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Form 1 Science Notes PDF Free
Form 1 Science Notes PDF Free
What is Science?
1. Science is a systematic study of nature and how it affects our lives and the
environment.
2. Natural phenomena are events that happen around us.
3. Example of natural phenomena :
- Growth of a baby into an adult
- An object falling to the ground
- Melting of ice
- Volcano eruptions, earthquakes and tsunami
- Thunderstorm, snow and lightning
4. Science is important to us because it
- Enables us to understand ourselves and our surrounding environment
- Solves mysteries of science through the systematic investigation
- Contributes to new discoveries inventions and knowledge gained
- Improve our standard of living and quality of our environment
- Creates science-based job opportunities
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The steps in a scientific investigation
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Controlling the variables
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Collecting data
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Analyzing and interpreting data
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Drawing a conclusion
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Writing a report
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Physical quantities and their units
1. Five physical quantities which can be measured
- Length
- Mass
- Time
- Temperature
- Electric current
2. Physical quantities can be measured in systeme international d’unites (SI) units.
Mass
I kg = 1000 g
1g – 1000 mg
Weight
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Cell as a unit of life
1. A cell is the basic unit of living things which can function on its own.
2. Cells are microscopic and cannot be seen with naked eye.
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Unicellular organisms
Multicellular organisms
1. Unicellular organism
- Can grow
- Sensitive to light, chemical substances, and sharp objects
- Main food is bacteria
- Its excretory organ is the vacuole
- Moves by extending pseudopodium
- Breathes through cell membrane
- Reproduces asexually
2. Multicellular organism
- Main food is zooplankton
- Excretes through its excretory pores
- Moves by means of its tail and fins
- Can grow
- Sensitive to light and vibrations in water
- Reproduces sexually
- Breathes through gills
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2. Types of tissue
a.) Epithelial tissue – protects the tissues beneath it
b.) Connective tissue – connects one tissue to another tissue , supports
organs in the body
c.) Muscle tissue – enables the movement of body parts
d.) Nerve tissue – enables body to respond to stimuli
e.) Carries nerve impulses from one part of the body to another
3. Types of systems
a.) Excretory system – discards toxic waste products produced by the
body cells
b.) Reproductive system – produces offspring
c.) Respiratory system – inhales oxygen and exhales carbon dioxide
d.) Lymphatic system – defends the body against disease
e.) Skeletal system – provides support and protection to soft internal
organs
f.) Blood circulatory system – transport food substances, oxygen,
hormones, and others to the entire body
g.) Endocrine system – produces hormones that control the body’s
responses toward stimuli
h.) Nervous system – coordinates and controls all bodily activities related
to impulses and reactions
i.) Muscular system – helps in movement of the body
j.) Digestive system – breaks down complex food into simple substances
for easy absorption by body cells
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What is matter?
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The concept of density
Water, air, soil, mineral, fossil fuels and living things are the most
important things.
Elements
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Metals
1. Examples of metals :
a.) Potassium
b.) Calcium
c.) Magnesium
d.) Mercury
e.) Lead
f.) Sodium
g.) Silver
h.) Copper
i.) Platinum
j.) Gold
Non-metals
1. Example of non-metals :
a.) Hydrogen
b.) Fluorine
c.) Carbon
d.) Bromine
e.) Nitrogen
f.) Oxygen
g.) Chlorine
h.) Phosphorus
i.) Iodine
j.) Sulphur
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Condition at room Examples of non-metals
temperature
Solid Carbon, sulphur, iodine, selenium, phosphorus
Liquid Bromine, mercury
Gas Hydrogen, helium, oxygen, fluorine, neon,
chlorine, argon, krypton, xenon, radon
Compounds
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Mixture
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The composition of air
Nitrogen 78%
1. Air is made up of three main gases: oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen.
2. Each gas has its own chemical properties.
3. The properties of the gases can be observed by :
a.) Solubility in the water
b.) Reaction with sodium hydroxide
c.) Effects on
- Glowing wooden splinter
- Burning wooden splinter
- Litmus paper
- Lime water
- Hydrogen carbonate indicator
4. Nitrogen is a gas that does not react chemically.
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Properties Observation and conclusion
Oxygen Carbon dioxide
Colour None None
Smell None None
Solubility in The level of water in the test The level of water in the test
water tube rises slightly. Oxygen is tube rise a lot. Carbon dioxide
slightly soluble in water. is soluble in water.
