0620 IGCSE

CHEMISTRY NOTES
CATTAYSTU D I E S
 It STATES OF MATTER :
CATTAYSTU D I E S

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Definite volume Indefinite shape
• •

volume &

oxqmpgegged.takeshapeofthecontai.tl
compressed compressed
•

°"""d°^""°f
|"""""""""""d|°"""""°""°"""d|""""""
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www.geg.gmpggyugq.ging.gg#0OO0Ome-tingi.0o&&f&g
Posi⇐
a) fixed container
b) container
stretchy

⑦ /
UD
box 00
00
>

Descn.be#wnianmotion- 00000
things
00000 freezing
00000 ⑧§@ ☐ go
aipfb I
"energyisabsorbedtooquick1yt#meHingdoesntoccuF physical
ST
Defsi Changes of state -

1 1

Descn.be#-heeffecto-moeuarf
mass is
" conserved reversible

Contraction -
AY
÷?I÷
Ttempt kinetic
energy tspeed O_O

ftp.sionsf
Holliston

:^*
TT

,+|
"

↳ Particles
because
in

they
liquids
are
and gases more

bombarded by other
randomly
↳ "

net movement of particles

CA

"

moving particles - evidence for kinetic from an area of higher

particle theory
concentration to an area of
* *
⇐ e.
•

µ," grains .name . www.n.nn.on.asar.su

←
graphite / toothpaste of their random movement
•

suspended
[
←
in water
← T molecular

_
mass

✗ rate of diffusion

-
?⃝
21 MEASUREMENTS : CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
""""""""""""""
/
ÉÉ•÷÷÷É÷÷÷÷÷
""""""""""
( It
a) time

b)
temperature '
on"

① 6) C)

IES
.

i:/ T.ic.my#-j=- -
Mass :
Balance Volume :
cylinder

UD
pipette.ci/Iinder-
burette
measuring
-

ST
AY
TT
CA
 2-2 PURITY : CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
"
""
" " " "" "" "" " " " " " " " "" " " " " " " " " "" " ""
" " "

I /
\
I
a)
chromatography
b) Rf value " "

solute pure sample substance that dissolves a solute

g. went

1 g- "
substance +nata ,.me,
give, spot

f-f
d)
"

locating agents in a solvent

ÑÉÑÑÉÑÑdÑÉÑÉ"

IES
" distance travelled by the solvent
-

Beaker

www.t

otacgam?|
①
murmur chromatography paper
what is the
blstationaryphrasel
stationary phase colourless components pencil
b) mobile phase / €- baseline

-sage- ex .
V.V lamps - solvent → ImobikphaI

UD
I
hefvaulaHfi± "
Binds with the components of the mixture and form coloured products
"

×amgenta|
IPuresubstan#
"
compound
"

a
single element or

ST
How will pure sample & Impurities will
many spots a exact
melting
-

]
?
chromatogram boiling points melting point
}
make on a
+ range of temp

("*"°tmtf
✗
boiling point will boil /melt
sample

c)
* "" "" +
"
a) melting point for foodstuff &
drugs
AY
b) boiling point

range of temps

f.Descn.be/-heimportanceofpun#-
for drugs and foodstuff
TT
CA
?⃝
 2.2.2 METHODS OF PURIFICATION :
CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
""""""
highspeeds.yy.am/.. . . .y-,
"
"" "" " " ""
"
""" " " " " " " " " " " " " "" " " " " "" "
"
of :

" "
a) filtration paper Filter
Decanting -

tpo①ng off the solution

b) decanting Resi
↳pqµ tunnel
↳ solids w
heavy particles
c)
centrifugation

IES
d)
"

crystallisation centrifugation -

centrifuge ☐pintest tubes

e) around at
fractional distillation
um, ,,, , ,µ , ,
"

bottom where it is /de①td

"
a) solution
"

crystallisation
-

separates solutions into solutes and solvents

|
/

UD
b) solute / I
" " dissolved solid " "
liquid that dissolves
solid dissolved
t_ insolvent
" the solute
"

evaporate
T

FFthermmewused.nl
⑦ ⑦
① ②

simpkdistillah.cn?-mmnmT
ST
crystals
Heat

" "
Distillation -
Fractional Distillation -

separates a mixture with different boiling points

↳ ex
I -
crude oil

µTa.)
AY
simple distillation

I
separates 2 liquids
"
with different
" →→
boiling points
→

y.gg#.y-therm0meter-makesurehighestb.pis
TT

NOT exceeded my ,

Distillation OUT Frigging

µ, →
a
CA

¥i¥
→
" " "" IN /
T
0

"" "

,
YE
?⃝
 3.1 ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND THE PERIODIC TABLE :
CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
- -

÷
-
-

e-
,

s' _omiµ
Éahagad ElectronfKINegat.ve/Nudeusiy. . . .eIo.
"

/
I
'

•• a- Protons

approximate relative masses of

•• .

Neutrons
} Nucleons

Proton 1 Positive G) e- electrons

;m;;;;÷;;;"
" " " " ""
"

/
oftp-FDAND.me#TsinthenucIensb)nucleonnumber/ Mg
"" e :

Itano

IES
"

a) Nucleon number
proton number
-

T-henumberoteewns.se/
" "
Proton number no often the nucleus of an atom
12 -
-
.

↳ atomic number

mmmm

|ta÷/
{ÑÉÑtons= }

UD
Describe the structure of the No . of electrons
mur mur
first 20 atoms of the periodic

IDefineso-t pes-Ilwhat retwotypesofisot pesl.y)

Doisotopesofthesameekment
have the same

t-xplainyouranswer-Descn.be
chemical properties?
AY
ST
ia
acn) :

"
a) medical use Isotopes
-

atoms of the SAM-teementwhichhavetheSA-MEIprldn.ba/-aD1FFER-ENT

[
Me
"
b) industrial
TT

use .

Isotopes
SAME properties / \

/ |
Describe the properties of noble blame no .
often in outer shell radioactive non -

radioactive

oak /
CA

Noble gases full outer shell

:
medical :
kill cancer cells
↳ inert & unreactive industrial :
smoke detectors

control thickness of paper

321 BONDING THE STRUCTURE OF MATTER:
:
CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
⑦
"|
" "
"" " "" " " " " "" "" " "" "" """ " P""""""""
"

"
"
a) atom Element -

Group of atoms that share the SAME no .

of Ip s
b) femiaybndd
"
element compound -
two or more elements together
" "
c) compound Mixture -
two or more elements IÑOD chemically bonded together

d/ lmixturewherearemetalsandnon.net#

IES
located on the periodic table ?

|b)nm-meta
Describe the properties of :

a) metals

UD
LDeline.at#foi/ EnaIesof-METALSNfMETALy large

ST
conduct

Malleable &

ShinyiDF±
AY atomic

heat
radius
&

ductile
electricity
smaller atomic radius

do NOT

Brittle
conduct heat & electricity

" "
Alloy -

mixture of metals with other elements

↳ ex .
brass & steel
TT
CA
3.2.2 IONS AND IONIC BONDS :
CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
,,a
"
""" Ñ→" " " "" " "" " " "" " " " " "
" "" " ""°"
"
a)
"
ions tonic
Bonding
-

metal and n☒eta bond together

b) ionic
bonding
c) cations cations -
"

Ñy charged ions formed when a m ion electrons

, , ,
group ,

IES
neg charged
"
Anions -

ions formed when a Theta ion Jabs electrons

|Drwuadotaiagam|
↳ 7
group
fheandLithUm positive ions Negative ions

Dot and cross Diagram : ( anions)

fDescn.be/-hestmctureofanionic-f
I
• ✗× ✗✗
lattice ✗

UD
•

/Describeandexplainthe)
pnperlies-fim.com
• ,

xx
• ✗

xx
-

Ionic lattice

ST
. cations -

¥¥IFj
• anions
.
lai structures

↳
① strong electrostatic

ones between
0+-00+-0
lopposite.li/chargediond#--t.*E.H*
AY
Property Explanation
TT

10ns free to HD -

charges can flow

when Ii①d(molten

÷µnomÉ,⑦&⑦""atow÷
OR
aqueous )
CA

Brittle

|lowvolatilif
 3.2.3 MOLECULES AND COVALENT BONDS : CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
|De covalent bonds -
"
/
form when two n ta atoms share fairyof electrons
"

✗ ✗ . . . .

0
.

