pounegooRRoRRRONNOOOOOORN Chapter I INTRODUCTI ON FuggneoeoRReRORNNOON DODO OO OOOO OOOO OOOO OOOO OOO OOOOCHAPTER— INTRODUCTION “Dunes have a colour here. Brilliant and gold Skies have a colour here. Deeper than ink Valour has a colour here. On the face of men Beauty has a colour here. In the swaying of skirts Incredible India. Infinite r: 1.1. INTRODUCTION Tourism as an industry has been flourishing and growing since times immemorial. Until the 19" century, travel was the privilege of elite. With the advent of different modes of transport in the early 20" century, mass travel was possible for purposes of recreation, pilgrimage, leisure and adventure. Today, travel has increased manifold and tourists from all parts of the world are traveling and visiting various locales in different countries for many reasons. Before 1980s. the tourists primarily originated from affluent industrialized societies, where tourism has become a mass phenomenon. Nevertheless, today travel and tourism rave come within the reach of common man and more people are traveling. Hence, it has become a very complex activity, encompassing a wide range of domains. Tourism can be a reliable means for international understanding by way of bringing diverse peoples face to face. It has been cited as a major contributor tointernational goodwill and as a prime means of developing social and cultural understanding among all peoples of the world. There is mingling of cultures, which has positive effects. Tourism helps to break down prejudices, psychology barriers and suspicions that exist between nations. The tourist motto is: “Invite a guest Send back a friend” Thus, tourism is not only an economic activity of importance in as much as it earns foreign exchange, but also an important means and medium of mutual social and cultural development and also of promoting lasting good will and friendship among nations of the world. It also helps in regional development of the country and acts as a vehicle of social education and better understanding among the people in different regions of the country. Tourism promotes culture more than that of economic, social and other aspects. Most of the affects of tourism are directly connected with understanding and promotion of culture. 1.2. DEFINITION OF THE TERM ‘TOURISM’ The origin of the word Tourism is related to ‘Tour’ which is derived also from the Latin word ‘Tornos’, meaning tools describing a circle or turner’s wheel. This word ‘Zornos’, with the notion of “Found tour” or a ‘package tour’, has come to stay. It was as late as 1643, that the term was first used in the sense of going round or traveling from place to place, in an excursion, a journey including visiting of a number of places in circuit or sequence, making circuitous journey, and visiting principal places of a country or region,‘Tour’ is a Hebrew word. It derives its meaning from the Hebrew term “Torah” which means learning, studying and searching. The Torah is the name given to Jewish Law, the book that defines the Jewish way of life. A tour represents an attempt by the traveler to discover something about the place he visits. A tourist wants to see himself something he has heard about or he wants to learn and know about business opportunities, job possibilities, health advantages, educational benefits, environmental assets or recreational prospects. In French literature, the French terms ‘Grand Tour’ meaning “great tour’ has also been derived from the word ‘Tour’ and is used in the sense of journey through France, Germany, Switzerland and Italy’. Paradoxically, defining exactly what is meant by the term ‘tourism’ is a difficult one, if not an impossible one. Its multifaceted and complex nature has made the term ‘tourism’ hard to define in precise terms. According to an early version, *iourism’ is the metamorphosis of the world “trepasium’ signifying travel and movement across space. According to Arrilaga J.1.D: “Tourism in its first period was considered as sports or rather as a synthesis of automobiles, tourism cycling, alpinism, camping, excursions and yachting” In 1981, tourism was characterised as a “Theory and Practice of Touring, traveling for pleasure, usually deprecatory”. F.Freulor (1905) defines “Tourism is a phenomenon of modern times, based on the increased need for recuperation andchange of air, the awakened and cultivated appreciation of scenic beauty, the pleasure in and the enjoyment of nature and in particular that brought about by increasing mingling of various nations and classes of human society, as a result of the development of commerce, industry and trade. 1.3. CULTURAL TOURISM. Encarta World English Dictionary defines the term ‘Culture’ as art, music, literature and related intellectual activities, enlightenment and_ sophistication, acquired through education and exposure to Arts, Also the beliefs, customs, practices, and social behavior of a particular nation or people can be regarded as integral constituents of culture. Culture is also related to the inner sprit and outer behaviour of man. Various forms of dance, religious traditions, art and architecture, festivals, painting scenarios, muscum, a variety of distinct racial and ethnic mores, languages and customs knit together’ - are the basic cultural mosaic of India. Buildings, amusement parks, art galleries, museums, zoos, parks, wildlife sanctuaries create cultural attraction. Cultural attraction may also centre on some communal activities like festivals, carnivals, fairs, exhibits, and sports events. A distinct local craft or cui: ine may also be a source of cultural attraction. The unique mystique of a tourist spot valued for its cultural attraction is however its own, The architecture of India is much influenced by its various and rich cultural and religious heritages. Native Indian architecture has also absorbed many outsideinfluences at different times with their varying characteristics that constitute the physical part of the legacy of India’ Also tourist visits enhance the value of these cultural elements, building thereby foundations of social harmony among the people to promote cultural tourism. 1.4, CULTURAL TOURISTS The purpose of cultural tourism is to broaden one’s knowledge about other places and people. Cultural tourists may be interested in art, architecture, painting, history, religion and cultural events. When people are motivated to travel in order to see the cultural heritage of their own country or those of foreign countries, i.e., visiting ancient historical monuments, places of religious interest, museums and art galleries, then it is termed as cultural tourism’. 