POWER

RESOURCES
 TYPES OF COAL
Types of Ash Heat Carbon Colour
Coal Content

Peat More ash Very Less Low Gray

Carbon
Content

Lignite Less than More than More than Dark Gray

Peat Peat Peat

Bituminous Less than More than More than Black

Peat and Lignite Lignite
Lignite

Anthracite Very less Great Highest Jet Black

Hydrocarb
on content
Pakistan’s Coalfield and Uses of Coal
PROVINCE COAL AREA TYPE OF USES
FIELD COAL

Balochistan Quetta Sor Range Sub- Steel Mills

Coalfield Degari bituminous
Mach (Coking
Khost Coal locally
Shahrig called as
Harnai Sharig Coal

Sindh Lower Lakhra Lignite Thermal

Sindh Jhimpir Power
Coalfield Sonda Stations

Punjab Salt Range Dandot Sub- Brick

Coalfield Pidh bituminous Industry
to Lignite
KPK Makerwal Sub- Ceramic
Coalfield bituminous Industry
 USES OF COAL
THERMAL POWER STATION
• Coal is burn to produce heat energy for converting water
from its liquid state to gas (vapor) to move turbine for
generating electricity.
CEMENT AND BRICK INDUSTRY
• Coal is burn to produce heat for baking bricks and cement.
This heating make bricks and cement useable under all
weather conditions
IRON AND STEEL MILLS
• Coal is heated to produce “COKE” approximate pure
carbon substance which later along with Limestone and
Iron Ore heated to extract Iron from its ore
 Transportation of Coal
• Coal Mines (Open Cast): Trucks / Lorries

Railway

Truck

Industry
 Transportation of Coal
• Coal Mines (Adit Mine): Animal / Human / Mine Carts

Trucks / Lorries

Railway

Truck

Industry
 Transportation of Coal
• Coal Mines (Shaft Mine): Lift

Trucks / Lorries

Railway

Truck

Industry
SECTORAL CONSUMPTION OF
COAL
RANK USERS

1ST (First) Brick Manufacturing

2nd (Second) Cement Industry

3rd (Third) Thermal Power Station and

Households
 Coal As A Preferred Source Of
Power In Near Future
• New reserves of Coal have been discovered in recent years . Pakistan has
estimated 7508 million tonnes of proven coal reserves in Eight major fields
in Lower Sindh (Thar Desert) and Salt Range.

• Uncertain price of Oil and tremendous amount of foreign exchange

involved in the import of Oil.

• Gasification of Coal through which Coal, cheap source of energy converted

into Coal Gas and Liquid fuels. Through this process Coal can also be made
Environment friendly.

 In Gasification process, Coal is heated in presence of Steam and Oxygen to produce

Coal Gas which is a mixture of Carbon monoxide, Hydrogen and Methane.
 It id used directly as fuel or
 Refined into cleaner-burning gas to make it environment friendly.
 Coal-based vapour fuels are produced through this process.
 Mineral Oil / Petroleum / Oil

• Also Known as “Black Gold”

• Occurs in Porous layers of Sedimentary
Rocks
• Derived mainly from the decomposition of
Marine animal and Vegetative matter over
several million years.
• Can be found underground or under the
seabed.
 Oil Drilling
• Once the drilling site has been selected by the surveys,
drilling take place with the help of Derrick or Drilling Rig.
• Derrick or Drilling Rig is a large Steel structure that holds
the drilling pipes, bit and other tools / equipments.
• Drilling bit is a cutting tool (tough Metal / Diamond) to
bore through the hardest rock.
• Drilling pipe turns to drive the drilling bit downwards until
the oil trap is reached.
• Oil is driven up by the natural pressure of the gas or water,
oil
• Now drilling pipe and bit are replaced by pipes and valves
to control the flow of oil from the well.
• When natural pressure of Oil / Water / Natural Gas is no
longer sufficient to bring the oil to the surface.
 Oil Refinery