0
:⑦ : : :
I
° .
¥ N
cross
diagrams for :

a) single covalent bond

IES
✗ ✗ . . . . . .
b) double covalent bond
SINGLE covalent bond DOUBLE covalent bond TRIPLE covalent bond

Describe the
weak intermolecular forces
a) intermolecular forces
b) intramolecular forces

UD
ofcoralentbond_s@strongcoralentbondfDescn.be
propertiesofcoralenl-compoundsfi.jp#ExpaiF
and explain the ( intramolecular force)

ST
I[,,n"""""""""""""
"" " °"" " " "
☐ " " "" " "

:::=
AY
bigwigs at

water

itlighvolatf.tt
TT

,
CA
?⃝
 3.2-4 MACROMOLECULES :
CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
"""°""°"|
DIAMOND GRAPHITE

III._•[••[•
•
structures of :

a) diamond
o_O •É¥←
b) graphite

THY EÉEÉÉÉ °

E×
THE,¥¥EÉ

IES
⑦dsiliconclbox.de/eacFaFite#
Describe the properties of o

¥T¥€ #
:

a) diamond o
b)
graphite

a| n ua-e.a|n.am?Noae. sea ieaonsHm]-

4 3

UD
joined to -

""" " "" ""

ftp.y#ovagovaentbonds
Yes

☐%%Id""m"?"☒÷É
Able to be scratched be easily scratched

ST
☒ ae.a.eae.no .

drift along layers when a

HardoRsoft?☒voHageisapp1&
☒ layers e easily -

can
AY
↳ weak bonds

AFtGatayfhag
↳ held by weak intermolecular

t.ofvsesutfgolubncarfeadsih.com
TT

gf-Q.gg of-0g f-Qo

. silicon "
( IV ) oxide -
similar to diamond oxide

000
↳ hard☐
%noɥ
'
° ' f ' oxygen
oo
•

Kot oo
CA

T
energy needed ,
9-4 if og
-
to overcome

É%
,
•

i
-

of ¥0-0€
o ☐
•

each dePbdto 4-02

↳
°o°;iɵ,
"
"
each 0-2 bonded to -25
¥4 o
'
' '
'

I OO -

of-0
¥0 ¥
?⃝
 3.2.5 METALLIC BONDING :
CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
/|D
Metallic
bonding
-

la of poe ions in a
'

sea of
'
electrons

of

}
Describe the
properties
metallic bonding layers
0

IES
Ide localised
electrons

④ 0 0
positive metal ion

UD
;[mail.bytenergyneededtoovercomestrongfof.nl
÷t""
;bP[a"n%"nammerdmtofsnape-i""" axer÷_
"" " " "" " " ""

Conduct heat transfer heat

'

brate →

ST
AY can be drawn into thin wires
TT
CA
?⃝?⃝?⃝
?⃝?⃝
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?⃝
 4.1 STOICHIOMETRY :
CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
Descn.be#-hemethodowwkf
Formula of ionic compound :
ex .
lithium oxide ex -
aluminium hydroxide
out the formula of ionic ① write elements with charges ① Li ① A

② ② Liz 01 ② Al ,
'
(01-1)}
swap charges
③ "" " " " " " " ③ "° ③ " " ""

|
For each , state the formula :

"""Ñ"""
/ | f)÷|

IES
" " " "" " ""

b) carbonate NHÉ It solid (s )

"

" " "" " " " " """" " " " " id ' "
"

d) hydrogen carbonate hydroxide on ,

gas (g)
-

, m.gg, nygnge.n.a.gg ,, µ ,g , , .

, ,µ, ,µ , µ, , .

UD
sniff

lstatethe4state.si/Mbo#- Relative atomic mass Ar -

"

crates of naturally occurring atoms of an element

(b)a)reIativemolecuIarmassl
Define : on a scale where the atom has a mass of exactly
"
relative atomic mass Ar b. units

ST
" "
Relative molecular
AY mass Mr -

sum of the relative atomic masses

TT
CA
42 THE MOLE CONCEPT: CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
b)Avconstant|
" "
"
Define : Mole -

