Introduction –

Corrosion in metal is a natural tendency of conversion of metal into a

more stable form with the environment which is unsuitable for pure
metal. Most commonly the metals get converted into their oxides[1].
This tendency of metal leads to its deterioration through an
electrochemical or chemical reaction with the environment. Corrosion
prevention is thus required to protect the deterioration of metal from
its interaction with the environment. The objective of protection from
corrosion is to decrease the rate of corrosion by hindering the
corrosion reaction[2]. To apply such protection to metal the surface is
protected to prevent a corrosive interaction with the environment.
This can be done by applying a coating onto the metal surface. This
coating can be a layer of another metal with required chemical
potential, or by use of certain chemical reagents to hinder chemical
reaction. Such chemicals are called as corrosion inhibitors. The role
of inhibitor is to alter the corrosive reaction of metal with the
environment and ensure the minimum traversal of reacting species in
the reaction. Based on the nature of inhibitor it can either act upon the
polarized sites of the reaction[2] or by adsorbing upon the metal
surface and creating a protective film[3]. Organic inhibitors
commonly utilize the film forming mechanism of protection. Here we
are going to study about behavior of various organic inhibitors and
their application.

Literature Study –
For studying different organic inhibitors we have to look at the
experiments which has been done with the inhibitors. These inhibitors
are tested according to the possible corrosive environment which can
develop when putting the required metals in their application. We
have studied various such experiments done on preparation of several
organic inhibitors and their testing to evaluate their efficiency as an
inhibitor.
Molasses Extract –
The inhibition property of molasses was investigated due to its
stability in acidic medium. Its effect was studied on carbon steel in an
acidic medium of 1 M HCl [4]. The concentration of extracts was
raised in the acid and the effect of inhibition was analysed by
dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (DEIS),
potentiodynamic polarization and volumetric techniques. The
molasses extract presence noticeably slows down this process. The
inhibition efficiency increase with the increase of molasses
concentration and for 6000 ppm it reaches up to 90%. Calculation of
IE on the base of charge transfer resistance is flawed. The error
increase as the concentration of molasses increase and is caused by a
change in the reaction mechanism.
Hydrogen evolution from cathodic reaction shows decrement with
increase in concentration of inhibitor. The size of impedance
semicircles increases as the molasses concentration in the solution
increases. Efficiency has been calculated with analysis of icorr values.
The information about Ecorr values is not available in the conducted
experiment. The effect of temperature is also absent.

Pterolobium hexapetalum and Celosia argentea –

Methanolic extracts of Pterolobium hexapetalum and Celosia argentea
were used as inhibitor for mild steel [5]. Industrial water collected
from heat exchangers and boilers of the chemical industries was used
as test solution. The sample was studied to analyse the corrosion
effect using weight loss technique, electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization measurements.
EIS measurements showed that the charge transfer resistance
increases with increasing concentration of extracts. Scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) was used to analyse the surface adsorbed film.
Further, antioxidant activity of the plant extracts was determined and
correlated with the results obtained with inhibition efficiency.
The efficiency of inhibitors increased with increasing concentration
and decreased with temperature. The adsorption of both the extracts
was found to obey the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Its efficiency in
acidic medium is yet to be tested since the corrosive tendency of
industrial water is lower than that of an acidic solution.

Pentaclethra macrophylla Bentham –

Pentaclethra macrophylla Bentham extracts as corrosion inhibitor was
used for mild steel in 1.0 M HCl solution at 30 - 45℃[6]. Retardation
in dissolution of steel is observed with addition of extracts. Weight
loss measurement and electrochemical measurement were used to
study the corrosion behaviour. Surface analysis was done by EDS and
SEM. Open circuit potential shows reduction of resistance
polarization with the addition of inhibitor extract. Potentiodynamic
polarization result suggests that inhibitor functioned as mixed-type
inhibitor. The inhibition efficiency increased with increase in
concentration, while also showed good results at increased
temperature.
It has been seen that the inhibitor is showing both physical and
chemical adsorption. Icorr value decreases with the concentration with
increase in Ecorr value.