1.5. MANILA DECLARATION The Manila Declaration of the World Tourism Conference held at Manila, Philippines from 27 September — 10 October, 1980 brings out the nature of intermingling of people, drawn from various sections of societies, leading eventually to national integration. Visits to national historical monuments can act as an integrating force, strengthening national sentiment and national pride in the cultural heritage of a country. India is a major source of cultural tourism of the world, and a significant upholder of the Manila Declaration’. 1.6. CULTURAL TOURISM IN INDIA. Cultural tourism has special significance in the promotion of national integration and international understanding. Thousands of archaeological andhistorical monuments scattered throughout the country provide limitless opportunities to learn about the ancient history and culture. Realizing the scope of cultural tourism, in order to harness the rich potential that the monumental heritage holds for promotion of tourism, the Government of India in 1968 invited an expert, Dr.Allchin through UNESCO. His study was aimed at defining the various aspects of cultural tourism in India and also to review them in the light of prevailing conditions. India is a populous country with a great past and great tradition, It can boast of some five thousand years of civilized life, and as such it must be ranked as one of the great civilizations, whose traditions arise directly from its hoary past. For these reasons, for any foreigner, a visit to India must have a profound cultural impact and in this first broadest sense, “all tourism in India involves at least an aspect cultural tourism”. This is what the UNESCO expert Dr. E.R. Allchin observed, when he was invited to study the scope of cultural tourism in India. Awakening of Government in order to promote cultural tourism in India is laudable because this country has limitless potential for cultural tourism, which has been never exploited earlier. Cultural aspects for traveling in India are an important motivating factor in comparison to other factors. Tourism in India involves quite a large content of cultural contact as no foreigner visiting India can be unaffected by the culture of India. Historical and archeological monuments, lifestyle, religion and diversityfound in Indian society continue to be the biggest draw in attracting tourists from each part of the world. Pacific Area Travel Association (PATA) held a survey in 1968 and confirmed this fact. The Department of Tourism had also reached the same conclusion after having made a survey in 1968-69 and in 1972-73. The latter survey placed “curiosity” (42%) and “Indian Art and Civilization” (34%) as major factors influencing travel to India. A Report on the study of cultural aspects in Indian Tourism, by an expert Dr. Allchin from UNESCO, was submitted in 1969. The findings of the Report include the following major points; 1. The Report says that 54 percent of the tourists enjoyed their stay because there was such a feast of “beautifiul creations of man — buildings, temples, churches.” Thus, India’s monumental heritage, its art and architecture come in the first place in order to attract foreign tourists. The monumental heritage too can be divided into four principal subject groups: (i) Buddhist Monuments, (ii) Hindu Monuments, (iii) Indo-Islamic Monuments, (iv) Monument of European and British association with India. It was felt that each one of these four deserves to be exploited for purposes of cultural tourism. 2. Varieties of India’s traditional arts and crafts ranked fourth in that Report. The primary impact of India’s art and crafts on cultural tourism is “Cultural shopping” or the purchase of samples of different types of Indian handicrafis and handloom work. ‘Souvenirs’ are an important industry to cater to their varied needs.3. According to the Survey reported earlier, 48.3 percent of the tourists felt that the “beautifil and natural scenery” contributed largely to their desire to visit India. The richness and attraction of India’s natural heritage, both in the open country and in bird and game sanctuaries, provide another powerful stimulus for cultural tourism. The Flora and Fauna in India was another area of added attraction. The Report says that strictly speaking, this cannot be called an aspect of Indian culture. Still, the educational character of the interest involved compels one to include this in the aspects of cultural tourism. Emphasing the importance of cultural tourism, Dr. Allchin says, “The most numerous foreign visitors, particularly from Europe and American, visit India with what we may broadly call culture-historical interest. In view of India's rich and varied monuments and the fact that they offer much that is unique, this class of tourism has clearly a great potential for development and can be exploited to a far great potential for development at present time.” The twentieth century and the new millennium have witnessed continued growth of interest in how people spend their leisure and non-work time. These is also a growing interest in what people ‘consume’ in these non-work periods, particularly in those times that are dedicated to travel and holidays. At a global scale this interest is becoming an international phenomenon known as Tourism, which is based on the use of leisure time to visit different places, destinations andlocalities that often (but not exclusively) feature in the holidays and trips people take in their leisure time. Tourism, no doubt, is a great blessing for economic development of a country. Evidently, it promotes the nationalistic feelings as well as universal brotherhood among Indians. Cultural tourism broadens one’s knowledge about other places and people. Consequently, cultural tourism promotes a sense of unity among the people’. It also creates many negative side effects in the Indian culture sites, where the tourists might have often damaged our cultural heritage by writing their names or initials on the great architectural wonders of ancient times. Smugglers have stolen ancient sculptures or broken and taken away the limbs of stone figures and figurines. George Young has rightly pointed out the negative side of cultural tourism. This tou national. park m affects the local culture, ways