approximately 6-02×10 atoms or molecules

I
Avogardo constant

|1moIeoccupiesawIumeof24dm(240OOcm)atroomtemp&p
ressur÷
|Howmuchesamole|

IES
mnmmmmmm.mn

Give the equations

the number of moles for a
to work out

:
{ no

murmur
.
of moles =
Eth"
24 } { moles

murmur
=

maM[I }
~~~mass(gT
volume(dm {
mmmnmmmm

}
a) gas
b) aqueous solution
{ concentration Cgldm )
}
=
moles -_
}
conclmolldm ) ✗ volume (dms

UD
c) solid murmur

www.wuGI-heet#twwmtf
-

" "

Empirical Formula -

simplest whole number ratio of atoms in the molecule

↳ steps : ex .

2.4g carbon &

0.8g Hydrogen
① write symbols ① C H

Deempina ② Mass ② 2.4g 0.8g

ST
③ Moles ③ 2¥ 02 -_ = 08

betheÉt|
④ Mole Ratio :
÷
by smallest mole ④ 8¥ -_ I E÷=4
the empirical formula ⑤ Empirical formula ⑤ CH4
=

(entagp
a)
mm~aÑaÑeÑm~
AY
{ }
Give the equations for :

✗ 100%
percentage yield Percentage Yield =

thread
mu~~ww-

www.niassmfpipioductmm
{ Percentage 00%
Purity
✗'
}
TT

Émppd
=

murmurs
CA
51 ELECTRICITY AND CHEMISTRY :
CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
Defsi Electrolysis -
"
breakdown of an iT , molten or in
ages solution by ,
the

passage of eKy
"

/
statethetwomnemomicsto
/ help you remember the process of OIL RIG

PANIC -
-

Oxidation Is toss Reduction Is Gain

Iositive is 1- node Negative Is fathode

IES
/
Negative electrode ( cathode )
↳
a) cathode metals -1 hydrogen
Positive electrode (anode )
↳ non -
metals

Describeelectrolysisofanaqueous
in_ )

UD
Molten -
2 ions of the salt
OH & Ht
-

Aqueous -
2 ions of the salt + ions

,µ,,,g.a m/
DT.be/-heetemysisof: ↳ cathode : Based on reactivitysen.es
↳
a) molten lead bromide + reactivity =
discharged
b) concentrated hydrochloric Anode
:t =
discharged
IF no
halogen discharged

ST
acid OH
-

, an ,nµaµ,
ague ,

s"""""
.oud.wiugmac.ahnlo.n.dne""""""""""°#
clzl-2e.aoidma.g.n.a"""° /.Tpba"•-P""""=
I.2gH.m+tg2#e-Dtekqs,nygbfe/,w.,h.,y.e. af
chloride ( brine ) At cathode At anode

, ,, , ya , ,,m ,
Br, -12 e-
-

2 Br →

DlaHngL
AY
concentrated Hydrochloric Hydrogen -
colourless gas
21-1++2 e- → H2
-

2CL →

⇐ concentrated aqueous
2cL
-

→
clz + 2 e-

,
TT

µ , .ge.

Descn.be/-heeffectsofdiluHT
t→44
the products produced
"

Electroplating wing one metal with a

-

(
"

thin layer of another metal

CA

cathode
(
) improve appearance / prevent corrosion

Dilution
↳ excess 01-1
-

ions in dilute solution

↳ Oz
discharged at anode .
?⃝
?⃝
5.12 ELECTRICITY AND CHEMISTRY :
CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
ysifaqupp
what are the electrodes from the Aqueous copper sulphate > ex carbon OR platinum
f
-

↳ electro lysed
using inert electrodes

sulphate made of ?

Copper Refining :
copper electrodes used copper used in electrical wiring
-

whatarecopperusedfof

IES
① anode : copper atoms lose electrons go into
-

ibfpp copper ( ll )
solution as ions

>+
Cu (a 2é
refining +
→

② cult attract to cathode

ions forming copper

i
>+ atoms
cu 2 e- → cu
.

Describe a use of steel core +

③ of pure copper form cathode

aluminium and describe its layer on

UD
④ impurities drop to bottom as anode slime

Detnyif Extracting aluminium :

aluminium
°
Csore) aluminium used in overheadpowercab£
↳ ✓ conductor of
electricity

chlwide(bn
tde light

ST
Describe the electrolysis of
=

aqueous concentrated sodium

"

÷
""
aluminiumoxide

(bñ
" " "" "" """ " ② aluminium oxide d in molten cryolite
↳
AY
concentrated sodium temp + heat energy T
of aqueous = =
conductivity
③ cathode :
Al
"
-1 3 e- → At Credun)
.

④ oxygen formed at anode reacts with car④

C -10, → coz
TT

÷ anodes ① away -

regularly

Electrolysis of aqueous concentrated sodium chloride (brine) :

CA

-1
Nat H OH
-

C1
-

ions
present :
, , .

Cathode : 21-1++2 e-→ Hz

-

Anode 2cL C12-1ZE

-

: →

Product : NaOH

§d"°"""
'

chlorine PVC ,
solvents , water purification

sodiumsoap-detergents.de
Hydroxide
5.1.3 ELECTRICITY AND CHEMISTRY :
CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
Dei Voltaic cell -
"
an electrochemical cell
"
where chemical energy is transferred into electrical

energy

Describehowvoltaiccellsgenerates.im pie cells :

T reactive T
a
voltage =

tendency to lose electrons

Descn.be#hTpesofbattenes

IES
To reactivity = A voltage

eofabatt
Give the formula to calculate the Batteries

/ \
non -

rechargeable rechargeable
↳ once 1 reactant used ↳ external electric current

UD
up , battery dies re reaction

mnnmmmmmmmmrmnmnnmn

{voltage of
m u r m u r- m u m
a
battery =
{ voltages of individual cell components }

ST
AY
TT
CA
6.1 ENERGETICS OF A REACTION :
CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
D:
" "
Exothermic -
reaction that IN heat energy and is accompanied by a ten-pin
a) exothermic ↳ bonds forming
b) endothermic
-

ex . combustion, respiration , neutralisation , metal displacement TE±o =

Exit
]

tempdecrea
"
Endothermic -
reaction that take heat energy and is accompanied by a

IES
a) exothermic bonds breaking
b) endothermic ex electrolysis photosynthesis thermal decomposition cracking
-

,
.

, ,

[ required
"

minimum energy for a reaction to take

place

: : : ""
IF:*

ɧ f-
✗
a) exothermic Ps

E)

UD
☐

" " " "s ☐

IF °E

:i:÷÷
Define
products reactants

ST
-

EXOTHERMIC ENDOTHERMIC

Describe the bond enthalpy for

"

a) exothermic Enthalpy change difference in in KJ 1m01 between reactants and products

energy
-

↳ SH
b) endothermic
AY
reactions Exothermic =
negative C- AH )
Endothermic positive (-101-1)
=

Definebondenergy
"

"

Bond Energy amount of energy in KJ /not that is needed to break 1 mole of a bond
-

Descn.be/-hestfpsoamalsteps:-
TT

the energy of reaction ① balance equation

using
{treactants-sproducb.MY
a

bond energies ② calculate no . of bonds

mur mur
③ { reactants { products
-
CA

Ex .
Show that the combustion of methane is exothermic

|=0496kJlm
CH4 -1202 →
coz -121-1<0
6=0 740kt / not ② 4 ✗ C- H :
4×410 : 1640 KJ /MO1 2XC -0 :
2×740 : 1480 KJIMOI

992k] /not 4×0 H 4×460 1840k] / not

C- H 410k] /not 2×496
:

2×0=0
- :
: :

{ products 3320 KJ / not

O-H460kJ/M { reactants 2632kt /not
=
=

③ ggzz -3320 =
-688 KJ/M01

OH
negative :
exothermic
62 ENERGY TRANSFER :
CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
eu
"
Define : Fuels -

contain stored chemical that is released mainly , in the form of (and

(
"
a) fuel sometimes i☒ when co ( burned)
ex .

hydrogen
↳

fadv.oabundantdis.tt/ammaFfGifanexampeo-ameand onocarbonemissionf.SI#9PNbkM

IES
describe the
advantages and
"

disadvantages Fuel cell -

electromagnetic cell that converts

(
"
chemical energy from fuel into electricity

DescydMeniuda
1
hydrogen fuel cell

fuel to
↳ hydrogen react with oxygen
a
generate electricity
to
generate electricity

DescribeanexampIe

UD
radioactive isotope Radioactive Isotopes :

↳ 235
U -

uranium -235

↳ nuclear fuel
↳
generate electricity

ST
AY
TT
CA
7. 1 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES : CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
DTiahag Physical changes -
"

changes in matter that do not alter the chemical properties of the matter
"

↳ reversible

Definechemicalchang⑦ " "

Chemical change that alters the substance during the process of
change a a chemical reaction
-

D¥thwhmia ↳ evidence colour change b products are different to reactants

: •

IES
temperature
•

effervescence
•

•
odour

UD
ST
AY
TT
CA
 72 RATES OF REACTION : CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
"""""""""" ;÷;;÷÷:;;*i:F"
"

.mn#e.=,.n.es a., a.a.en+a.isims/ =,.a,.eDescribetTangeBfexpsiK

" """ " "

":.=-
" " " " "" ""

EY.my/Yonc--Tho.ofparticIes--Tsuccesstu/fMque#nisims
b) particle size
concentration Time .
= T rate

c)
=
Irate
temperature
d) catalyst

IES
on +aerate * • * on temperature temp = , .at , *mp=*,

reactions ,a+a,yg,,a,a,ygy=,,a+eTtemp=Tpartideswithenergy>actirat
menergy=Tr-
catalyst = to activation
energy = Irate

ilex.enzyme

pescribehowthewlumeofgfpnd.ua

UD
d can be measured ? Explosive Reactions :

explosive combustion w fine powders (ex . flour dusts in flour milk)

staHals
TSA =
T rate of combustion : .

spark =
explodes

average rate of reaction °

methane gas in coal mines

↳ T flammable so at Time , can form an explosive mixture