Phyllanthus fraternus –
Phyllanthus fraternus leaves extracts was used as corrosion inhibitor
for mild steel[7]. H2SO4 solutions was used as corrosive medium. The
plant extracts were screened by phytochemical screening. Electrolysis
was carried out in the solution and sample was investigated using
weight loss, gasometrical techniques, electrochemical polarizations
and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Inhibition efficiencies
increased with increasing concentration but decreased with the
temperature rise. Both the cathodic reaction of hydrogen evolution
and the anodic dissolution of mild steel was inhibited by the inhibitor.
The inhibitor acted as a mixed type corrosion inhibitor.
The active molecules in the extract after phytochemical screening
were responsible for developing a protective film over the surface of
sample.

Antigonon Leptopus –
The extracts from Antigonon Leptopus was used as corrosion
inhibitor[8]. Test was done on mild steel in 1M H2SO4 and result was
studied by using weight loss measurements. From the calculation it
was found that the inhibition efficiency increased with increase in
concentration. Inhibition efficiency of 94.58% is achieved up to
temperature of 323 K. Value of negative free energy tells that the
adsorption of inhibitor is spontaneous onto the mild steel surface.
The experiment has been studied based totally on the weight loss
measurement. Corrosion rate has been manually calculated by
American unit of mils per year. Any electrolytic test hasn’t been done,
thus values for icorr and Ecorr are absent.

Flavonoid from Nypa fruticans Wurmb –

The corrosion inhibitor used here is flavonoids, separated from Nypa
fruticans Wurmb leaves extracts[8]. The test sample is mild steel,
tested at temperatures of 303K, 313K, 323K, 333K and 353K.
Separation of constituents has been done by fractionation using
Soxhlet apparatus after extracting with 70% acetone. The constituents
were detected using phytochemical screening methods. The inhibitor
concentration was increased along with increasing concentrations of
sulphuric acid solutions. Inhibition efficiency increased with increase
in concentration, as well as with increase in temperature.
Highest efficiency was shown at 323 K of about 74.48%, with
concentration of 0.5 g/L for the inhibitor. The test result was found by
weight loss method, while corrosion rate was calculated in mils per
year. Information regarding corrosion current and potential is not
available.

Aniba rosaeodora –
The alkaloidic extract from Aniba rosaeodora was used as corrosion
inhibitor [8]. C38 steel was tested in 1 M hydrochloric acid. Corrosion
behaviour was studied by Potentiodynamic polarization and
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Phytochemical testing
was done to detect and determine the active molecule. For testing of
mechanism of corrosion inhibition of active molecules, XPS was
done. Data from EIS showed a constant phase element (CPE (α, Q))
has been used. The extracts was found to be a mixed type inhibitor.
Efficiency increased with concentration. Anibine was known to be as
major alkaloid by phytochemical study, which resulted in inhibition
efficiency. XPS showed presence of extracts and anibine molecules in
the formed layer.
The effect of temperature on the inhibition efficiency hasn’t been
tested in the above experiment.

Caesalpinia pulcherrima –
Caesalpinia pulcherrima extracts was tested as corrosion inhibitor for
mild steel[9]. Test solution was 1N H2SO4. Corrosion behaviour was
tested by weight loss method, potentiodynamic polarization,
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Scanning Electron
Microscope (SEM) techniques. From the test it was found that
inhibition efficiency increased with inhibitor concentration. However
rise in temperature led to increase in corrosion rate. Potentiodynamic
studied showed the inhibitor acts as mixed type inhibitor. The
inhibitor achieved an efficiency as high as 83.72% at 0.9% v/v
inhibitor concentration.
The surface of the sample after test was observed by SEM. It was
found that adsorption of inhibitor contents were responsible for
inhibition of corrosion.