of life, beaches mountains and rivers’ Modern tourists are called the “new barbarians,” who ruin ancient monuments by petty vandalism. These should be avoided, and all forms of cultural heritage should be preserved in their pristine purity for future generations’, 1.7. TOURISTS/TRAVELERS/VISITORS/EXCURSIONISTS. A tourist is frequently known as a traveler, visitor or excursionist z ‘ording to the environment in which he/she is moving. But these categories are different and distinct in their actual sense.The nineteenth century dictionary defines sourist as a person who travels for the pleasure of traveling out of curiosity and because he has nothing else to do. ‘The tourist is a passive player, and he/she expects interesting things to happen to him/her. He is adventurous enough to undergo any travel hardship in sight-seeing or in exploring alien culture and civilization. A traveler, on the other hand, further moves from one place to another for a definite purpose. Further, he moves out strenuously in search of people, adventure or experience. A visitor is defined as a person who travels to a country other than his own. He visits different landscapes for a period not exceeding 12 months. The main purpose of his visit is the exercise of an activity other than for remuneration, Visitors may also be excursionists or tourists. An excursionist is a temporary visitor staying for less than 24 hours in the country he visits". 1.8. DOMESTI TOURISM Domestic tourism means the movement of people outside their normal domicile to other areas within the boundaries of the nation. With reference to India, domestic tourism is referred to as the sleeping giant, because of its vast potentials, lying untapped and dormant. 1.9. INTERNATIONAL TOURISM International tourism involves the movement of people across different countries of the world. In other words, people travel to a country other than their own, which has its separate identity in terms of political, economic and social set up. International tourism requires various types of legal and financial formalities 10to be met with, before a tourist departs from his/her country. In international tourism, the country of origin (tourist generating country) and the country of destination (tourist receiving or the host country) are different. International tourism is of two types, viz., “Inbound tourism’ and ‘Out bound tourism’. In ‘inbound’ tourism, foreign tourists are received by a host country. This type of tourism has direct impact on the economy of the host country in terms of foreign exchange earnings, balance of payments, employment generation, destination development and infrastructure development. In ‘our bound’ tourism, the people of a country visit other countries for ious purposes such as leisure, business, education, pilgrimage, political conferences and conventions, etc. In fact, inbound tourism brings travel receipts, whereas outbound tourism involves travel cost. 1.10. POTENTIAL OF TOURISM ‘According Peter’s inventory (1969), the potential of tourism industry depends upon: 1. Culturally linked sites and areas of archeological interest, historical buildings and monuments, museums, cultural and educational institutions, religious places, and others. 2. Traditional national festivals, arts and handicrafts, music, folklore, native life and customs, fairs and exhibitions. 3. Scenic national parks and wild life, flora and fauna, beaches, resorts, etc. i4, Entertainments like sports, amusement and recreation parks, cinema and theatres, clubs, restaurants, pubs, etc. 1.11. TYPES OF TOURISM Studies on tourism have pointed out that tourism is a complex phenomenon and largely depends upon the tourists motivational aspects. Further, writers on tourism have opined that it is not possible to conceptualize the tourism product within a particular frame work. This has led to the classification of tourism into different categories, Accordingly, the theme of tourism is presented in various types, classified on the basis of different factors. 1.11.1. ADVENTURE TOURISM. Many activities are encouraged under adventure tourism. There is a variety of activities such as mountaineering, trekking, skiing, wind surfing, hard gliding, etc. Many aspects of nature, the hills, rivers, seas, etc., provide scope for such adventures. 1.11.2, BUSINESS TOURISM. It is a fast growing tourism segment. Business people have to travel intensively and extensively for effective business deals. In fact, most of the luxury hotels are patronized by business tourists. Nowadays, attending conventions and conferences related to one’s profession, industry or commerce to which the individual belongs, has become popular. Many countries have established grand convention complexes to attract these tourists. In India also, we have a se, arate Convention Bureau to look after conventions and conferences held in India, 121.11.3. CULTURAL TOURISM ‘There are cultural diversities among nations and within a nation, These arouse curiosity in people to visit other countries and other parts of their own country, The cultural heritage expressed in the form of arts, customs, theatre, festival, ceremonies, music, dance, folklore, etc., vary from place to place. The kind of tourism undertaken to know the culture of others is known as cultural tourism. India being a big country of diverse cultures, cultural tourism is our main stay. 1.11.4. CIRCUMSTANCE TOUR! It is localized tourism as the tourists are attracted by traditions, festivals of religions, which are in the nature of artistic events, sports, folklores, events, etc.. 1.11.5. EDUCATIONAL TOURISM. Educational pursuits make the learners to undertake travel. In pursuit of knowledge, people travel far and wide. In ancient times, scholars and pandits kept on traveling. Travels make a person wiser. Hence, it is said that travel itself is educative. With the growing awareness of the value of education, educational tourism is assuming much importance. 1.11.6. ETHNIC TOURISM Ethnic tourism results when people domiciled away from their native places visit their homeland or hometown or friends and relatives. The place visited has some historical connections with the tourists. A large number of Ame.icans visit European countries in order to see their blood lines or because they feel that they 13are visiting their homeland. Every year, thousands of Indians settled abroad visit India, drawn by ethnic considerations. 