the working environment.
This chapter is focuses on key findings in the study. The research works on a study The
Occupational Safety and Health Awareness in HAPM Consultants Sdn Bhd. It also draws out the
main conclusion from the study and provides recommendations for good development planning for
future used.
Finally, this chapter is brought to a closure by summarizing all what had been done to address
the aim and objectives of the work. The recommendations is also been made in this chapter.

5.2 FINDINGS

This study was initiated to analyze the study on a study The Occupational Safety and Health
Awareness in HAPM Consultants Sdn Bhd. In order to attain the specified aim, three research
objectives were made;

a) To provide a guideline to HAPM consultant to establish OHSAS Management.

b) To assess on the safety awareness in HAPM consultant.
c) To perform hazard HIRAC at the construction site under HAPM consultant.

77
5.2.1 To provide a guideline to HAPM consultant to establish OHSAS Management

The first objective of the case study is to provide HAPM consultants with guidance for
developing management of OHSAS. The aim is accomplished by literature review and
questionnaire-based data collection. The idea of education about safety and health is how the
program was designed. Through this analysis and discussion of the literature, it can be
concluded that information about safety and health awareness among employees and also
employers is significant. From here we learn what is the management of OHSAS and how to
implement the management system of OHSAS in companies.

Many construction organizations in countries have their own level of OHSAS

Management. Organizations of all kinds are particularly concerned with achieving and
demonstrating good efficiency in occupational health and safety (OHSAS) by monitoring
their OHSAS risks, in accordance with their OHSAS policies and objectives. They do so in
the light of increasingly stringent legislation, economic policy growth and other initiatives
that promote good OHSAS practices, and increased concern raised by stakeholders about
OHSAS issues.

These OHSAS Standards define criteria for an OHSAS management system to allow
an entity to establish and enforce a strategy and objectives that take into account legal
requirements and OHSAS risk details. This is intended to be accessible to all forms and sizes
of organizations and to accommodate various geographical, cultural and social circumstances.
The system's effectiveness depends on dedication from all levels and organizational roles,
and in particular from top management. Such a system allows an entity to create an OHSAS
policy, set targets and processes for meeting policy commitments, take action as appropriate
to enhance its performance and demonstrate the framework's adherence to the requirements of
this OHSAS standard. The OHSAS Standard's ultimate goal is to support and encourage good
OHSAS activities in line with socio-economic needs. It should be remembered that many of
the specifications can be dealt with at any time concurrently or revisited.

78
5.2.2 To access on the safety awareness in HAPM consultant.

The second objective was to gain access in HAPM consultants to the safety knowledge. This
goal is accomplished through the conduct of a questionnaire using the google form. In certain
organizations, knowledge of safety can seem moot. Most people know the general rules of
safety that apply to any work situation, even if it's completely new to your business. Each
year, they also go through their fair share of safety training and are continuously reminded of
rules and procedures on the break room walls through the OSHA posters.

Knowledge of safety is a daily realization every employee must always have. It goes
beyond what they hear in the safety training classroom and at safety meetings in the morning.
When minimizing safety-related threats, being continually aware of how they perform at
work and being able to detect hazards is important.

Moreover, the understanding of safety goes beyond the obvious dangers such as
computers, ergonomics and electrical safety. The word 'safety' encompasses a wide variety of
ways in which a tragedy or accident can occur, ranging from physical hazards to
environmental, economic and social risks.

Without continuous understanding, workers will start neglecting healthy practices

instead of easier, more effective methods. Taking a shortcut once with no negative effects
makes it easier to replicate those shortcuts and search for new ones but safety leaders know
it's only a matter of time before those efficiencies lead to an unexpected outcome.

79
5.2.3 To perform hazard HIRAC at the construction site under HAPM consultant.

The third goal was to execute danger HIRAC under HAPM Consultants on the construction
site. This goal was accomplished by Google form questionnaire. HIRAC will keep the
construction site concerned with safety and health awareness among workers and employers
over the long term. In the industrial environment it has to be healthy, reliable and sustainable
in its operations if any industry is to be successful. The company must identify the hazards
and determine the risks associated with them and reduce the risks to tolerable levels.

Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (HIRA) is used to classify unexpected

events that may result in risks, hazard analysis of this unwanted event that may occur and
typically predict the duration, severity and probability of harmful effects. It is commonly
agreed within industry generally that the various risk management approaches lead greatly to
changes in the protection of complex operations and equipment.

The goal of this hazard and risk analysis work is to identify and evaluate hazards, the
sequences of events leading to hazards, and the risk associated with hazardous occurrences.
There are several approaches used to help define and assess risks, ranging from the basic
qualitative methods to the sophisticated quantitative methods. It is advised to use multiple
hazard analysis methods, as each has its own function, strengths and weaknesses.

For construction activities, hazard detection and risk analysis were conducted and the
hazards were identified, and risk analysis was performed. Based on their effects and
possibility, the various segments of activities were divided in to high, medium and small. The
practices with high risks are labeled in red color are not approved and must be minimized.
The risks marked in yellow color are tolerable, but attempts must be made to minimize risk
without expense which is massively disproportionate to the gained value. The risks identified
in green have such a low level of danger that it is not appropriate to take further steps to
reduce its magnitude.

80
5.3 RECOMMENDATION

5.3.1 Promote the OSHMS Concepts & Performance

Finding from this research has important functional consequences for the management to
make changes on every level, essentially in terms of workplace safety awareness and safety
satisfaction, as these elements influence the work performance of employees. Positive work
success can benefit both individuals and organizations alike. On the other hand, the
perception and satisfaction of employees would be an important indicator for measuring the
effectiveness of the OSH Management System implemented within the organization as well
as creating a positive culture of safety. Employee perception of safety influenced by the way
an organization applies its culture of safety. If there is a strong safety culture, this results in a
positive view of safety which may also affect the safety satisfaction of an employee.

Several factors need to be addressed in order to provide an efficient OSH

Management Plan, including OSH policy, management and employee involvement, OSH
training given to staff, comprehensive and understandable OSH documentation,
implementation of hazard identification, risk assessment and risk control (HIRARC), a
structured audit process and an emergency response plan (ERP).

OSH Management System requires robust management resources, including policy,

operational, structures, control and performance monitoring implementation, and system
audits. Therefore, these elements should be a metric to assess the efficacy of the Management
System implementation itself. This study showed that the understanding of safety and safety
satisfaction of the overall employee is good but some changes need to be considered.

81
5.3.2 Create Effective Safety Awareness

Increasing safety awareness in any company doesn't just happen by mistake, nor can you
achieve constant awareness by passive participation. Items like safety posters and flyers
should be read once or twice before they start to blend in and become business as normal.

Events such as Safety Awareness Week or in-house training sessions may help add
some top of the mind knowledge to such subjects, but do little to expand the dialogue and
involve employees. The best way to establish an efficient understanding of safety is to
construct protection on everything you do within your organization. Security should be a
normal part of the company, not a subject that is brought up in meetings or training sessions
once in a while. When workers are able to approach safety as easily and as frequently as they
do their job responsibilities, you have a much greater chance of keeping EHS at the helm.

That's not to say safety meetings, awareness activities, and trainings aren't successful,
these items can definitely help build a stronger safety culture and shouldn't be
underestimated.

82
5.3.3 Implement Safe Work Procedures

When part of their responsibility to reduce or monitor workplace risks, managers are
expected to create a safe work procedure for each task, piece of equipment or device that
their worker is needed to perform / use as part of their job and that can expose them to
uncontrolled risk.

The first step in developing a safe work procedure is to conduct a job safety analysis
(JSA). Potential hazards, personal protective equipment, devices and/or other safety
considerations should be included in the safe working procedure, and steps to perform the
task safe.