Polyalthia Longifolia –
Dried leaves of Polyalthia longifolia were investigated for corrosion
inhibition in mild steel[10]. 1N H2SO4 medium was taken for test.
Corrosion behaviour was studied by weight loss and temperature
studies. Inhibition efficiency was found to increase with increase in
concentration of the extract. Efficiency increased with temperature up
to 338 K. The adsorption behaviour of extract molecules on the
surface obeyed the Langmuir, Temkin, Freundlich adsorption
isotherms. SEM was done for surface analysis. The inhibition
efficiency of the extracts were found to be up to 92% at 1.5%
inhibitor concentration.
The above testing doesn’t includes electrochemical study, thus
information about icorr and Ecorr are not available. Corrosion rate has
been calculated by observation of weight loss. SEM imaging of the
surface is available.

Cucurbita Maxima –
The leaf extracts of Cucurbita maxima were tested for the corrosion
behavior of mild steel [11]. Acidic solution of 1N HCl was studied.
The study was done using weight loss measurements and FTIR
techniques. It was seen that corrosion rate decreased and inhibition
efficiency increased with increase in concentration. The adsorption of
the inhibitor extract on the metal surface obeyed Langmuir and
Temkin adsorption isotherms. FTIR technique was used to find the
nature of the metal surface, showing the adsorption of inhibitor. An
efficiency of 98% was achieved at 2% v/v concentration.
Corrosion rate was calculated in mils per year, based on the weight
loss analysis. Ecorr and icorr values are not available in the above
experiment. Temperature didn’t had any significant effect on
inhibition efficiency.

Adenopus breviflorus –
Succinyl amide gemini surfactant, synthesized from seed oil of
Adenopus breviflorus was tested as corrosion inhibitor of mild steel
[11]. Testing was done in 0.5 M HCl and the corrosion behaviour was
studied using weight loss method. FTIR and NMR was done to
observe the behaviour on surface of metal. The inhibitive mechanism
of succinyl amide gemini surfactant was also analysed by surface
tension, emulsion stability, wetting power and SEM. The adsorption
of inhibitor was spontaneous, exothermic and in obedience of
Langmuir isotherm with the process of physisorption. The activation
energy for corrosion increased as the concentration of the succinyl
amide gemini surfactant. The highest measured energy was being
135.20 kJ mol−1 at 160 mol/L while the heat of adsorption was
−95.25 kJ mol−1 at the same concentration.
The corrosion rate was measured in g cm−2 h−1. Inhibition efficiency
was calculated based on weight loss. Information about icorr and Ecorr is
not available. The effect of temperature hasn’t been tested. SEM
imaging of the surface is available.

Amaranthus cordatus –
Amaranthus cordatus has been used as corrosion inhibitor for
conventional mild steel[12]. Medium of H2SO4 and NaCl has been
used at 0.5 M and 1.0 M. The experiment was conducted for 30 days
and weight-loss corrosion method was used to find out corrosion
penetration rate using equation: CPR = (87.6∆w)/ρAt. The rates of
corrosion increased with increase in concentration of the test medium
and decreased with addition of inhibitor. The inhibition efficiency
was found to be greater in NaCl than in H2SO4.
Corrosion rate and inhibitor efficiency was found out on the basis of
weight loss study. Ecorr and icorr values are not available for the
experiment. Testing has been done at room temperature only.
Information about surface analysis is not available.

Rotula Aquatica –
Ethanol extracted from leaves (LV), stems (ST) and roots (RT) of
Rotula aquatica plant has been used as corrosion inhibitor for mild
steel [13]. H2SO4 solutions were used as corrosive medium and
weight loss, gasometric techniques, electrochemical polarizations and
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used for study. The
extracts of Rotula aquatica showed inhibition efficiency in the order
RT > LV > ST. Inhibition efficiencies increased with increasing
concentration of the extract while decreasing with the temperature
rise. Both the cathodic hydrogen evolution and the anodic dissolution
of mild steel were inhibited, thus the active molecules of the extracts
acted as mixed type corrosion inhibitors.
Phytochemical screening has been done from the extracts. EIS shows
the electrochemical data. Surface profile of the test sample is not
available.