• Factory or mill where Crude (Raw / Natural

form) Oil that is unrefined is processed and
refined into more useful products.
 Location and Reasons of Oil
Refineries
Refinery Location Reason Reason
Attock Oil Morgah Refines Oil Located in Oil
Refinery District of produce in producing area to
Potwar Morgah District of avoid extra
Plateau in Potwar Plateau in transportation
Rawalpindi Rawalpindi cost
Mahmood South Punjab Refine Imported Refine Imported
Kot Refinery in Sindh Crude oil supplied Crude oil develop
PARCO (Pak Sagar Doab, there through to meet the
Arab Oil west of Pipeline from DEMAND to the
Refinery) Multan Karachi Port. local area
DEMAND based It is example of
Industry Demand-based
Industry
Pakistan Oil Karachi near Refines Imported Located in Port
Refinery and Keamari and Crude oil and Oil City to avoid
National Oil Bin Qasim produce in Lower extra
Refinery Port Sindh Oilfields transportation
cost
 USES OF OIL
SOURCE OF POWER

• Use in Thermal Power Stations to generate Electricity

• Also use for Heating

USE AS A LUBRICANT

• Help to reduce friction between surfaces in mutual contact

AS A MOTOR FUEL

• Diesel; used I Buses and Railways.

• Petrol; used in Cars and Aircrafts.

USES OF BY-PRODUCTS

• Used in making of Paraffin, Wax, Plastics, Synthetic Rubber, Detergents,

Insecticides, Pharmaceutical products, Chemical products, Bitumen for
roofing, Road surfacing and Water-proofing, Furnace Oil etc.
SECTORAL CONSUMPTION OF
OIL
RANK USERS

1ST (First) Transport

2nd (Second) Power

3rd (Third) Industry

 Natural Gas
• Discovered by Pakistan Petroleum Limited (PPL) in 1952 at
Sui while searching for Oil.

• It is transparent and odourless (smell less).

• Smell is added in Natural Gas for safety reasons.

• It is made up of many gases like Methane, Ethane, Propane

and Butane.

• Transported through pipelines

• When Natural gas is cooled to a very low temperature it turns

into LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas), used for Cooking and
Heating.

• LPG is transported by cylinders in far away areas (without gas

pipelines)

• When Natural gas is compressed to a low temperature it turn

into CNG (Compressed Natural Gas), used as a fuel in Vehicles.
 Distribution of Natural Gas
Pipeline (Major Cities)
• Fist gas pipeline was installed to Karachi to provide
cheap fuel to the Industrial City
• Another pipeline to Multan for Thermal Power Station
and Fertilizer Plant.
• This pipeline was extended to Faisalabad than to Lahore.
• It was also taken to Rawalpindi, Islamabad and
Peshawar
• A pipeline also goes to Quetta from Sui.

LPG in Cylinders or Pressurised Tankers

• By Road and Rail tankers to the areas away from gas
pipelines.
SECTORAL CONSUMPTION OF
NATURAL GAS
RANK USERS

1ST (First) Power

2nd (Second) Industry

3rd (Third) Household

Effectiveness of Thermal Power Stations

Advantages Disadvantages
• Can be developed at any place • Non-renewable
where fossil fuels are available.
• Create land and
• Can be built in short time Water pollution by
therefore effective to mining and oil spills
overcome energy crisis in
short time.
• Burning Fossil fuel
• Comparatively less also cause Air
Construction / Initial Cost pollution produce
than HEP Smoke, CO
2 and Smell.
• New reserves of Coal have
been discovered in recent • Use large amount of
years in Lower Sindh (Thar
desert) and Salt Range fossil fuels
• High Running Cost
 HEP
(Hydroelectric Power Stations)
Physical / Natural Factors Human / Economic
Factors
• Fast flowing River
• Capital ( Money /
• High Precipitation rate Investment)
• Moderate temperatures • Skilled labour
• Mountains / Rugged landscape
• Advance technology
• Steep slopes and Equipment's
• Valleys • Government
Support
• Impervious / Impermeable Rocks
• Construction
• Glaciers material like
• Large River basins Cement etc.
Effectiveness of HEP Stations
Advantages
• Renewable
• Zero / cheap / very less running cost
• Environment friendly
• Helps to provide water for Irrigation
• Can be used as Tourism and
Watersports
• Used for Fresh water / Inland fishing
• Provide water for Industrial and
Domestic purposes.
• Help to control flood
• Generates employment
Disadvantages
• High construction and
maintenance cost
• Need Skilled labour and
Advance Technology
• Area restriction / limited
choice of suitable sites
• Dispute over share of water
especially between provinces
• Accountable to siltation in
reservoirs
• Need large scale evacuation
which creates social problems
• Lower production in the winter
months
 Effectiveness of Solar Power

Advantages Disadvantages
• Renewable • High construction / Initial
• Zero / cheap / very less running cost
cost

• Environment friendly • Need Skilled labour and

Advance Technology
• Reduce dependency on foreign Oil and Fossil fuels

Enough potential as in Pakistan, there are 250 to

• Area restriction / limited
•
300 sunny days a year in many parts of the choice of suitable sites.
country.