Describephotochemicalreaaionsf

ST
"" "" " " " "" " " "" " " "
""
talent

eHemHotami
light and its Inverted measuring
Explain the role of has syringe :
cylinder :

E-
photochemical reactions .

a-
slows down
☒Fi""I 1
gas syringe
cylinder

⑤ ②
AY
ÉE Fastest rate
excess

Gifpnoñ-
hydrochloric
steepest gradient acid

-&-
-

_-Magnesium
water -

reactions
time Is )

Describephotosynthesiskni.IS
ya µ, www..gg,
,,y www..gg .
TT

, ,,µ , ,,m .
.
. . .ae , ,µ.ua ,
) totalti.me/akI
u m m m mw x

tqMex
Describe the use of silver salts in provides sufficient energy to
/ overcome activation energy
photographic films and state Photochemical reactions : take place only in the presence of light
& break bonds

④
"
1- &
Photosynthesis reaction between in the
↳
:
CA

more particles have

presence of yu and unlike to produce energy > activation energy

whatdLT.mu? and o"

= Irate

piM?
" "

what are the colours seen on a EX2 -

silver salts in
photographic film :
process of reduction of silver ions to silver when light shines

h Agt G) + e- →
Ages )
film coated with gel containing
silver deposits black colour
photographic silver halides
- -

closed area -
white colour
?⃝
7-3 REVERSIBLE REACTIONS : CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
HcWmiao
be reversed ?
some chemical reactions

\
can be reversed by changing the reaction conditions

& symbol for rerersiblereaction

÷s symbol for / \
Draw the reversible

EX1 Copper (A) sulfate Cobalt ( ll )

-

.
,✗ 2 .
chloride

IES
yyggyau.gg? ¥ÉÉÉ"aMdrmsapp |
cock.tt/z0cs)Tt-CoClzCs)t6HaT
/
'
heat

Describe the effects of Also4. 5h20 6)

¥+7 CU50 4CS ) -15420 ( t )
water
it heat ii ) water, on : ~ - -
hydrated cobalt , ,, , anhydrous cobalt , " ,
a) copper ( ll ) sulfate sulfate sulfate chloride chloride
gym,, go , ,g ,

gg.nyggy.gygggueggy.gg/Dehfquihbrium

UD
LEFT
"
-
when the rate of the forward equation is to the rate of the backwards

reaction at this point where there is no change in the proportion of reactants

""""""""" I:÷
"
"" "" " " "

decreasing :

::::÷÷:÷:::::::
a) concentration and i

b) / for gases)

ST
pressure concentration time of .
reactants =
equilibrium shifts to right
c) temperature
on equilibrium T pressure =
equilibrium shift to side with fewer moles

Ctorgaseslvpressureequilibriumshitttosidewithmoremoles

equilibrium
Describe the effect of a catalyst on temperature
AY
Illvtempequilibriummovetoexothermicreactionside

Catalyst :

o
speeds up rate of forward & backward reaction equally
NO shift equilibrium
TT

°
in

°
T rate -
reaches equilibrium faster
CA
7--4 REDOX :
CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
,,,mgµ,
" "
Define :
" "
Oxidation -

gain of oxygen OR loss of electrons :

oxidation state T

a) oxidation Reduction
" "
OR
" "
oxidation state to
loss of oxygen gain of
:
-

electrons

b) reduction oi
"
Redox reaction rduch.fm
"
-

both and occur

c) redox reaction

qq.mg ,,,, ,
type , ,m ,,g, ,n ampang ,

µ, ynam.gg
↳

IES
iron ( ll) ,
iron ( 111 ) ,
copper ( ll ) ,
Manganat CV1H

,ng,,au,ngq
Describe the use of :

a) potassium iodide Potassium Iodide :

b) potassium Mangan ate All) form

Reducing agent
°
-
when oxidised , brown iodine solution

to test for the presence of

pg.gg, um Mangan, guy .

UD
Deep purple oxidising agent
°

a)oxidisingage①
Define When reduced , becomes colourless
°
:

b) " "

reducing agent oxidising agent -

a substance which oxidises another substance during a redox reaction
" "
Reducing agent a substance which reduces another substance during a redox reaction
-

ST
AY
TT
CA
 8- 1 ACIDS AND BASES :
CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
,wg
Describe the pH for :

a) acids

b) alkali to f f s .
PH

OAF |§
De soluble

IES
" "

base

lndicatorcolourinaa.cl/colourinA1kali0
Dtwt
litmus red blue Use universal indicator to find PH
a) litmus meµy,aange,edye,,f
b) methyl orange

,,
in acids and alkalis

UD
beusedtDase(
neutrality , relative acidity and
::i÷:"""::::::::::::::::
::::= metal oxide / salt + water sodium hydroxide + nitric acid → sodium nitrate + water

g.
www.yng.e.mg , pµ , carbonate salt + water -1 calcium carbonate + nitric acid → calcium nitrate + water + carbon
a

;:÷;"""""am
product (and

ST
state the write the

icaoid→potassiumnitrate+wate€
/ ["m[[,um⑨t+waterp%fa%iumnydmide+ni )
acid reacts with Product
equation ) when an a :

a) metal acid

salt-water -1 calcium ammonium calcium

+ → + water + ammonia

saltsammoniahydnxidechloridechlorfnaming-at.com
ammonia )
AY
in soil :
trolling acidity

Dammonium ;[; µm,µ%--

:": :"÷÷÷..: : :|
"" " too acidic for crops to grow
product ( and write the "" rain soil is
°

state the .

nitric nitrates b neutralise soil using limestone (calcium carbonate )

equation ) when
:
a base reacts with an :

a) acid
TT

Describewhyaciditymu
ocontainhydrogenimsocontainhydnxideistm.tt
controlled in the soil
CA

"" "" t↳ " "" " "" " " ""

" " " "" " "" " " " "

µbeÉgad
weak acids and bases
aqueous solutions aqueous solutions

weak acids :
pTior dissociated in weak alkalis
:pTid or dissociated

b) I
,CHzCOOHlaq)=Ht(aq)+CH}l00Taq,|NHy0H(aq)INHii(aq)tOH_C
Define :
aqueous solutions in aqueous solutions
a) acid f ,

Acids
"
1-1+-1
-

"
-

proton donors Neutralisation : OH → H20

TtmiaM13ases -
"

proton acceptors
"
?⃝
?⃝
8.2 TYPES OF OXIDES :
CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
,,,,,
Define : Basic oxides : Acidic oxides :

a) basic oxides °
metal reacts with 0, to form basic oxides .
°
non metal -
reacts with Oz to form acidic oxides .

sulfur dioxide 502

°

b) acidic oxides
°
ex .

Magnesium oxide MgO ex .

c) amphoteric oxides calcium oxide Cao carbon dioxide coz

app, , , , , ,, , gu , m.mg, ,, , µ,

IES
°
baiTd→attwat °

acidicoxides+base→salt+watf

m,,,,
Give examples for :

a) basic oxides Amphoteric oxides : Neutral oxides :

b) acidic oxides
°
☒ acidic and basic
°

ne acidic nor basic

c) (0
°
aluminium oxide AK0} Carbon monoxide
amphote.nl
°
oxides ex .
ex .

, ,n , ,,, , ,, g.no n, , , man, , , µ,

UD
Amphoteri-ides-aidbase-sat-T-eivatertlzOCMPQ-wmwingequa.ms
°

a) basic oxide + acid →

b) acidic oxide -1 base → Transition metal compound colour of solid

c) amphoten.ca/ide+acid/base- Copper (A) sulfate Blue

copper ( IN carbonate

ST
Green

Give the colour of :

copper CH oxide Black

at
copper 1111 sulfate Manganese IN ) oxide Black

b) copper ( ll ) carbonate Iron 1111 salts Pale green

c) Iron CHI) salts
copper 1111 oxide Brown or
orange
AY
d) Manganese IN ) oxide

e) Iron 1111 salts

f) Iron 1111) salts
TT
CA
 8.3.1 PREPARATION OF SALTS : CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
bebases
Outline a method to obtain soluble Preparing soluble salts from insoluble bases ( meta! , metal oxide , metal carbonate )

;a#
salts from : ① ☒ acid IT speed of reaction )
" " no
a) insoluble bases ② Add of reactant + ☒ Filter
annum -

Beaker
paper
③ F mixture a

Residue -
Internet
④ Transfer evaporatingbasin

⑥ ¥§[ hÉ
to

b)i

IES
/ ✗
list the salts that are : ⑤ Heat using beef Tripod

a) soluble ⑥ leave to cool until crystallisation point

☐
Bunsen

⑦ Fifa burner
Filtrate

⑧ Dys on filter paper

y

Preparing soluble salts from soluble bases (metal hydroxide OR alkali )

UD
① Tne using ←Titt

coni;,nHa
place of acid into a

② ind ( e.g phenolphthalein )

Add
Evaporating
.

f
③ Ti: add alkali using b -

Burette
-
-
until t has reached

:#§ I
Acid
④ Record of alkali added
;
If
⑤ withoutindi.cat#

ST
Repeat Base -

pink
⑥ Transfer toevapaisf.nu É☒ Bunsen

⑦ Heat with IT ⑦ HH- conical

Flask
⑧ leave to cool until crystallisation point
⑨
fiHeroryst①

Solublelnsoluble①t#
AY
④
D⑤ta on filter paper

""""IÉinmaiiaiµ
ALLammonium,sodium&potassiumsaIbNof
TT

aryaucnim.ae .
bromide & iodide salts

lead chloride

Nearlyallsulfatesbariumsulfateicakiumsulfalelleadsulff.tn
monium , sodium & potassium carbonate salts Most carbonates
CA

#
Ammoniumsodiumlpotassiumhydnxidesaltsrlosthydroxi
?⃝
?⃝
8-3-2 PREPARATION OF SALTS :
CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
efifipit.at Precipitate -
"

insoluble solid that forms during a chemical reaction

"

a paper
-

insolubI÷