Coconut coir dust –

Water and methanol extracts of coconut coir dust was studied for
corrosion inhibition of mild steel[14]. H2SO4 medium was used and
chemical and electrochemical techniques were applied for study. The
extracts showed inhibition of acid induced corrosion of mild steel.
The inhibition efficiency increased with increase in extracts
concentration and decreased with increase in temperature. Methanol
extract was found to be a better inhibitor. The adsorption mechanism
of the extracts’ components onto the mild steel surface obeyed
Temkin and Freundlich adsorption isotherms for methanol and water
extracts respectively. The extracts act as mixed typed inhibitor under
cathodic control.
Corrosion rate has been calculated in mg cm−2 h−1. The surface
imaging of the tested material is not available for the above
experiment.

Juniperus –
Juniperus plant was tested for corrosion inhibition of mild steel[15].
Testing was done in H2SO4 at a temperature range of 30 to 60°C and
studied using chemical (HE and WL) and electrochemical (PDP and
EIS) methods. The inhibition efficiency increases with increase in
inhibitor concentration but decreases with rise in temperature. The
adsorption of active compounds of plant on steel surface led to
inhibitive effect. The adsorption of compounds obeys Frumkin
adsorption isotherm and Temkin adsorption isotherm at all the
concentration and temperature. Physical adsorption is shown from the
activation parameters obtained. The adsorption process is
spontaneous.
The electrochemical data has been studied under this experiment in
different temperature ranges. The surface imaging is however not
available.

Hyptis Suaveolens –
Hyptis suaveolens leaf extract (HSLE) were studied as corrosion
inhibitor of mild steel[16]. 1 M H2SO4 was used and evaluation was
done using mass loss measurement as well as potentiodynamic
polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
measurements. The inhibition efficiency increased with increasing
extract concentration and decrease with temperature. Maximum
inhibition efficiency of HSLE in 1 M H2SO4 was found to be 95 %.
The potentiodynamic polarization showed HSLE acts as mixed- type
inhibitor. The adsorption of inhibitor obeyed Langmuir adsorption
isotherm. The nature of protective film formed on the surface was
confirmed by FT-IR, XRD and SEM techniques.
The above experiment showed the inhibition effect of HSLE with
electrochemical data, temperature study and surface profile of sample.

Papaya Leaves –
The aqueous extract of C. Papaya leaves were studied for corrosion
inhibition on mild steel [17]. 60 ppm Cl- ion containing aqueous
medium was used for the study and tested using inhibition efficiency
and degree of surface coverage. 2mL of C. Papaya leaves extract was
found to be most suitable inhibitor concentration with inhibition
efficiency (IE) of 91% at Zn2+ (50 ppm) by the weight loss method.
Synergism parameters have been calculated to study the synergistic
effect existing between C. Papaya leave extract and Zn2+. The effect
of immersion time and pH has also been investigated. The protective
film has been analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)
spectroscopy.
The inhibition efficiency increased with increase in concentration of
inhibitor, while decreased with increase in immersion time and
decrease of pH. Electrochemical study and temperature effect is not
studied in the above experiment.

Citrus aurantifolia –
The effect of citrus aurantifolia (lime) seed extracts on corrosion
inhibition of mild steel was tested [18]. It was immersed in 1M H2SO4
and studied by weight loss method. The experiment was conducted at
temperatures of 25, 50 and 75°C. The inhibition efficiency increased
with increase in citrus aurantifolia extracts but decreased with rise in
temperature. The adsorption of citrus aurantifolia (lime) seed extracts
was found to obey Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm
models. The values of the free energy of adsorption was found to be
20KJ/mol. This indicates physical adsorption between charge
molecules and the metal.
Corrosion rate was calculated in g/hcm. Since study has been
conducted by weight loss method only, icorr and Ecorr values are not
available.