Excess power can be sold back to the power

• Lower production in the
winter months
•
company if grid intertied

• Can be installed virtually anywhere; in a field to on

a building
• Cloudy days do not produce
much energy
• Able to work Independently (IPP)
• No solar power at night so
• Solar can be used to heat water, power homes and
building, even power cars
there is a need for a large
battery bank
• Can be used for Rural Electrification.
• Needs lots of space
 Effectiveness of Wind Power
Advantages
• Renewable
• Zero / cheap / very less running cost
• Environment friendly
• Reduce dependency on foreign Oil and
Fossil fuels
• Able to work Independently (IPP)
• Can be used for Rural Electrification.
• Attract tourists (Interested Features)
• Wind turbine are available in a wide
range of sizes depending on
requirement.
• Generate employment
Disadvantages
• High construction / Initial cost
• Need Skilled labour and Advance
Technology
• Area restriction / limited choice
of suitable sites (Develop in
Coastal areas and Mountain /
Valleys with high wind speed).
• Strength of the wind is not
constant, varies from zero to
storm force. Not able to produce
same amount of electricity.
• Kill birds and bats thus harming
the fragile balance in ecosystem.
• Large wind farms are needed to
provide enough electricity to the
entire city.
• Produce comparatively less
electricity.
 Effectiveness of Geothermal Power
Advantages
• Renewable
• Zero / cheap / very less running
cost
• Environment friendly
Reduce dependency on foreign Oil
•
and Fossil fuels
• Able to work Independently (IPP)
• Pakistan has geothermal potential
in fault line areas of North and
West Eg. Himalayas and Chagai
Hills
• Generate employment
• More reliable and continuous.
Disadvantages
• High construction /
Initial cost
• Need Skilled labour and
Advance Technology
• Area restriction / limited
choice of suitable sites
(Develop in Fault line
areas only).
• Produce comparatively
less electricity.
• In extreme cases cause
earthquake
 Effectiveness of Wave Power Station
Advantages
• Renewable
• Zero / cheap / very less running cost
• Environment friendly
• Reduce dependency on foreign Oil and
Fossil fuels.
• Able to work Independently (IPP)
• Pakistan has potential of Wave Energy
in coastal areas of Sindh and
Balochistan.
• Variety of Ways To Harness
• Generate employment
• More reliable and continuous.
• Wave power are highly predictable.
Disadvantages
• High construction / Initial cost
• Need Skilled labour and Advance
Technology
• Area restriction / limited choice of
suitable sites (Develop in coastal area
only).
• Would destroy important wildlife habitat.
• Could disrupt local shipping if
arrangements are not made.
• Wind power is highly dependent on
wavelength i.e. wave speed, wavelength
and water density.
• Wind power is highly dependent on
wavelength i.e. wave speed, wave length,
wavelength and water density.
• Cause Noise and Visual pollution
 Effectiveness of Tidal Power Station
Advantages Disadvantages
• Renewable • High construction / Initial
cost
• Zero / cheap / very less running cost
• Need Skilled labour and
Environment friendly
•
Advance Technology
• Reduce dependency on foreign Oil and Fossil
fuels. • Area restriction / limited
choice of suitable sites
• Able to work Independently (IPP) (Develop in coastal area only).
• Pakistan has potential of Tidal Energy in • Would destroy important
coastal areas of Sindh and Balochistan.
wildlife habitat.
• Generate employment
• Could disrupt local shipping if
• More reliable and continuous. arrangements are not made.
• Tidal currents are highly predictable which • Bad weather and storm
make it easier to construct the system with
right dimensions.
events such as hurricanes
that occur along coastlines
• It has long lifespan. can damage tidal power
equipment.
 Effectiveness of Biomass Power Station
Advantages
• Renewable
• Zero / cheap / very less running cost
• Environment friendly
• Able to work Independently (IPP)
• By burning solid waste, the amount of
garbage dumped in landfills is reduced
by 60 to 90 percent.
• Generate employment
• It is Carbon neutral. The only carbon
that is released into the atmosphere
from biomass fuels is what was
absorbed by the plants during their
lifecycles.
• Domestic production
Disadvantages
• It is not completely clean, can
pollute local environment.
• Though biomass fuels are
renewable, they also need to be
maintained. Failure to do this can
lead to widespread deforestation.
• A large amount of space is
needed to grow the materials
that are used in biomass energy.
• While biomass fuels are natural,
they are also not as efficient as
processed fossil fuels like
Petroleum etc.
• When compared to the likes of
solar and water sources, biomass
is inefficient and under-
researched.
 National Grid System
• A National Grid is a network of electricity
supply lines from various generating stations
• Electricity is transferred from the power
station to consumers along the national grid.
• The power lines across the country connect
together all the power stations with all the
people who want to use electricity.
• National grids do not necessarily cover the
entire country, especially in poorer or less
populated areas.
 Effectiveness of National Grid System
Advantages Disadvantages
Electricity can be used from any
• Wastage of
•
power station to meet demand in
any part of the country. electricity occurs due
• Power stations can be built away to non-maintenance
from large cities and near the
natural resources that they need
of transmission lines,
to use. grid stations. Also
• if a power station needs to be occurs due to long
turned off for any reason the distances.
consumers (houses and businesses)
can continue to receive electricity
from other power stations. • Power Theft
• Any extra electricity in the
system can be used to pump
• Difficult to monitor
water up hill to be used later to
generate electricity in a • Need lot of capital
hydroelectric power station.
/investment.
 Effectiveness of Biogas Power Station
Advantages
• Renewable
• Zero / cheap / very less running
cost
• Comparatively environment
friendly
• It’s A Simple and Low-Cost
Technology That Encourages A
Circular Economy
• Healthy Cooking Alternative For
Developing Areas
• Able to work Independently (IPP)
• Domestic production
• Suitable for rural and suburban
areas.
Disadvantages
• It is not completely clean,
can pollute local
environment.
• There are no new
technologies yet to simplify
the process and make it
abundant and low cost.
• Biogas generation is also
affected by the weather
especially by the
Temperature
• Less Suitable For Dense
Metropolitan Areas
• While biogas fuels are
natural, they are also not as
efficient as processed fossil
fuels like Petroleum etc.
 REASONS FOR SHORTAGE OF
ELECTRICITY
• Financial constrains