Reaction with The level of water does not The level of water in the test
sodium rise. Oxygen is not soluble in tube rises a lot. Carbon dioxide
hydroxide sodium hydroxide. is very soluble sodium
hydroxide.
The effect on The glowing wooden splinter The glowing wooden splinter
glowing bursts into flame. Oxygen extinguishes. Carbon dioxide
wooden supports combustion. does not support combustion.
splinter
The effect on The burning wooden splinter The burning wooden splinter
burning burns even brighter. The gas extinguishes. The gas is non-
wooden is non-flammable. Oxygen flammable. Carbon dioxide
splinter supports combustion but is does not support combustion
not self-combustible. and is not self combustible.
The effect on The litmus papers do not The blue litmus paper turns red.
moist litmus change colour. Oxygen is Carbon dioxide is slightly acidic.
paper neutral.
The effect on The lime water does not Carbon dioxide turns the lime
lime water change colour. water cloudy.
The effect on The red indicator does not The red indicator turns yellow.
hydrogen change colour. Carbon dioxide is slightly acidic.
carbonate Oxygen is neutral.
indicator
Oxygen is needed for respiration
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Oxygen is needed for combustion
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Source of energy
4. Kinetic energy
- Is the energy possessed by a moving object
- Depends on mass and velocity
- Will increase if
a.) The mass of the object increases
b.) The velocity of the object increases
5. Potential energy
- Is the energy stored in a body due to its position or its physical
condition
- Depends on
a.) The mass of the object
b.) The distance of the object from the Earth’s surface
c.) The power of the gravitational pull on the object
- Will increases
a.) The mass of the object increases
b.) The higher the object is raised from the ground
c.) The gravitational pull on the object increases.
- A falling object can gain kinetic energy but loses potential energy
- Elastic potential energy can only elastic substances such as a spring
or a rubber.
6. Heat energy
- Is the energy that is stored in a hot object
- Depends on its temperature and volume
- Flows from a hot area to a cold area by conduction, convection and
radiation.
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7. Light energy
- Is the energy produced by an object that emits light
- Can be detected by the eye
- Can travel in a vacuum and in a straight line in the form of waves
- A luminous object is an object that gives out its own light energy. For
example, sun and stars.
- A non luminous object is an object that does not give out its own light
energy but can only reflect light. For example, mirror and metal.
8. Sound energy
- Is the energy produced by a vibrating object
- An object which vibrates produces a recurring movement.
- The vibrating air forms sound waves.
- Can be transferred through a medium but cannot travel in a vacuum.
9. Chemical energy
- Is the energy stored in a chemical substance
- Is found in fuels
Source of energy
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Heat
1. Matter absorbs heat when heated and expels heat when cooled.
2. When heated:
a.) Particles of matter absorb heat energy and change it into kinetic
energy. Kinetic energy causes particles to vibrate faster
b.) This vibration causes the particles to move further apart. Therefore, the
size and volume of matter will increase.
3. When cooled:
a.) Particles of matter vibrate less and their speed also decreases
b.) Distance between the particles reduces. This means that the size and
volume of matter also decreases.
Melting
Freezing
Boiling
Condensation
Evaporation
1. Evaporation is a process of changes of a liquid into gas at any temperature.
2. Factors which influence the rate of evaporation:
a.) Temperature of liquid :
- The higher the temperature of the liquid, the faster the liquid evaporates
b.) Air moisture in the surrounding of the liquid:
- The lower the humidity, the faster the liquid evaporates
c.) Exposed area of the liquid surface:
- The wider the liquid surface area, the faster the liquid evaporates
Sublimation
1. Sublimation is the conversion process of a solid directly to gas without melting.
2. In this process, the particles of a solid absorb heat energy. When enough
energy is absorbed, the particles separate to form gas.