""
Outline a method to prepare Preparing insoluble salts : Precipitation "

① M two soluble salts

② F to remove precipitate

eachmethodshouldbeu

IES
Draw a flow chart to summarize ③ " wii-naisnue.ae -

Filtrate

the preparation of salts and when ④ leave to precipitate X-D

""""""→""""""""""
.my?. ,. . . ./
to & wash dry

UD
SOLUBLE

+
Does metal react with
→ →
safe ? → → Add excess solid
dilute acids ?

I
1 NO
① ( cu A9 AU1
, 1NA K)

ST
, .

•
add excess metal
is the metal oxide /carbonate
→ ① → oxide /carbonate
soluble in water ? . . .. .

↳ y④→ Titration
AY
TT
CA ?⃝
 8.4 IDENTIFICATION OF IONS AND GASES :
CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
,µaume ::::÷::÷:::::::
Describe the test result upon the
" """

÷:::÷;
" " " " "" " """ ""

) aqueous ammonia
ii aluminium (Al " )
hydroxide on: white ppt ,
soluble in excess
, giving white ppt ,
insoluble in excess

""" " "

b) ammonium ( NH4H ammonium ( NH4H ammonia produced on warming

-

IES
" " " " "" " "" "
µ,

:::::::::::::::::::::::
::_
" "µ , " , ," "
copper e.g.eenpp.t.ins.name. ue.g.enppt.s.w.e.na.es,
f) iron ( n) (Fett ) gives a colourless solution

g) iron 1111 ) ( Fest )

( 2h2 )
"
h ) zinc 't
iron 1111 ) Fe

⇐a
= ;;;;;::"""";;;;;;;""

UD
white Ppt , soluble in excess, giving white Ppt , soluble in excess, giving

µi _÷;;::::::::
Describe the test and test result for :

a) ammonia (NH3 )

b) carbon dioxide CC0N Cations

+""""
:

::::;;;;;÷÷;;;:✗ -
""""""""=
c) chlorine V12 ) Gas :

d)
hydrogen CH21 (Lit) red

ST
ammon lithium

e)
oxygen 1021 carbon dioxide (cod turns limewater milky
potassium ,µ , µ,

g , ,µ , um , ,µ ,
.

nyan.ge , ,µ, µ µµa,gµeasµµ

hl sodium (Natt
AY
, µ , ,um,µ , µ , ,, go, µ , ,,,,,, , ,µ, .am

copper (chat )
A

"bnmi
:::::::deh
Describe the test and test result for

•É *aiwenimaaa+nenaaa"!
:
TT

amon

b) chloride CC1 I carbonatekoj-ladddiluteaa.de/-fervescence,C0zproduF

-

d) iodide (I I É aqueous
-

silver nitrate creamppt_

e) nitrate CN05 ) iodide (E)
www.mail.aauea.soa.ummao.ae/+nen*wmt-
CA

9) sulfite ( so } "
) aIuminiumfoi1;warmcarefuuy"""""Mdtf
sulfatelsoctlacidifythenaddaqueousbariumnitratewhiteppl
_

sulfite (5034 add dilute hydrochloric acid ,

warm gently sulfur dioxide produced will turn

and test for the presence of sulfur dioxide acidified aqueous potassium

manganatelvlltrompurpletocolourless
?⃝
?⃝
?⃝
?⃝
?⃝
?⃝
9. 1 THE PERIODIC TABLE :
CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
epehoditab Periodic table -
"

method of classifying and to

p the pnp of elements
"

tlowarechemic.ae/ementf
arranged in a periodic table ?

IES
UD
ST
chemical elements
arranged by their atomic number
AY
TT
CA
9- 2 PERIODIC TRENDS :
CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
%÷theposihta
NON METALS

g-
-

-
-

and non -
metals in the periodic

µp_☐☐☐[
☐ " " " " " ""

☐ ☐I
-☐

andmlthETAls
Describe the relationship between

IES
group number and period
number with electron shells

Groupnoi-no.de/ectronsinoutershT
GROUP ←

UD
Period no .
= no . of electron shells
PERIOD

I
① if
¥

⑨
He

ST
2

☒ii¥ ☒ ☒ ☒ -☒:
-

☒ ☒ ☒ ☒ ☒ ☒ ☒ ☒

③ %☒•-ii- ⑤ i-☒
AY
☒ ☒ ☒ ☒ ☒ ☒ ☒ ☒

☒
TT
CA
9.3 GROUP PROPERTIES : CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
b)g-meta
Describe and explain the Group 1 :
Alkali metals

properties of :

|
a) 1 metals group T electron shells + distance between electron & nucleus
group
= =

sodium weaker attraction ty

=
=

↳ want to LOSE an electron

"

IES
Describe the observations when

a) lithium Properties :

T
A"tµ"""
" "" "t
•
-
"" "
c) potassium •

Iowdensity Lithium Float on water -

gives off hydrogen gas

reacted with water ↳ to group = T
density Effervescence

sodiummorevigorousi-movesqui.cl#Descnbetheappearanaof:f
•

lowmeltingpa.nl#

UD
↳ to =
temp %t"ssium.lilacfIaq
group ' .

a) chlorine tin air -

react with g.
b) bromine

c) iodine Group 7 :
the Halogens -
diatomic non -
metals

Defineanddescnbedis.pl#ent chlor |
ST
group
=
T electron shells = T distance between electron & nucleus

reactions Bromine =
weaker attraction =
ty
Iodine ↳ want to GAIN an electron

/
HAppe÷
Properties :
AY
•
Iv T density chlorine Yellow / green gas
group
=

T colour darkness Bromine Brownish

orange liquid
•

group
=

,Iodine1Brown/purp1eso£ ,

removed from compound by

"

Displacement Reactions
TT

: -
less reactive element is a a more

(
"
reactive element

ex .

potassium iodide -1 chlorine →

potassium chlorine -1 iodine
CA
?⃝
9. 4 TRANSITION ELEMENTS :
CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
Dechbetf
T densities

É::;÷
transition metals .

Transition metals -

form coloured compounds

variable oxidation charges

F¥EÉ*÷¥ii

IES
"I

UD
ST
AY
TT
CA
 9.5 NOBLE GASES :
CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
Dµthpnpfb
V11
Noble gases
group OR
group 0
-

↳ unreactive
gases
•

:
•
mono atomic gases

☐"°tb °

th " outer she "

↳ inert

IES
/

Uses of noble gases : . .

☒ lamps
•
-

t filling balloons
•
-

☒ advertising
-

UD
ST
AY
TT
CA
?⃝
?⃝
10.1 PROPERTIES OF METALS :
CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
Describf-hepnper.fm/-as Properties of metals :

tb.pl Tmp malleable

•
•

"+"""""""
✓ " " " " "" " "" + " "" "
°
°

metals and ✓ conductors of

electricity
•
:

a) dilute acid

IES
b) oxygen Metals and dilute acid reaction :

µñeTaTaidETaE+ÑÑeñ
m u r m u r-
}

Dy '
ex .

magnesium + hydrochloric acid →

magnesium chloride + hydrogen

,,,,,g
Describe the
composition and Metals and oxygen reaction :

uses of :
/{nietaniixigennmmefaioii.de
w w w. u w w
> }

UD
a) steel '
ex zinc + zinc oxide
.

oxygen →

b) bronze

c) brass
" "

Alloys -

mixture of a metal with one or more elements

88%0*88.8
bethmufan %§§g§§°§&④& /°""""""+"""?"""n|
""-
0000000

ST
steel Iron + carbon bodies I construe
alloy car

①§µ0§&§§☒g@§qg@§§ 0
Brassappertzincmusicalinstn.mn#
stainless Iron -1 carbon -1 Cutlery

steetlchnmium-nic.lt
AY
✓ flexible
stronger
layers can NOT slide
TT
CA
 102 REACTIVITY SERIES :
CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
listthef.it/series
•
Potassium ① Reaction w water or steam

sodium react w water =

magnesium and above

Descnibeme-hdsoink.ge
Lithium react w steam = zinc and above

reactivity calcium ② Reaction w dilute hydrochloric acid

and above ( NOT copper)
Magnesium React with HC1 = iron

Desditranty?

IES
Aluminium ③ Reduction of oxides carbon
increasing w

(
win
carbon , IF carbon is MORE , can displace

o
Explain the apparent unreactivity zinc

iron
ex .
Larbert iron oxide → iron -1 Carton dioxide

Hydrogen Reactivity depends on how easily a metal loses electrons

aitrasiwer
↳
Define copper teasing electrons lost =
tease to form positively

UD
=Treactiv
b) thermal decomposition Gold

¥0✗id
tt
Give the word equation for a Aluminium -
does NOT react ,
↳ layer of aluminium oxide
↳
on surface
-im

ST
prevents reaction w 9

Thehigherthereactin.ly/isitmof
or less likely to
decompose ? Thermite reaction -
"

iron oxide reacts with aluminium to produce molten iron

"

↳
aluminium-ironcllboxide-iron-aluminiumoxidedescn.be
ex .

hydro✗
the reaction between
AY
compound IT
"
with Thermal
potassium / sodium :

decomposition process where a when and new

-

(
"

a) nitrates products are formed

b) carbonates T reactive =L likely to
thermally decompose

pµim"µ"y
sohu.fi?;en+; iae+#enme+axiae+arnie-wa-e
TT

,,,,
Describe the reaction between Metal nitrate = metal NO decomposition
other metals (ex calcium .
,

magnesium ) . . . with : calcium Metal nitrate = metal oxide -1 Metal carbonate = Metal hydroxide = metal

a) nitrates Magnesium
CA

b) carbonates zinc dioxide

, ,n

lead

,Copper f
?⃝
?⃝
10-3 EXTRACTION OF METALS :
CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
form of remove
impurities
↳ impurities

baseacHWyseHes
combine with

}
list which metals are extracted by : Potosi" "
limestone to form
" "" " " " Sodium " "" " "
molten slag
b) reduction with carbon "" " " " " " electrolysis
carbon

usitua
÷
:| :;:::÷;m

IES
Describe how iron is extracted

copper

}
silver NOT extracted

Descn.be#heconT-iM
road
found
-

Gold pure construction

into steel

Extracting Iron :
Blast Furnace

UD