The plan will also contain directions to follow when conducting the function specified
in the safety work procedures in case of an emergency. It is the employer's duty to provide
knowledge and guidance to employees using the safety work procedures, but also to provide
training and supervision to the same workers to ensure the worker's protection, health and
welfare, as far as reasonably feasible.

83
5.4 CONCLUSION

This research study was successful in meeting the goals and challenges of a study The Occupational
Safety and Health Awareness in HAPM Consultants Sdn Bhd. All data were collected through a
questionnaire.

The study of the process of development safety and health awareness at workplace includes
data analysis with quantitative content analysis. In the analysis and conclusion, the results of the
questionnaires were interpreted as helping to achieve the objectives of the study.

Knowledge of the main subject was necessary in all research studies to understand its
definition and planning process. The recommendations made at the end of the chapter are hoped to
help improve the development of the safety awareness in HAPM consultants, also in all organization
in Sarawak.

It is the employer's duty to ensure their workers are safe at work, and so laws and policies can be
enforced to ensure this. This is now the employee's duty to ensure they obey the rules. The key to a
safety and health plan's success is to see it as part of a company operation, and see it reflected in day-
to-day operations. When the adopted program is absorbed into the culture of building, the
consciousness of health and safety should become rooted in everybody's mindset. This is in the best
interests of everyone to stop people at work.

84
REFERENCES

Abu Bakar Che Man, 1996. “Perspective of Occupational Safety and Health Legislation in Malaysia”

Abidin, Z. Irniza, R. (2015). Occupational Safety and Health Management System in Malaysia:
Comparison Between OHSAS 18001:2007 and MS 1722:2011

Aina, A. Izatul, A. Shaladdin. Aziz, A. (2013). Safety Cultur in Combating Occupational Safety and
Health Problems in the Malaysia Manufacturing Sectors.

A. Kadir, J. M. Jahi and M. R. Razman, (2008).Perlaksanaan OSHAS dan faedah kepada organisasi
di Malaysia. Proceeding National Conferences on Environmental and Health.
UniversitySience of Malaysia.

Alex, A. (2013). Strategies for Construction Hazard Recognition

Arif, M. Hamimah, A. Faridah, I. (2013). OHSAS 18001: A Pilot Stury of Towards Sustainable
Construction in Malaysia

A. S. T. Ledesma, M. F. Muñiz, J. M. M. Peón and C. J. V. Ordás,. (2009). Spanish survey reveals

motivations, obstacles and benefits of OHSAS 18001 certification.

Auni. F. Siti. N. Nurul. F. Nursyazwani, (2013) The Impact of Occupational Safety and Health
Administration Practices and OHSAS 18001 Efforts in Malaysia Automotive Industry.

CABEM Technology. Top 10 ISO Most Popular ISO Standard. Retrieved 12 April 2020 from
Medium: https://medium.com/@cabem/top-10-most-popular-iso-standards-d7d61fdba649

Camila. S.F., Mateus C.G. (2016) Analysis of the Relationship Between Management System
Standards (ISO 9001, ISO 14001, NBR 16001 and OHSAS 18001) and Corporate
Sustainability.

Carson, W. G., 1970. “Some Sociological Aspects of Strict Liability and the Enforcement of Factory
Legislation” dlm. Modern Law Review 396; Johnstone, R., 1997. Occupational Safety and
Health Occupational Health and Safety Law. Text and Materials. Australia: LBC Information
Services.
85
Che Juhan Negara, R. (2012). Tahap Kesediaan Pelajar Kejuruteraan Politeknik Terhadap
Keselamatan Di Dalam Bengkel. Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia: Tesis Sarjana

Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches.
London: Sage Publications, Inc.

Daniel, R. Stephen, L. Frederick, G.L. (2005). Analyzing Media Messages: Using Quantitative
Content Analysis in Research.