1.11.7. HEALTH TOURISM (or) MEDICAL TOURISM People undertake travel for health reasons also. Health care facilities are available only in a few places, or some health centers there are unique in their nature. Health consciousness enables people to move to these places. In the past, development of sports spas in the Roman Empire and the establishment of many sanatoria in Switzerland were the result of people’s desire to seek good health. Many people travel to spas and clinics for curative baths and medical treatment. In Russia, along the Black Sea coast and in the foothills of the Caucuses, there are many world famous sanatoria where, every year, a large number of people avail of these facilities. In India also from Kashmir to Kanniyakumari, there are several natural and herbal health centers. 1.11.8. INDIVIDUAL TOURISM. As against the above, an individual may undertake a tour all alone. When one is in a group, one has to sacrifice some comforts, convenience and needs. To avoid this, one many chart out one’s own travel plan, places, and times of visit, etc., and undertake the tour. This is called individual tourism. 1.11.9. MASS TOURISM Mass tourism is primarily a quantitative notion and refers to participation of a very large number of people in tourism activities. It is an agent of profound economic and cultural changes. The concept of mass tourism emerged with the 14introduction of paid holidays, development of transportation, communication and information technology. 1.11.10. MONSOON TOURISM People in India eagerly wait for monsoon as it offers reprieve from the scorching heat of summer, Some states of India, which have better monsoon and higher rainfall as compared with other states, offer tourists and visitors a wonderful opportunity to relax and rejoice. This monsoon-oriented tourism is called ‘Monsoon tourism’. Monsoon tourism is more popular amongst young couples and honeymooners. LILI, PACKAGE TOURISM It is a type of tourism, in which the itineraries, transport, accommodation and other facilities are standardized and offered as a ‘package’ at fixed prices to intending tourists. There are all-inclusive and other types of inclusive packages. Package tours are convenient for both single tourists and group tourists. They are designed and operated by professional tour operators and travel agents 1.11.12. PLEASURE (or) LEISURE TOURISM Pleasure and leisure are the basic pulls of tourism of people, who want to escape from their daily routine. This makes them to look for leisure activities and travel as an escape from pressure and strain, which they are daily subjected to. We find pleasure in traveling and changing places and surroundings. 151.11.13. RED TOURISM Red tourism is a new terminology identified by China to promote a unique category of cultural heritage tourism. It aims to encourage visits to historically significant sites linked to the Cultural Revolution, such as Jiangxi and Shaanxi, the places of commencement and end of the Red Army's famous Long March. Red Tourism involves cities and towns, where key meetings took place, the battle sites, and the birthplaces or homes of former key figures, such as Chairman Mao’s home province of Hunan and the Taihang Mountains, 1.11.14. RELIGIOUS TOURISM / From ancient times till date, religion has been a motivating force for tourism. Every religion has cast upon its followers some duties that involve travel, and tourism. The Hindu wants to visit Kasi (Benaras), Kanchi Kamatchi temple (Kancheepuram), Rameswaram, Kanniyakumari, Badrinath, etc. As Haj pilgrims, Muslims go to Ajmeer in India, Nagoor in Tamil Nadu, Mecca and Madhina which are considered holy. Christians may visit Jerusalem and Catholic Christians Vatican once in life time and Velankannai in Tamil Nadu, which are considered holy. In India, domestic tourism is almost a religious tourism. 1.11.15. Resorts Tourism Beach resorts and hill stations attract more tourists. Tourism practiced by visits to these is called resorts tourism. In India, we have great potential for resorts tourism. 161.11.16. SPORT TOURISM Nowadays, people give much importance to sporting activities. International and national sport meets, cricket matches and other matches are of great attraction for people. It may be noted that more than half a dozen five star hotels were constructed in Delhi on the eve of Asian Games, held during 1982 in India, Sports tourism results due to movement of both participants and sport admirers to places, where sports events are held. 1.11.17. SOCIAL TOURISM. It is a type of tourism undertaken by low-income groups of people, particularly manual workers and other workers, who cannot afford to pay for travel and accommodation, So, social tourism is subsidized by states, local authorities, employers, trade unions, clubs or other associations to which the workers belong. 1.11.18. SUMMER TOURISM Tourism practiced during summer holidays is known as summer tourism. The main incentives for this type of tourism are sunshine and sun-bathing, preferably in the sea. 1.11.19. WEEK-END TOURISM Not every employment provides paid holidays or vacations, In such situations, week-end holiday tourism takes place, where people utilize their weekly holidays to visit tourist destinations. This is most popular in USA. 71.11.20, WILD LIFE TOURISM Young and old alike, like wild life tourism very much. Several tourist centers have excellent and unusual Zoos, where visitors can see wild animals more easily, including some rare and endangered species. Vandular Zoo at Chennai, Tiruvandrum Zoo in Kerala are some of the famous Zoos and national parks and white tiger parks of Kanha Kisely at Madhya Pradesh in India, are visited daily by a large number of people daily. Nowadays. many tours are built around visited to different sanctuaries and national parks. 