• Lack of technical expertise.

• Lack of maintenance facilities.

• Low discharge of water in winter (HEP).

• Long transmission lines cause loss of energy.

• Siltation reduces water flow, (HEP).

• Power Theft. (40% lost in KE).

• High price of fossil fuels.

• Shortage of refined oil inside country.

• High demand due to industrialization, urbanization and rural

electrification.

• Inaccessible areas.

• Not feasible to provide very small villages with electricity.

 RURAL ELECTRIFICATION
• Supplying electricity to the rural (village) areas.

Importance
• Tube wells can be installed which help in irrigation
and control waterlogging and salinity.
• More use of agricultural machinery.
• Small-scale industries can be developed
• Access to information technology and electronic
media
• Better and higher education opportunities.
• Generate employment
• Improved living standard
 Efforts to Extension in Rural
Electrification
• Extension of national grid
• Foreign aid and investment
• Increase in the Thermal Power stations
• Encouragement of Private Enterprise
involvement
• Encourage the use of Biogas, Solar Energy
for some villages
 Possibilities and Problem of
Rural Electrification
Possibilities Problem
Power Theft
• Extend national grid
•

• Tribal Opposition
• Increase (National) Siltation in the reservoir for HEP
power generation,
•

Nuclear Power • High cost of technology, fuel and maintainance

Lack of skilled labour

• Developing renewable
•

energy schemes like • Difficult construction in rugged land.

Wind, Solar and HEP • Distance from grid stations and remoteness of
some rural areas.
• Developing more Wastage of energy due to long transmission lines
small-scale power
•

generation schemes • Insufficient power generation (urban areas are

e.g. Biogas using
given priority)

animal, plant waste • Lack of government support

and bagasse. • Remote areas
 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
OF POWER RESOURCES
• Development of Power Resources in such a way that power resources
will be available on regular basis for present and future generations
without harming the environment

Ways / Measures
• Preservation and conservation of the non-renewable energy resources

• Development of renewable resources by using advanced technology

• Strict check on non-productive use and wastage of power resources.

• Public awareness Programme through Media, Government and Private

institutes.

• Strict enforcement of Environmental Laws

• Avoid non-productive uses of electricity

• Replaced faulty and damaged transmission lines to avoid losses in

electricity.