Department of Standards of Malaysia. (2011). Malaysian Standard MS 1722:2011: Occupational

Safety and Health (OSH) Management System-Requirements (First Revision). Selangor,
Malaysia

Department of Occupational Safety and Health, 2011. Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health
Management Systems

Department of Occupational Safety and Health. Ministry of Human Resources Malaysia. (2008).
Guidelines for Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC)

Dowd. (2018). Advantages & Disadvantages of Qualitative & Quantitative Research. Retrieved 18
May 2020 from The Classroom: https://www.theclassroom.com/advantages-disadvantages-of-
qualitative-quantitative-research-12082716.html

Editorial team. (2017). Construction Industry Overview. Retrieved 20 May 2020 from
ConstructionTuts:https://www.constructiontuts.com/constructionindustry/#:~:text=Constructi on
%20is%20a%20high%20hazard,engineering%20and%20other%20similar%20works.

Fanning, Fred E. (2003). Basic Safety Administration: A Handbook for the New Safety Specialist,
Chicago: American Society of Safety Engineers

Gadd, S., and Collins, A.M, (2002). Safety Culture: A Review of a Literature. Health and Safety
Laboratory.

Goetsch, 2005. Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers and Managers. Edisi
Kelima. Ohio: Pearson Prentice Hall.
86
Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC). Retrieved 20 May 2020 from
Divi: https://engineering.utm.my/computing/lab/?p=2079

Health and Safety at Work Act 1974.

HSEQSmart, Health, Safety, Environmental and Quality Consultants, 2013. Retrieved from:
http://www.hseqsmart.com/ohsas18001.

International Labour Organization, 2011. Osh Management System: A Tool for Continual
Improvement (First Published)

International Organization for Standardization. Retrieved 12 April from

ISO: https://www.iso.org/about-us.html

International Organization for Standardization. Retrieved 12 April 2020 from Wikipedia:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization#cite_note-
ISO_members-1

International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Standards Catalogue. Retrieved 12 April 2020
from ISO: https://www.iso.org/standards-catalogue/browse-by-ics.html.

John W Creswell. (2014). Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative & Mixed Methods Approaches.

Kogi, K. (2002). Work Improvement and Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems:
Common Features and Research Needs. Industrial Health.

Lisha Liu. (2016). Using Generic Inductive Approach in Qualitative Educational. Research: A Case
Study Analysis

Malaysian Standard, MS 1722: 2011 (2011). Occupational Safety and health (OSH) management
systems Requirement (First revision)

M Ismail, C Thalbi., 2016. “Kanun: Jurnal Undang-Undang Malaysia”

Department of Occupational Safety and Health

87
Munkman J., 1990. Employer’s Liability at Common Law. Edisi ke-11. London: Butterworths

Mulder, P. (2019). ISO standards. Retrieved 12 April 2020 from

toolshero: https://www.toolshero.com/quality-management/iso-
standards/

N. A.S. L. Jaya, N. F. Habidin, A. F. M. Zubir, J. Conding, and S. Hashim. (2012). Exploring

Information Manufacturing Sharing and Supply Chain Performance: Based on Malaysian
Automotive Industry. IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN).

Noorhasimah,A. Rafee, B. Suhainizam, M,S. (2019). Occupational Safety and Health Management
System (OSHMS): Perception and Safety Satisfaction Among Employees in Certified
Organisations in Klang Valley.

Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (OSHA 1994)

O' Toole, M. (2002). The relationship between Employees’ Perceptions of Safety and Organizational
Culture. Journal of Safety Research.

Phil Hughes dan Ferret, 2008. Introduction to Health and Safety in Construction. Third Edition.
Butterworth-Heinemann.

Raffle, Lee W. R., McCallum dan Murray R. (ed.), 1987. Hunter’s Diseases of Occupations. London:
Hodder dan Stoughton Publishing.

Raza, Ali, K. Shahir, L. Zulkipli. (2013). Malaysian Construction Sector and Malaysia Vision 2020:
Develop Nation Status

Reese C. D., 2003. Occupational Health and Safety Management a Practical Approach. Boca Raton:
Lewis Publishers.

R. L. Granerud, and R. S. Rocha, Organisational learning and continuous improvement of health and
safety in certified manufacturers. Safety Science, 2011.