1.11.21, WINTER TOURISM In most of the European Countries, this type of tourism takes place in the months of December to March. Winter tourism has two aspects-the search for snow and search for sunshine. In India, Kashmir snow falls, Shimla, Dargling, and Sikkim are famous for winter tourism 1.11.22. YOUTH TOURISM In India Youth Tourism is being given importance since 1980's. Youth must be involved in tourism not only as tourists but also as perserveres of national heritage and as overall resourceful human persons needed by tourism industry and the country. Therefore, youth hostels are established at important tourists’ centers in India for the benefit of youth tourists. Youth Hostels Association of India, in association with the government and voluntary agencies, promotes youth tourism,1.12. IMPACT OF TOURISM Today, tourism is not only the act of traveling and visiting places for pleasure and relaxation, but also one of the main industries in the Services sector. This contains vast employment potential in view of the fact that the industry is, labour-intensive, both skilled and unskilled. Employment-generating sources arising out of the development of tourism include infrastructure facilities such as roads, airports, railways, communications, electricity, water supply, hotels restaurant, etc., providing employment either directly or indirectly. Additional employment is created for artisans, craftsman, dancers, musicians, actors and growers of vegetables, fruits and flower-sellers. Employment generation in tourism is much higher than in the agricultural or industrial sector. It is said that an investment of Rs.10 lakh creates 45 jobs in agriculture, 13 in manufacturing, 47 in tourism and 89 in hotel industry. It was projected that in the decade from 1995-2005, South Asia and Pacific Region would have at least 100 million new employment, and tourism would create one job in every four seconds. Major economic benefits of tourism include foreign exchange earnings, employment generation, and contribution to government revenue, regional development, and redistribution of national income, development of infrastructure and stimulation of economy. 191.12.1. FOREIGN EXCHANGE EARNINGS: Tourism has the unique ability to earn foreign exchange. Tourism is an invisible export. Tourism is the only export-based trade that earns largest volume of foreign exchange, without depleting national resources, and without actually exporting any material goods. Therefore, as an export industry, tourism ranks above all other traditional export industries and craves for itself a unique place. It is a fact that almost all the developing countries use tourism as a factor for economic development and for correcting their adverse balance of payments position. Ina number of countries income from tourism has tended to increase at a higher rate than merchandise exports. Now, tourism is almost an assured channel for financial flows from the developed countries to the developing countries, raising the latter’s export earnings and the rate of economic growth. In India, foreign exchange revenue from tourism in 1951-52 was only Rs.9 crores. It increased to Rs. 44,360 Crores in 2007. 1.12.2. CON (RIBUTION TO GOVERNMENT REVENUE Tourism generates revenue to the Government. This revenue is mainly in the form of tax. Tourism contributes directly and indirectly. Direct taxes and indirect taxes are the revenue generated by tourism employment and business. Indirect taxes are duties levied on goods and services supplied to tourism industries, like groceries, furniture, medical shops, bakeries, textiles, ete. Possible sources of revenue fiom tourism include; Room tax, tax on meals, — license fees for tourism facilities, entrance fees, excise duties, import duties, 20sales taxes, property taxes on visitor's property, profit tax, income tax on Tourism industry. Revenues are generated by tourism industry by way of tax on tourism industry, rental for Airport use, for ship, for the use of boats etc. 1.12.3. EMPLOYMENT GENERATION Tourism is a service industry and, also it is a labour-intensive one. Tourism industry employs a large number of people and provides a wide range of jobs, which extend from unskilled to highly specialized employment. It is categorized into three divisions: direct, indirect and induced. Direct employment results from jobs created specifically by the need to serve tourists. Indirect employment is found in the tourist supply sector, but does not result directly from tourist expenditure. Tourism development creates jobs indirectly in sectors which do not directly serve the tourists, e.g., hotel furniture, poultry, agriculture, dairy, textiles, crockery etc. Induced employment is additional employment resulting from the effects of tourism multiplier, as local residents respond to additional incomes. which they have earned from tourists. Construction industry is another very big source of employment. ‘The basic infrastructures — roads, airports, water supply and other public utilities and also construction of hotels and other accommodation units, create jobs for thousands of workers, both unskilled and skilled. According to the Minister of Tourism, Government of India, the total labour force in our country duriag 1999-2000 was estimated at 30 million. The employment in tourism, both direct and indirect, was estimated at 26.7 millions. 21About 8.9 percent of the total employment is generated from tourism both directly and indirectly. This percentage of employment has contributed to a share of 13.02 percent to the National Income (GDP) of the country. The World Travel and Tourism Council Report, 2001, reported that in 2011, China will be the foremost country providing maximum employment in tourism sector in all its wings. The second largest provider of employment in the tourism sector will be India and United States may rank third. 1.13. TOURISM AND REDISTRIBUTION OF NATIONAL INCOME One of the greatest problems facing the development of our economy is concentration of income in the hands of a few privileged ones. In the Middle Ages, savings were converted into gold, silver, jewels, and precious metals. In later stages, savings were invested in huge purchase of land and buildings. However, tourism prevented national income being cornered by a few. Tourism created new opportunities of investment, It makes savings to be spent on travel, cruises, art visits or to health resorts, visits to international sports events, conventions, festivals, exhibitions, etc. It all leads to redistribution of income which increases employment opportunities. As a consequence, it results in the development of neglected areas. 221.13. 1. REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT ‘An important domestic effect of tourism is the regional development. There are under-developed regions of the country, which are isolated, having problems of unemployment and poverty and the lands may not be very fertile. These areas may not be suitable for any major economic venture. But these areas, if tourism is promoted, it can bring in a lot of prosperity to the local people. Tourism development in this region may become a significant factor in redressing regional in balances in employment and income. Developed as well as developing countries have realized this aspect of tourism development and are creating and developing tourism facilities in underdeveloped regions with a view to bringing prosperity there. Khajuraho, which is now an internationally famous tourist spot, is an example of one such region. Once, it was a remote and unknown small village. Now, thousands of tourists visit this place to see the architectural beauty of temples and erotic sculptures. The area around Khajuraho is now pulsating with life. The place has provided employment to hundreds of local people in hotels, shops, etc. There are a number of clay-model firms, devoted to making replica of the famous temple sculptures. A number of shops dealing with items of handlooms and handicrafts have created jobs for many. As a result, local people earn income which has resulted in their prosperity. Like Khajuraho, there are many places in India, .shich are developed through tourism. Almost all pilgrim / 23historic centers like Mamallapuram, Ellora, Rameswaram, Gokarna in Karnataka, and Goa come under this category. 1.13.2. INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT Development and improvement of infrastructure is another important benefit of tourism. The benefits from infrastructure investments made primarily for tourism, such as investment in the development of airports, roads, water supply and other public facilities, may be widely shared by other sectors of the economy, In addition to development of new infrastructure, improvements and upgradation in the existing infrastructure, which are undertaken in order to attract tourists, are also of crucial importance. These improvements would also confer benefits upon the resident population by providing them with amenities which, hitherto, they had not enjoyed. Further, provision infrastructure may provide the basis or serve as an encouragement for promotion of a variety of secondary industries, which may not instantly serve the needs of tourism. 1.13.3. TOURISM INCOME MULTIPLIER Tourism as a source of income is not easy to measure, at least with any degree of accuracy. This is because of the multiplier effect. The flow of money generated by tourist spending multiplies through operation of the multiplier effect ‘as money spent passes through various sections of the economy. The nature of tourism multiplier and its effect may be described as follows: the money paid by a tourist in paying Lis hotel bill will be used by the hotel management to provide for the costs which it had incurred in meeting the demand of the tourist, ¢.g., such 24goods and services as food, drink, furnishings, electricity, laundering and entertainment, The recipients, in turn, use the income they have thus received to meet their financial commitments and so on. In other words, tourist expenditure not only supports the tourist industry directly, but helps indirectly to support many other industries down stream which supply goods and services to the tourist industry. In this way, money spent by the tourists may be said to be used several times over and to spread into various sectors of the economy. In sum, the money paid by the tourists, after a long series of transfers over a given period of time, passes through all sectors of the economy, stimulating each of them in turn, Every time money changes hands, it provides ‘new” income and the continuing series or conversions of money spent by tourists turn out what the economist’s term as the multiplier effect. The more often such conversion occurs, the greater is the beneficial effect to the economy of the recipient country. This transfer of money, however, is not absolute, as there is ‘leakage’. These leakages may occur as a result of importing foreign goods, paying interest on foreign investments, etc. Leakages of these kinds will reduce the stream of net expenditure, which in consequence, will limit and reduce the multiplier effect. 1.14. ROLE OF TOURISM IN NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT Tourism can play an important, pioneering and effective role in achieving the growth target set out for the nation. One of the primary objectives of tourism development in India is to accelerate economic growth significantly, so as to meeta series of socio-economic imperatives that are unique to India. This section presents the potential contribution that tourism can make to nation-building, 1.14.1, ECONMIC BENEFITS 1. Tourism is one of the economic sectors in India that has the capacity to help in the maximization of productivity of our country’s enormous natural, human and technological assets and resources. It has the capacity to capitalize on the country’s success in the services sector and provide sustainable economic growth over longer term. 2. Tourism is recognized as having the potential to stimulate most economic sectors through its tremendous backward and forward linkages and cross-sectoral synergies. Its most apparent benefits are spread across the entire retail trade and, in particular, in a variety of cottage industries, handicrafts, art and agriculture. Its benefits in the realm of widespread national economic integration are, therefore, immeasurable. 1.14.2. SOCIO — ECONOMIC SPIN OFFS 1. Tourism can provide greatly increased revenues and incomes required to achieve a country’s central social objective of significant improvements to human well-being and to the quality of life of all our people. The economic benefits that flow into the economy through tourism in the form of increased national and state revenues, business receipts, employment, wages and salary incomes, and central, state and local tax receipts will contribute greatly towards funding Government programmes, such as eliminating poverty, providing access to basic minimum 26social services like primary education, primary healthcare, housing and improved human habitats, drinking water and sanitation. The other local community facilities are improved infra-structure, and even increased recreational opportunities. 