sstdintadf Hematite-ironoxidelt-ezodtotherimpuritieqxpya.mg

|""+""→"%••⇐→o×µe|
§""
iron ? Reaction

4s)tG(g)→(q(g,^tempinblastturnaaseµ
① carbon +
oxygen → carbon dioxide

② " "" " "" " """ " " "" " " " "" """

ST
③ Iron oxide + carbon monoxide → iron -1

carbon dioxide to
pure iron

Fe , 03 CS71-3CO (g) → 2 Fell ) -1 3102 (g)

④iFabm→mabn
Most reduction by carbon monoxide
AY
Fez03(s)t3CCs)→2fe(()+zqg,,BUT'④MdUceathott⑤
monoxide

limestone -
calcium carbonate

↳ decomposes ( Coco , C02 )

TT

→
Cao +

calcium oxide reacts with silica

↳ Cao + sioz -7 Casio}

Iron into steel :

CA

↳ steel :
harder than iron
↳ ✓ construction &
engineering
iron
produced : 4- 5%
impurities
111
carbon sulfur silicon
\ / ↳ add calcium oxide
remove by adding oxygen
↳
↳ form oxides
form slag
10.3.2 EXTRACTION OF METALS :
CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
Described Extraction of Electrolysis
aluminium :

aluminium from bauxite Bauxite -

aluminium oxide ( AK0N

aluminium oxide $81s &

impratical~esn.be/yauminiumoxide
•

T temp needed to melt =

↳ : aluminium oxide is dissolved in molten cryolite

↳
dissolved molten lump of electrolyte
is in cryolite

IES
A- node
oxygen
:

Described
202 02-1 4é
-

from zinc blende

cathode : Aluminium

Descn.be#-headrantT
"
At + 3. e- → At

disadvantages of reading metals

UD
Extraction of Zinc :

Inc Blende : zinc ore (+ sulfur )

ST
zinc sulfide +
oxygen → zinc oxide + sulfur dioxide

302
[
22ns t 22h0 2502

dissolved "" " "" "

"
← b) carbon
a) Electrolysis acid reduction at T temps
"
carbon monoxide
-

aluminium cathode : Zn + 2e → 2h Zinc oxide + carbon → zinc +

AY
Reciting metals :

⑦^°""""""f""""|
/
-

"" É E×P"
TT

• •

consumption of TEST •
-

consuming
tpo from
t.energyeffia.eu/-.MUstbeco1lecKd-sorf
extraction
•
CA
10.4 USES OF METALS :
CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
Descnbetheusesandpnperh.es#Fperf
|""";;;;"""""""
④ )
of : Aluminium manufacture of aircraft low density + strength

toodcontainerscanbeshapedtresistanttoconosfbcoppe.ir
a) aluminium

c) utensils
zinc cooking

IES
µ. uan.a.in .

"apµµngpµ,

st
Describe the composition iron to
, zinc coating to steel or

properties and uses of :

zinc brass
copper , →

b) high carbon steel ↳ instruments

::F::É:::::÷
c) stainless steel

UD
Mild steel Iron + 025% carbon can be shaped easily car bodies

steel

cutlery & chemical

ST
stainless steel nickel
Iron -1 chromium +
Highly resistant to corrosion

AY
TT
CA
II. 1 WATER :
CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
DeoHsBAmt Testing for water :

coclzlst-GHZOCH-coclz.to/-h0TDescribe#pnessfTter
cobalt 111 ) chloride :

✓water = blue to pink

is treated

copper 1111 sulfate :

cusoylst-5HZOIH-cusoy.tt/z#

b)i

IES
Describe the uses of water in : ✓ water =
white to blue

a) households

Treatment of water :

① Filtration

pescribetheettec.to/-tack0t& filter large floating

°
materials

water .

through scre①

UD
°
passed through coarsegravetssand
② chlorination

°
chgas bubbled through water

↳ toxic to microorganisms = kills bacteria

ST
Uses of water :

|°d"""°"°""°""""""^[""t|
Household :
°
""" " "" ☒" " " " " "" " " "

washing dishes /clothes ↳ generate electricity

Naftali
° °

showering :
cool the reactors
AY
•
toilet flushing
°
solvent
°rawmatenf

Lack of water :
°
inadequate supply of drinking water
TT

↳ force ppl to use unclean water supplies

↳ I risk of diseases

Crops die -
to water for irrigating crops

h : famine
CA
 11-2 AIR :
CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
statethecompos.in#air Uses of oxygen :

Nitrogen 78%
°

welding

gen
Describe the uses of oxygen supply (e.g. hospitals divers)
°
:
,

noble gases
,%g
a) oxygen
lmamya.gm.g.ee , making
-

one ,
uses of Nitrogen : Unreactive -1 inert
carbon dioxide

IES
21%
Food Packaging
°

Descn.be#iranbeseparated °

production of silicon chips

separating Air -
Fractional Distillation :

NametheLPI.no ① Fi -

remove impurities
② cooled to -80°C to solidify + remove

ect
For each common pollutant ,
state the : Watford carbondioxide

UD
a) source ③ cooled to -200°C so becomes liquid
④ warmed -

gases boil off

=0zdt-l8
Des~bethee-T-aidrai.tv ,
at -195.8°C

⑤ gases cond

Describehownitrogenoxidestof fcarbanttpinugascombinesreversibly
ST
I.÷.|::÷::::÷:÷:;::::#
cen.no#iIe-con+ain(ausesawin-a magebui,aings&
in car exhausts Pollutants in air source

carbonmonoxideifpe-embus.co

DescnibeT.mg/idesaMgn,fu,gecontainingsubstanceswithhaemoglobinlvvolu
g,gy,
not

removed in car engines

AY
oxides of nitrogen carengin① combine with w=acidr①

:::::
TT

Nitrogen oxides :
kills plants & aquatic life

nitrogentoxygen-nitrogenoxidfremon.mg
Ttemps in car
engine
• -

the Nitrogen oxides : contribute to acid rain

catalytic converters
CA

" " &(" °"

Nitrogen oxides reduced
'

:
Redox Reactions :

① ZN0-7NZ -102 ④ ZN01-2CO → N21-2CO ,

② ZN02-7NZ -1 202 ⑤ 2. NG1-4CO → Nz -14oz

Oxygen oxidises co :
platinum
catalyst
③ 20-102-7202
Nitrogen
oxides & carbon
monoxide IN
?⃝
112.2 AIR :
CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
ngofimapnt
oxidation OR reduction ?
Rusting
°
of iron

process of oxidation
( Fe ) : conditions for rusting

✓ water
:

°
corrosion of iron ✓ air

irontwater-oxygen-hydratedironlllboxidof.IT
state the equation for the rusting
↳
4 Fels) -121-120111 +302 (g) → 21=403 .

H20 G)

IES
0
presence of salts = T rate of rusting

D~sgq.hngbetdiT.ro /steel
to tensile
rusting =
strength of iron =
disintegrate

Preventing rusting :

ng?
what can increase the rate of Barrier protection sacrificial Protection :
:

°
oil °
reactive metals corrode in preference
or
grease more

UD
painting
0
to less reactive metals

ffectfmtig?
.

°
coating with plastic
Galvanising coat less reactive metal with
°
-

°
plating with a non -
reactive metal a more reactive metal (i.e zinc )

mst
Describe the methods to prevent

ST
AY
TT
CA
11.3 NITROGEN AND FERTILISERS :
CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
Dfi Fertilisers -
"
substance added to soil to ①É taken up by plants to increase #if
"

↳ Why contains :

#Édeu? •

good growth
°

nitrogen
°
T yield °
phosphorus
whatdofih-bmta.in? °
potassium

IES
DesmoÑaiped Producing ammonia from displacement reactions :

from displacement reactions ammoniasalt-strongbase-ammonia-s.at/-+waf

DY.behwtwrawmatmae.gr
ammonium chloride + sodium hydroxide → ammonia + sodium chloride + water

for the haber process are NH49 + NA0H → NH} + NaCl + H20

UD
obtained
Haber Process :

tabpN Raw materials :

Nitrogentlydrogen

|.* →f;;;÷:;÷!÷:!÷:"
ST
fractional distillation

cracking hydrocarbons (e. g. ethane )

°

① Nitrogen & hydrogen gas pressurised to 200 atm &

AY
heated to 450°C

② gases passed over catalyst ( iron 11111 oxide )

nitrogen-nydngen-ammom.tv
③

, (g) + 342 (g) I 2NH } (g)

④ removed
gas condenses
TT

ammonia -1

⑤ unleaded nitrogen & hydrogen recycled back to reactor

CA
It -4 CARBON DIOXIDE AND METHANE :
CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
HtÉM Greenhouse effect ④ some heat escape as
:

work ? ① sun emits

energy as tight infrared radiation

:::::
and UV rays

DTsegas ② UV
rays have short
greenhouse gases
wavelength get through
n
so .

:::::::

IES
atmosphere
③ Earth 's surface absorbs UV rays : heat
up

ane
"
state the sources of : Greenhouse gases
-

any gas that absorbs heat energy in the atmosphere and prevents
,
it from

(
"

a) carbon dioxide escaping into space

ex .
carbon dioxide , methane

UD
Descn.be/-heeffectsofgkfqennouseaasq#
warming carbon dioxide coz °
product of complete combustion of carbon -

containing substances

•
product of respiration

Destmyo product of reaction between acid & carbonate

ST
othermaldecompositionofacarbonate
" "" " " "" " """ " " " " " " "" "
° °
"
"" "" ""

a) added
iowastegasesfromdigestioninanimf.to
) removed
from the atmosphere ? Effects of Global warming :
AY
°
Climate change
°
spread of diseases

0
Water levels rice 0
ice /glaciers melt

Extinction of species Changes farming

0 0
in

carbon cycle
TT

Éii:÷i÷€ÉÉÉi÷
÷"t MYy Respiration
CA

carboncompoundsincoal.ci/andgCOz
added by :
Respiration & Combustion

C0, removed Photosynthesis & the ocean

