Summary Chapter 4 + 5

Chapter 4 - Airfoil theory

primary definitions: Need to know

L' M' x
• cl = ; cm = ; cm, x = cm0 + cl (lift and pitching moment coefficient)
q∞ c ⋅ (1) q∞ c ⋅ (1)
2 c
M 'LE
• cm,CP = 0 → xCP = − (center of pressure)
L
dcm
• cm, AC = constant → = 0 (aerodynamic center)
dα

thin-airfoil theory - basic relations: Need to know

c
1 γ (ξ ) dz
• V∞ ,n + wind = 0 →
2π ∫ ( x − ξ )dξ = V∞ (α − dx ) (flow-tangency condition)
0
• γ TE = 0 (Kutta condition)
• ∆p = plower − pupper = ρV∞γ (pressure difference)
c c
• L ' = ∫ ( plower − pupper )dx ; M 'LE = − ∫ ( plower − pupper ) xdx
0 0
vortex sheet representation: If necessary, this formula will be given
 1 + cos θ ∞ 
• γ (θ ) = 2V∞  A0 + ∑ An sin nθ  ; where: cos θ = 1 − 2( x / c )
 sin θ n =1 

relation between vortex sheet strength and camber line slope: If necessary, this formula will be given
∞
dz
• = (α − A0 ) + ∑ An cos nθ
dx n =1
π π
1 dz 2 dz
• A0 = α − ∫ dθ ; An = ∫ dx cos nθ dθ ( n = 1,2,3...)
π dx π
0 0

aerodynamic properties: If necessary, this formula will be given

A π A π
• cl = 2π ( A0 + 1 ) ; c m 0 = − ( A0 + A1 − 2 ) ; cm,025c = ( A2 − A1 )
2 2 2 4
xCP c 1 m,0.25c 1 
c A −A 
• = − m0 = − = 1 − 2 1 
c cl 4 cl 4  2 A0 + A1 

special results for the symmetrical airfoil: If necessary, this formula will be given

1 + cos θ c−x
• γ (θ ) = 2αV∞ = 2αV∞
sin θ x
dcl
• cl = 2πα ; = 2π ; cm,025c = 0
dα

design condition of an airfoil: Need to know

• γ LE (α ) = 0 → A0 (α ) = 0
 Summary Chapter 4 + 5
Chapter 5 - Wing theory

primary definitions: Need to know

L
• CL = ; (lift coefficient)
q∞ S
−w
• α eff = α − α i ; α i ≈ (effective and induced angle of attack)
V∞
• Di ' ≈ L 'α i ; (sectional induced drag)
• L '( y ) = ρV∞ Γ ( y ) (Kutta-Joukowski)
b /2 b /2
• L= ∫ L ' dy = ρV∞ ∫ Γ( y )dy (total lift)
−b /2 −b /2
b /2 b /2 b /2
• Di = ∫ Di ' dy = ∫ L ' α i dy = ρV∞ ∫ Γ ( y ) α i ( y ) dy (total induced drag)
−b /2 −b /2 −b /2

Induced velocity of a straight vortex filament segment AB at point P (Biot-Savart): Need to know
Γ
• VP = (cos ϕ A + cos ϕ B ) ; h is the distance from P to AB; ϕ A = ∠PAB; ϕ B = ∠PBA
4π h

The induced angle of attack: If necessary, this formula will be given

dΓ / dy
b/ 2
1
• α i ( y0 ) = ∫ dy or:
4π V∞ − b / 2 y0 − y
π
1 dΓ / dθ
• α i (θ 0 ) = ∫ dθ ; where: y = − b cosθ
2πbV∞ 0 cosθ − cosθ 0 2

circulation representation (general): If necessary, this formula will be given

N
• Γ(θ ) = 2bV∞ ∑ An sin nθ ; where: y = − b cosθ
2
n=1

aerodynamic properties: If necessary, this formula will be given

N
sin nθ N
• CL = A1.π A ; α i (θ ) = ∑ nAn ; CDi = π A ∑ nAn 2
n=1 sin θ n=1
N  2
CL 2 CL 2 A  1
• CDi = (1 + δ ) = ; where: δ = ∑ n  n  ≥ 0 ; and: e = ≤1
πA π Ae n=2  A1  (1 + δ )

special results for the elliptical lift distribution: If necessary, this formula will be given

• Γ(θ ) = 2bV∞ ⋅ A1 sin θ

CL CL 2
• αi = = constant! ; CDi =
πA πA
 Summary Chapter 4 + 5
wing equation: If necessary, this formula will be given
b /2
2Γ ( y0 ) 1 (d Γ / dy )
• α ( y0 ) − α L =0 ( y0 ) = + ∫ dy
a0 ( y0 ) V∞ c( y0 ) 4π V∞ −b /2
( y0 − y )
lift slope: Need to know
dCL a0 dc
• a= = where: a0 = l (elliptical wing)
dα 1 + a0 / π A dα
a0
• a= (general wing; conceptual)
1 + (a0 / π A)(1 + τ )

Standard integrals: (m and n are positive integers) If necessary, this formula will be given
π π for m ≠ n
0
• ∫ sin nθ sin mθ dθ = ∫ cos nθ cos mθ dθ = π / 2 for m = n
0 0

π
cos nθ sin nθ0
• ∫ cos θ − cos θ0 dθ = π sin θ0
0
π
sin nθ sin θ
• ∫ dθ = −π cos nθ0
0
(cos θ − cos θ0 )