2. Tourism development, through accelerated and sustainable economic growth, can contribute to equitable development of the country and to the removal of disparities, be they economic, social, regional (between states), or gender. By spreading the income-benefits of tourism geographically, particularly to rural areas and where other economic activities are difficult to sustain, the disparities between regions and states can be reduced. ‘Tourism’s capacity to employ women, youth, the disadvantaged and weaker sections of society, the disabled and even tribal communities, can contribute greatly to social equity and justice through true empowerment of these sections of society. 3. A primary objective of tourism is to support the country’s strategic, geopolitical and economic interests in the domain of world community. Tourism can enhance the country’s international image and prestige, strengthen its standing in international community, break down negative stereotypes, and foster greater international understanding. It therefore, forms part of the country’s economic agenda, for, it improves overall climate for foreign investment. 4, Through an understanding of the country’s heritage, tourism promotes national understanding and unity and a greater sense of national identity and national pride. It therefore, directly supports national integration, nation-building a7and nationhood. At the same time, tourism encourages pride in traditional ethnic cultures and communities. 5. Tourism provides greater awareness and appreciation of the country’s natural and cultural heritage and provides incentives for their conservation, preservation and restoration, for they are the very assets on which tourism industry is built up. Further, tourism, raises environmental consciousness, ensures a greater commitment to conservation of heritage sites, and encourages sustainable use of natural resources. It promotes quality urban environment. 6. Tourism provides an ideal medium to showcase India’s global leadership in information technology''. 1.14.3. RURAL DEVELOPMENT i. India is primarily a rural society and it is mostly from the domestic economy that demand needed to support output and accelerated economic growth can be achieved. Accordingly, the focus of development must be in rural areas, to generate widely dispersed economic activities, such as growth of entrepreneurship, local employment, personal incomes and purchasing power. Tourism development can achieve these ends. ii, Here, 95 percent of tourism businesses are in the nature of small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) and tourism, therefore, is a great supporter of entrepreneurship, cottage industries and economic diversity, particularly in rural areas. Together with employment and entrepreneurship, tourism can prevent migration from rural to urban areas.iii. Through bolstering traditional arts, crafts, events and festivals, tourism Promotes valuable cultural exchanges and enriches national heritage. iv. Tourism in India, with its wide geographic spread and its very nature as 4 multi-sector industry requiring co-ordination and synergy across a wide range of agencies, can form the perfect vehicle for achievement of the national objective of realizing partnerships between local communities, government and industry. Its Very success rides on local people’s participation in tourism development, on effective public-private partnerships, and synergistic co-operation amongst various agencies of government. Development of tourism across India in this manner would directly support the stated national objective of decentralization of. government down to the PRI level. 1.14.4, FISCAL BENEFITS The required acceleration of economic growth cannot be achieved without tapping the opportunities afforded by international economy. Tourism, as an export industry, is best placed to achieve this, by providing opportunities for earning valuable hard currency to meet imports and by reducing the imbalance in trade and payments. Its limited leakage (7 percent) makes it the most valuable it z 0 India’s contributor to India’s international trade as well as a vital ingredient to integration with global economy.1.14.5. LABOUR EFFECT a. Tourism, being labour-intensive, promotes new employment that is not only large in scale but also of a high quality, which can support a higher quality of life. b. Tourism has the capacity to stimulate widespread direct private sector investment, both domestic and foreign, as tourism is a creator of businesses, both of those directly connected to tourism and to suppliers to tourism businesses. c. Effective tourism-planning and development can make tourism more productive and valuable leading to the use of the country’s vast continental landmass, where other kinds of development programmes may be infeasible for execution. 1.15. PERIOD OF STUDY The present study has taken 1992 — 2007 as the period of reference for our research, It has chosen 1992 as the base year, because only during the Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-90) tourism got adequate weightage. with the stated intention of faster development of tourism by according to it the status of an industry. The Government of India’s “Action Plan” towards tourism was put forth only during this Plan period. In short, the Seventh Five Year Plan made an active policy intervention in the promotion of tourism. The year, 1991, was marked by the launch of New Economic Policy. Therefore, it is presumed that it will be appropriate to chose 1992 as the base year of the study. 301.16. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Tourism plays a major role in local economy in terms of its contribution to 1 “™ployment generation and foreign exchange earnings, through various avenues like attracting domestic and foreign tourists. In this context, Kancheepuram is one ¢ of the scared places for the Hindus. To match the rise of pilgrims and tourist Latrivals, the availability of facilities may not be adequately provided in proportion {0 rising number of tourists. Further, they create environmental pollution in the areas they visit due to inadequate knowledge of environment. | Also, the study focuses on the impact of tourism in regard to economics and on our ancient cultural cities and tourism spots in Kancheepuram. Tourism based activity is of economic viability of business and enterprises including TTDC. At this juncture, it is observed that tourism as an economically viable activity needs the patronage of Tamilnadu Tourism Development Cooperation and the State Government. They should take proper measures for sustainable tourism industry. So far, no comprehensive study has been found on cultural tourism in this city of Kancheepuram. 