by :
dissolving in .
12-1 SULFUR :
CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
listthfes.nu Sources of sulfur : uses of sulfur :

°
Volcanoes °
make sulfuric acid

DesesrfsulHr °
large underground beds °
toughen rubber
°
met①d(i. e. zinc blende 2ns )

lkbethenses-Trdia.co fossil fuels

IES
betÉtpn Uses of sulfur dioxide :

0
b manufacture wood pulp for paper

lEbetheuses-T.ca 0
tolerant (by killing bacteria )

%bethpntu Manufacture of sulfuric Acid : ( th soul

UD
contact process :

① sulfur ☒d in ④
presence of

sultur-oxygen-snlturdioxis.es
) + 0, (g) → 5oz (g)
② sulfur dioxide burned with excess
vanadiumHoxideat450F

ST
Passed over t -

250<(1-0)--2503191
sulfur dioxide + = sulfur trioxide
oxygen " "

thick turning liquid

1
③ sulfur trioxide di in concentrated sulfuric acid to form oleum

sulfurtn.cn/ide+sulfuricaoid-o1eumT
AY
SO } (g) + Hz S04 (1) →
Has> Of (1)

water

tooheumfoleum-water-sulturicaa.dk
added

, 5207 (1) + H20 (1) → 21-12504 (1)

TT

Uses of sulfuric acid : sulfuric acid properties :

paints / dyes strong acid

°
o

fibres / plastic
° °
corrosive

soaps / detergents turns blue litmus paper red

° °
CA

°
car batteries •
concentrated 1-12504 -

dehydrating agent
↳ remove water

E. cone sulfuric acid remove water

g.
.

from glucose to leave

putfj-r.IM
coloured
131 CARBONATES : CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
aµ
what is another name for :
akiabae:( limestone )
a) limestone 0
formed from seashells of long dead sea creatures

b) time
c) slaked time cfiumxide.lime )
.
man, go.mg ,,um gamma, my mama , qq.my,,,, ,

IES
cakumg.IT?I;jafaYumo1iae+carbmaioxif
whatislimestmeformedfroml.fi
""⑦
-

law is :

①%|["%
"

[
"

b) slaked time
°
made by adding water to time slowly
°
treating acidic soils (neutralisation )

UD
neutralising acidic industrial waste
produced and give a chemical calcium oxide + water → calcium hydroxide
-

products (e.g. fmegasdesuriatin )

÷
↳ neutralise acidic sulfur
dioxide
Give the equation when carbon

left (solution of calcium hydroxide in water

CO2 turns it milky / cloudy

ST
°

Detadicarbondioxidetcakiumhydmide→caIciuM
carbonate+watf
coz -1 (a (01-1) , → Ca cost H20

What happens in flue gas

AY
usesof.ca/ciumCarbonatelistt#esofaiumarbonate °
production of cement
↳ ① calcium carbonate crushed to fine powder

::::::::
② mixed with clay & heated
③ calcium sulfate & water added to produce cement
TT

Descaki°
is used in extracting iron
Iron extraction
↳ calcium carbonate remove impurities
to carbon dioxide
•
calcium carbonate thermally decomposes calcium oxide +

calciumoxide+silicondioxide→cakiumsilica✓
CA

Cao ( s ) + sick G) → Casio } (1)

°
molten calcium silicate =
slag
↳ used in cement production /road construction
 14.1 NAMES OF COMPOUNDS :
CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
-

Dgpmnds organic compounds -

"
carbon compounds that ←ÉmuaFm
H
originate in living things
"
chloro methane CH3A
d- a

" " " " """§

H -

"""""""""""""""
draw the structural formula :
H "
a) methane Methane
CH4
d- µ d- H

IES
b) µ -

H -

ethane
c) ethene it
d) ethanol Trichkromethanl C1-1CI } a

" """ " " ÷÷ , ±.

f) chloromethane If it
a
g) dichloromethane
µ,

UD
m.a.m.m.ua .

polylethene.tt#H-OHt--Hn
it tetrachloromethane
HI \H

HI.2-Dibromoethlnltii-f.in
It It H
Poly tethered
H -

c- c- o -
µ

/ / µ f
H O H H
compound and

ST
the
Identify type of Ethanoic CH > CO0H 1,2 Dibromoethane ↳ H4Brz
d- ¢
-

draw the molecular structure of acid

H -

, -
f- d- µ
eth -

ending in :
,iH\÷
I

.
.

|,µµt.
" " " |" "µ
" "" "
AY
c) -01 -
ane Alkane :
Ethane :

d) acid H H
oil "" " " ""
" "
"
-

" "

H-c-c-H-ehlmkene.t #Ethene:C=Cdoub1ebondH
& C- C bonds
TT

present
\c=c/

Ethanol :
CA

0-1--1 group present

H
, H
H -

c- C- 0-1-1

t
-
oil acid carboxylic Acid : Ethanol acid :
H O
f- 0 double bond
H 't -
F
& 0-1--1
group
presentH\o÷
?⃝
?⃝
?⃝
?⃝
14.1.2 NAMES OF COMPOUNDS :
CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
"""""""" µ|"""""°""""""°
/ / /
" " " "" ""
" " " " " "" " " """" " " "

first 4 : H H H H H H H H H H
l
d- d- d-
f-
l l l I
a) alkanes
H c- H H c- c- c- H It H
G-
-
- -

t_H
b) alkenes

IES
c) alcohols

d) carboxylic acids

⑦
Alkenes :

tfnes-E.tl
/ /
"

H H H H H H H H H
" " H

"""""""
' ' " " " " " " " " " "
=c{
"
( ⇐ c- c- H ⇐ c- c- c- H ⇐ c- c- c- c- H

UD
state the molecular formula of :

a) methyl ethanoate
b) ethyl ethanoate

;"";:÷;:;;;"i"
[ / |
" " " "" "

"" " " " " ""

d) butyl ethanoate

" "

ST
" " " " " " " "
1 I
d- d- d- o
I 1 I 1 I
H -

C -

O -
H H -
c- c- 0 -

H H - -

H H -

c- c- c- c- 0-1-1
I 1

/ -FH-d-ckfti-i-d-df-i-d-c-K-0-t-o-H-i
°" " "-o-H-i
" " " ."it|
AY
Acids :

H"""""""°"["""""""°""""""""÷
O H O H H O H H H O
TT

"
produced
"
Esters acids react with alcohols
when carboxylic
-

|YfyH0HHq¥
CA

.¥"÷:::::::::::""
"

H-c-c-o-c-HH-d-d-o-d-d-Hfctfc-o-ctk-::::""
ctb.tl#t-b-d-0-CHz-CHiCHz-cH
Methyl ethanoate

ti ti titi
14.2 FUELS CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
NMeMels ""
\ ✗(
main consistent is methane -

readily burns & releases energy

|
coal natural gas CH4 (g) + 20,
(g) → Coz (g) + 2h20 (D)

eeneBy?
What is the main consist unent of
"
natural gas and what does it do petroleum -
mixture of hydrocarbons that can be separated into useful fractions by
}
( crude oil )
"
fractional distillation

IES
"

organic compounds that contain ☒ carbon

andhydrogen.int#ebunsinair
state the chemical equation when

Fractional Distillation of crude oil

kerosen lciot G-|s etuel-H.ain/|

:

Fructifies
" ""

""
" "" " "" "" " "
"" """ " " " " ""
Define

napi-naona.LA?iIoI.nemi.#
"" "

1
UD
b) hydrocarbons
☒E- →

"""°"""""t""^ FETE
column and for each state
,
- →

a) how
many carbon atoms are

ieseloillqstogofuelindieselenginesf.EE

ST
present
gas oil
→

b)
Highbp
the uses

crude oil

fueloilczotocsofuelforshipslhome
Desm.be/-hepnpeMiesasy&
→ →

heating systems
down the column
fracturing
AY
#

osiy
traction
Describe what is meant by :

"" "
IBitumenlsc.io/makingr-oad=
""
a) volatility
As you got fracturing column :

T
boiling point
TT

of carbon atoms
T o
°
no .

i
temperature
( how
volatility Iv
easily it
evaporates )
☐

( how resistant of fluid to flow )

viscosity T to flow
viscosity to
°
a
easy
- =
CA
14.3 HOMOLOGOUS SERIES : CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
Dt Homologous series -
"

a
'

family
'
of similar compounds that have the same general formula with similar

chemical properties due to the

presence of the same functional
group

""""""" .ua?:::::::::::::..#-
a) alkanes Homologous series Properties
b) alkenes

::÷
generally unreactive (except : combustion reactions)

IES
c) alcohols Alkenes

d) carboxylic acids Alcohols miscible ( can dissolve) in water

a.am#u..a.i., """°°°"""""""""
state the general formulator :

I: : . I: : .#_÷::|µp÷"""¥⇐
at alkanes General Formulas :

b) alkenes meth .
. .

UD
c) alcohols Alkanes

g. µ , . . .
,

Alcohols

""""""""
" "" " " ° "
p,µ..,-
of compounds with

a) 1

ST
Structural Isomerism :

b)
" "
2 Structural Isomers -
chemical compound that has the same molecular formula
-
but different structural formula

c) 3 H

d) 4 ex .
H - d- H
e) 5

I
'
/ H
AY
I H H H H
H 1 I 1 I
-

c- c- C- H
H c- c- c- c- H
I 1 I
-

1 I 1 I
H H H H H H H

2- methyl propane Butane

TT
CA
14.4 ALKANES :
CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
.no/.#a.oHDes(betThebondingfa
fµbmaµmia
"""""""
) """""\"""""°
"" " " " " "
""" "" "" " " """""°
point and state at room Methane 1 -161
gas
temperature of alkanes when the Ethane 2 Alkanes are generally unreactive be

,
propane sponge , and Except µpµµa

Butane 4

'÷tmbirentane

IES
5

combustion:
°
exothermic -
releases heat

DeHd atkahl-oxygen-carbondioxide-wat-ex.CH ↳ (g) +202 (g) → co , (g) + 242011 )

UD
Diumram Bonding :

0
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons

they
what type of reaction are substitution ↳ "
molecules that contain only single carbon to carbon bonds
"

reactions of alkanes and what do °

covalent bonds

ST
most have full outer shell /
°
= stable unreactive

,,µ
For each give the chemical formula
, ,