Robert K. Yin. (2003). Case Study Research and Design Method. Third Edition.
88
Rossy, A. Yusuf, L. Rosmariani, A. Yoko, Y. (2017). Identification of Safety Culture Dimensions
Based on The Implementation of OSH Management System in Construction Company.

Siti Hawa. A., Prof. Madya Santhiram., (2001). Quantitative & Qualitative Research Methods: Some
Strength and Weaknessess.

Susan E. (2016). Difference between Qualitative and Quantitative Research. Retrieved 20 April 2020
from Snap Survey: https://www.snapsurveys.com/blog/qualitative-vs-quantitative-research/

Tanveer. U.I.,2017. An Introduction to ISO Standard

Vincoli, J. W., 1995. Basic Guide to Industrial Hygiene. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, Lorenz
E., “Predictive Testing in the Workplace.

Vincent P. (2016). Research Method: Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Methods

Wilkinson C., 2001. Fundamentals of Health at Work the Social Dimensions. London: Taylor and
Francis.

Susan R., Nigel S., & Ana I. C., (2015). Management Research Applying the Principles

89
 APPENDICES

WORKPLACE HEALTH AND SAFETY SURVEY

QUESTIONNAIRE ON A CASE STUDY OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AWARENESS
Respected Sir/Madam,
I am Nurul Syakinah binti Johari, student of Bachelor's degree in Occupational Safety and Health
Management from the Open University of Malaysia, pursuing a workplace environment awareness
research project on occupational safety.
You are invited to participate and share your humble opinion regarding your work and how it affects
your health and safety by taking this survey.

Name of The Respondent:

Position:
Work Experience:

HEALTH & SAFETY AWARENESS

Please select the most appropriate answer option.
Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly
disagree Agree
1. My safety at work should be my
organization 's priority.
2. I was given a walk – through on the
safety measures during my on-boarding
3. I have been given health and safety
training
4. I am certified trainer in first aid
5. Employees can voice any security
concerns they have with ease.
6. I know who should I report to if any
unexpected accidents or injuries
occurred at my place of work.
7. I know how to get my job done in a safe
way.
8. I know what I can take the best
precaution while doing my daily work.
9. I have ample experience to deal with
and assist with any health and safety
issues at
my place of work.
10. I am conscious and know my right to
health and safety in the workplace.

90
 WORKPLACE HEALTH AND SAFETY POLICY & PROCEDURES
Please select the most appropriate answer option.
Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly
disagree Agree
11. I can understand all of the safety
procedures very well.
12. Safety operation procedures are available
for all operation.
13. All employees were informed of the
consequences of non-observance of safe
operating procedures.
14. Health and safety in the workplace are
seen by all as critical concerns.
15. All workplace accidents and injuries are
handled rapidly to increase the safety of
the workplace.

BUILDING INFRASTRUCTURE
Please select the most appropriate answer option.
Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly
disagree Agree
16. Security cameras are installed at the
premises.
17. The premises are managed 24 hours by
security personnel.
18. I am aware of the evacuation plan for my
building.
19. All safety items are updated and satisfy
all safety standards.
20. The firefighting system and equipment
are authorized, checked and maintained
in compliance with relevant standard.
21. All emergency exit doors in the outward
opening of the workplace and can be
opened during working hours at all
times.
22. The windows and office ventilation
system are sufficient.
23. In the workplace emergency lighting is
required.
24. At workplace, exit sign is required.
25. Flammable substances were properly
stored on the workplace.

91
 PARTICIPATION IN OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY
Please select the most appropriate answer option.
Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly
disagree Agree
26. My management in my workplace does
not give me a hard time if I decide to
stop doing my job because of the
unhealthy
environment.
27. I'm not going to say or do anything even
though I know my place of work isn't
healthy.
28. If there is anything suspicious in my
workplace, I will report immediately.
29. I can also make any recommendations
about health and safety problems in my
workplace.
30. If I discuss safety and health concerns,
the management reacts positively.

92