1.17. AREA OF STUDY Tourists are motivated by historical, religious, cultural, personal and natural factors. Therefore, the present study intends to select Kancheepuram, a center of historical, religious-heritage and culture as the study area. It will be more appropriate to study the success of policy intervention by the state in the F its historical, c promotion of tourism in this (town) city because of its historical, cultural an religious importance. The number of tourists has also increased over the years, 31and that may be due to active policy intervention by the state, Therefore, Kancheepuram has been chosen as the study area. 1.18. THE OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ARE; 1. To study the development of Tourism in general and Cultural Tourism in Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu. 2. To estimate the size and growth of tourist market in Kancheepuram in Tamil Nadu. 3. To assess the contribution of tourism to economic development of Kancheepuram. 4. To study problems which hamper tourist visits in Kancheepuram. 5. To suggest ways and means for improving cultural tourism as a promoter of economic development. 1.19. HYPOTHESIS The hypotheses of the study are: 1. There is a positive correlation between tourism and economic development in Kancheepuram. 2. Growth of tourism is positively related to Government's policy intervention. 3. There is a direct relationship between the inflow of tourists and the growth of tourism-based infrastructure. 4. There is a direct relationship between income status of the tourists and growth of tourism.1.20. METHODOLOGY The Methodology adopted in this study is both analytical and descriptive. The source materials followed for the study include primary and secondary source materials. Primary data were collected by personal interview method, and by getting information from the tourists, who visited Kancheepuram. As many as 500 tourists (300 tourists belong to domestic tourist segment and 200 are foreign tourists) were interviewed. The secondary source materials referred to were project reports, Government data, statistical reports, profiles of travel agencies, Census Reports and Government’s Policy Notes on tourism. In addition, the State Administrative Reports, Annual Reports of TTDC, various journals, news papers, and booklets of Central and State Governments on travel and tourism journals and books were used for our research study. 1.21. DATA ANALYSIS Primary data collected through interview schedule have been analyzed with appropriate statistical tools, like frequency distribution and percentage measures like, mean and standard deviation, ANOVA, chi square test, T-test, correlation analysis, and Duncan Multiple range test. The results obtained are given in the form of Tables. 331.22. LIMITATION OF THE STUDY ‘The research work faced various limitations of its own. It will be relevant here to mention some of the persons and categories causing these limitations. ‘They are Pilgrims, Sellers, Transport Operators, Hoteliers and Tourists, and the respondents in our study. It was very difficult to elicit relevant information from them. Secondly, lack of adequate data in existing literature on the subject has also baffled the researcher. Thirdly, the language of the tourists had also caused some difficulties to collect more information. Some times, Sellers, Hoteliers, Transport Operators and Tourists, while collecting data, were hesitant to fill up the response in the Schedule, Every time the researcher had to convince them. However, with proper rapport, the researcher could overcome the initial spell of non co-operation and proceed successfully with the exercise of data collection. 1.23, PLAN OF THE STUDY The present study consists of six chapters including /uroduction and Conclusion. In the Introduction, the emergence and growth of modem cultural tourism, its development and importance in Tamilnadu as well as in Kancheepuram have been discussed. The first chapter brings out such themes as: Meaning of Tourism, Types of Tourism, Importance of Tourism, Concept of Cultural Tourism, Objectives, Hypotheses, Methodology and the Plan of the Study,The second chapter deals with Review of Literature related to the research topic. The available studies on the research title have been classified according to various aspects of cultural tourism. The third chapter dwells upon the profile of the study area, It provides general information about Kancheepuram, covering facts like geographic location, topography, soil conditions, and tourist spots of Kancheepuram, rain fall and irrigation facilities. The general agro-economic situation of the district is also presented in this chapter. The fourth chapter discusses the growth of tourism in India, Tamil Nadu, and Kancheepuram. It deals with foreign exchange-earnings, and the pattern of flow of tourists. In the fifth chapter, an analysis of the primary data is carried out regarding the problems and perspectives of tourists, the data having been collected with the help of structured questionnaire. The final chapter contains Policy Recommendations and Conclusion. In this chapter, some suggestions have also been made for a higher growth - oriented development of cultural tourism in Kancheepuram. This may ultimately help the growth in the economic development of Kancheepuram regionREFERENCES Annual Report of India Tourism 2004-2005. Government of India.New Delhi, Pil v Kathy Rooney, Encarta World English Dictionary, Macmillan, London, 1999, Pp.459 - 462 . Lavkush Mishra, Cultural Tourism in India , Mothi, Publications New Delhi, Pp. 266-267 Pran Nath Seth, An Introduction to Travel and Tourism, Stet Delhi, 2000, P.43. Arun Kumar Sarkar and Prem Nath Dhar (eds.), op. cit, P.76. Lavkush Mishra, Cultural Tourism in India , Mothi Publications, New Delhi. Pp. 153-158. % Kunal Chattopadhya, Economic Impact of Tourism Development ~ An Indian Experience, Kanishka Publishers, Delhi, 1995.P.26. s 1g Publishers, ae +. George Young, Tourism — Blessing or Bright, Harmondsworth, England, Penguin, 1973, P.130. 4. Central Statistical Organisation (CSO), Enterprises, Survey 1983 ~ 84, Ministry of Tourism, Government of India. Pp.75 ~ 76. 10. Steve Davis, IFTRAC: Tourism World, An Insight into Contemporary Tourism Development, V.K.N. Panicker Publishers, Thiruvananthapuram, Vol-I Issue-3 April-May 2008. P.36. 11. Xavier.S, Cultural Tourism and Social Harmony in India, Third Concept, An International Journal of Ideas, July 2008, Pp.45-48. 36