substitution reactions : when an atom on a molecule is replaced by another

equation and structural formula photochemical reaction need Uv light

0
: :

at chloro methane
alkane-ichlorine-chloroalkanest.nl/drogenchlori-
AY
b) dichloromethane
c) triathlon methane
ex .

If I
H -

C- H + a- a → H -

c- a + It -
a

, y,

CH4tCk→cHzCl+£
TT

•""""""""|
mµµµ↳µµ.,→*|"÷"
Halogenalkanetormutatqnationstructuralformulae
chloro methane CH39 CH4-1CK -7 CH3H-1HU HI

:
CA

:
H -

f- a

tefthamt-c-F-CI-c.tl Cl

d-
?⃝
?⃝
14.5 ALKENES : CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
stateful Manufacture of alkenes :

"
&
Cracking breaking up of larger hydrocarbons into smaller through heating
0
ones
-

Dig through the use of a

catalyst
"

ex .
H H H H
1 H

Gif-kequa.MN/-heraking
I ' '
H -
c- c- H f- c + I

if it t.TT H

IES
of ethane ,

ethane Ethene hydrogen

d?
Are alkenes saturated or

saturated OR unsaturated ? shorter & thinner

than single bonds
o alkanes = saturated
1
Deatd °
alkenes = unsaturated -
"

contain EC double bonds between carbon atoms

"

UD
↳ reacts w aqueous bromine ( brown → colourless)

Descn.be/-hestmctureotdaf
bonds compared to single bonds Addition Polymerisation of monomer
"
units :

(monomer) join
0
Addition Polymerisation -

single units of an alkene together to form a

::::÷:::::::÷ ↳
"

long chain (polymer ) using a catalyst

ST
manufactures polycethenel

taurfplA
Give the

n%=c→ff
general formula for

m µHH'÷
AY
Describe ( and give an equation) Addition reactions :

for the reaction with :

0
Reaction w bromine :
brown → colourless

a) bromine

b) hydrogen
\=c / + Br -
Br - H -
1
c- c- H
I

, y 1 I
TT

, a. ,

e. there Bromine 1,2 -

dibromoethane

whatisanothernameforthfy.it
( colourless )

reaction of alkenes with hydrogen ? 0

"""""
Reactimwtlydrogeni.lt/ydrogenatiF

|
CA

I 1
\[ =\ + µ, ÉH -

c- c- H
200°C I 1
H
/
\, H H

e-there
hydrogen ethane

""""""""""""&""""]
°

⑥
H
\ I heat 1 I

catalyst
H20 H H
f- f-
[
=\
+ -

/
µ µ,
↳ phosphoric acid µ of,

EthenewaterEthaf
 14.6 ALCOHOLS :
CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
ttwmthdfmanKtManu failure of Ethanol ( Fermentation OR catalytic addition of steam to ethane )
:

a) Fermentation

glucoseethanolcarbondioxi.fm
( 61-11206 (aq ) É ZC2H-5OH Caq) -1 IC02 (g)

eakohol
Describe the process of :

fermentation o
anaerobic respiration

IES
b) hydration 0
Enzymes in yeast catalyses reaction

impure product refined by fractional distillation

°

b)

ethe.nl#T-hepnpeestethano
catalytic addition of steam to

hydration
°
known as

aimwt,É'µ+%→"_Éfµ
H H H H H H
l I

UD
combustion of ethanol

catalyst (phosphoric acid )

°

statetheusesofethanol
Properties of ethanol :
uses of ethanol :

aHm
Describe the advantages and °
liquid at room temp
0
solvent

( be volatile )
disadvantages

ST
of
0
volatile o
perfume industry
a) fermentation °
bp= 78°C
°
fuel
°
t flammable

fuel readily (G)

°
__ burns in air + releases T heat energy

ethanoloxygencarbondioxidewatTFF.la#aim
↳ HS0H (1) + 30 , (g) → ZC02 (g) -1 3420111
AY

[f.u.a.n.ps.u.a.am/otwori-eeaed/
°
"" "" "" " " " " "" " " " " " "
°
""

cheaper Can continuously

°
TT

0
temp =
run

°
Produces pure ethanol

"
petroleum Coil )
0
uses =
an renewable

requires T temp
°
0
slow & T pressure =
expensive
CA

0
produced in batches °
T energy needed

impure product refined by fractional

°

iidistillah.fi
?⃝
147 CARBOXYLIC ACID :
CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
et
Describe the properties of aqueous Properties
0
Carboxylic
of aqueous ethanol acid

acids ( functional
group
:

COOH )
°
colourless H 0
I ✗

GiamMnthani
°
M
.p= 17°C b. p= 118°C H C C
-
-

acid partially dissociates in water °

pH 2.5 -
weak acid tl 10-1-1
↳

IES
"

partially dissociate CH }C0OH I H CH} COO

-

-
-1

a,fermenta1
Describe the formation of ethanoic
°
corrosive -

cause chemical burns

acid through :
°
found in vinegar

b) adding acidified potassium Formation of ethanol acid : ( Fermentation acidified potassium Manganate CV11 ) )
,

Mangan ate full ) at Fermentation

UD
°
made from ethanol acetobacter bacteria ( catalyst)
using

why.is#enerusedinrfnxing? ↳
naturally present in air water out
⇐
, ,

))
H H H O
l "
whatfes-enued.in?
l l
H H +
f- f-
0 t
02 - H C C tho
-
- -
-

H H . It \0 -
H ter in

tÉd

ST
b) acidified potassium Manganate CV1H

potassium Mangan ate CV11)= good oxidising agent

°

hiktmequah.TN/-han
'

Heat ethanol potassium Mangan ate & sulfuric acid in reflux

°
w →

reacts with ethanol acid °

Use condenser to prevent volatile alcohol from escaping L J

Desmeest
AY
Formation of Esters :
condensation reaction
°
Esters -
used as
flavouring in food & in cosmetics

↳ formed react with alcohols

when
carboxylic acids

ttf-f-y-Y-i-n-n.EE?F-I-t'+,.,.o.T
ex .
H

H H O H
TT

'
H H H H -

o ti ti ti

Naming Esters :
CA

0
first part from alcohol (e. g. ethanol → ethyl )
☐
second part from carboxylic acid Cethanoic acid → ethanoate )
 14.8 POLYMERS :
CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
er
" "

Define : Monomer -

single unit of a substance

"
"

Polymer -

large molecules built up from small units ( monomers )

b) polymer
↳ diff polymers have diff units and/or diff linkages

t.differm-paymebhTif-HM-plastics.my/onandTerylf
complete the sentence : Uses of plastics and man-made fibres (Nylon and Terylene) :

IES
and/or different

opgasn.gypgoyyningge.g.yeu.gg/tibreind0thif
Plastic bags chairs
° °
- -

state the uses of cladding

°
:

a)
plastic
b) man-made fibres ( Nylon and Pollution problems w Non -

biodegradable Plastics :

UD
may sway , p , ,,,,
.
.
g.uupgangg.ug.ge, an ,ma , , yea ,

clog up drains flooding animals get tangled in plastic choice

° ° =
=

st÷WmpMmaud gas (e. g. (a)

°
0
when burned , release toxic collect in oceans

by non -

biodegradable plastics

¥¥¥i÷µmÉiaim÷
b)condensatimpolymerisat
ioihtogethertoforma1mgchain(po,ymer,",°"tW°sma"M0kcuKsi
ST
Define
ointogethef.at
:

(e. g.
"

addition water)
polymerisation eliminating
' a small molecule

Additional polymerisation :

Descn.be#stmued-pH
n÷:÷t:÷
H H
AY
from a alkene / monomer )

H
'
II H1 1HN

pHM?
What are some examples of
polymers made by condensation

Condensation
TT

polymerisation :

°
Nylon ( a polyamide ) :
( HC1 eliminated) amide
linkage

apoymiW
Describe the formation and
p, I ÷
; If it if it
°
Ñ
structure of :
N-☐-N→ 't
☒←c-N-☐-p-c-☒←
a- c- N c-☒⇐
y
c- -
c- - -

☐ - -

I 1
H +1, I
H H H H
CA

b) terylene (a
polyester ) dichloride monomer diamine monomer Nylon ( a polyamide )

i
what is eliminated when : 0
Teryllne (a polyester ) :
IH20 eliminated ) ester linkage
a) nylon
Y f
'
o o
f, 9, I I
b)
tenure NH0 -
c- c- 0 + n
→ -
c-☒←c-0-0-0 -

c- c- 0-0-0 -

if it on

ethane -1,2 did -

Benzene -1,4 -

dicarboxylic acid terylene ( a polyester)

?⃝
14.8.2 POLYMERS CATTAYSTU D I E S

I
stfenaturapymb.nu Natural
polymers in food :

proteins
°

thmtai
which synthetic polymer has the same °
carbohydrates
linkage as protein and what linkage
Proteins :

IES
°

possess same ( amide) linkage as

Nylon but with different units

ami
what are the functional groups of functional
groups of amino acids CO0H and NH2
°
=

it i
"
I

i-tv-w-cdrawt~T-pne.lt
-
N -
c- n -

☐ -

,
0

" "
0
Hydrolysis -

where a compound reacts with water and is broken down

Fi ↳

UD
proteins + water "at amino acids

hydraHs
Describe the hydrolysis of :
carbohydrates :

a) proteins °
contains carbon (c) , Hydrogen ( H ) and Oxygen 101
°

sugar units : H0-0OH

(water eliminated )

ST
condensation polymerisation
°
:

Ymhifah.net?ementsdocarbonydraxs ☐ :O ☐÷ ☐ ii.Ii
- -
-
- -

H20 eliminated

y!
what is the -0-0-0 -0-0-0 complex carbohydrate
sugar unit for
AY
Hydrolysis Acids / enzymes catalyse to
give simple sugars
0 :

↳ starch -1 water "t

glucose

Descn.be/-hecondensatim
polymerisation of carbohydrates Fermentation of Glucose :

cbthzob-2GH-OH-l-2.LU#snbetT-aimH-gucylucose-
TT

ethanol + carbon dioxide

fL.be/-fdiimswPm conditions :
yeast, 230°C
,
anaerobic ( NO a)
CA

DescµusewsA Chromatography
:

chromatography after hydrolysis separate &

identify products of hydrolysis of carbohydrates & proteins
°

↳ amino acids & simple sugars