Terminalia chebula –
The corrosion inhibition of fruit extract of Terminalia chebula (TC)
on mild steel has been studied [19]. 1M HCl solution was used and
studied using gravimetric, potentiodynamic polarization, and
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. The
inhibitor functioned in the acidic corrodent and corrosion inhibition
efficiency increased with extract concentration. Polarization curves
show that the extracts acts as a mixed-type inhibitor, while impedance
results show that the extract organic matter was adsorbed at the
metal=corrodent interphase. A computational study of the adsorption
behavior of the organic constituents of the extracts was carried out
using density functional theory (DFT).
The inhibition behaviour of the extracts has been studied as well as
the molecular analysis of the active compounds has been done in the
above experiment.

Hibiscus sabdariffa –
The acid extract of leaves of Hibiscus sabdariffa, has been
synthesized, and its inhibiting action was studied on the corrosion of
mild steel [20]. Acidic medium of 1.2 N HCl and 1.2 N H2SO4 has
been investigated by corrosion-monitoring techniques. The extract
compound has better inhibiting property for mild steel corrosion in
1.2 N H2SO4 than 1.2 N HCl. Adsorption isotherms, which are tested
for the data were Langmuir, Frumkin, Florry–Huggins, and
Langmuir–Freundlich isotherms. The Langmuir isotherm has more
correlation coefficient of over 0.99 in both the acid environments.
Corrosion rate has been calculated in mg cm–2 h–1. Electrochemical
study of the corrosion behaviour hasn’t been tested.

Turmeric and ginger –

Extracts of turmeric and ginger rhizomes were studied for corrosion
inhibition of mild steel [21]. 1M HCl was tested as acidic medium.
The corrosion inhibition efficiency (IE) was calculated using weight
loss method and potentiodynamic polarization measurements. Weight
loss measurements were conducted at 25, 45, and 65°C for 1 h of
immersion time. The topography of the surface was analyzed using
field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Both the
inhibitors act as mixed type inhibitors. The efficiency increases with
the increase in the inhibitors concentrations to attain 92% and 91% at
10 g/L of turmeric and ginger respectively. For higher concentrations
(7.5 and 10 g/L), turmeric and ginger show their higher inhibition
efficiencies at 45°C and 25°C respectively. The adsorption of the
inhibitors obeys the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Turmeric was
found to be a better corrosion inhibitor compared to ginger.
Corrosion rate has been calculated in mm/year. The surface imaging
of the test sample is available for the above experiment.

watermelon rind extract –

Electrochemical techniques were used to investigate the efficacy of
watermelon rind extract (WMRE) as corrosion inhibitor for mild steel
in HCl and H2SO4 solutions [22]. The inhibition efficiency increased
as the concentration of the extract increases. Potentiodynamic
polarization results indicate that WMRE act as a mixed-type
inhibitor. The values of effective capacitance obtained by utilizing the
impedance parameters in both acidic media are in the range of
double layer capacitance. Corrosion inhibition effect of WMRE can
be attributed to the adsorption of constituents of WMRE onto the mild
steel surface which can be approximated by Temkin adsorption
isotherm model.

Piper nigrum –
Background/Objectives: Introduction of green corrosion inhibitor can
stop the use of expensive and harmful synthetic inhibitor[23]. This
study investigates the corrosion inhibition of mild steel in aggressive
media by using Piper nigrum extract. Methods/Statistical Analysis:
The potentiality of Piper nigrum to inhibit corrosion was studied
based on concentration of inhibitors range of 0.2g/l-0.5g/l and
temperature range of 40°C-60 °C by using gravimetric and
thermometric methods. Results: Calculation from weight loss method
revealed that Inhibition Efficiencies (IE%) increase with increasing
inhibitor concentration which show a decrease in Corrosion Rate
(CR). However, the rise in temperature decreases the IE% which
means an increasing in the CR. Furthermore, thermodynamic
parameters of adsorption process such as Activation Energy (Ea),
Enthalpy (∆H° ) and Entropy (∆S° ) were calculated and these values
showed a good interaction. A rise of Ea values with increasing
inhibitor concentration proved a physical adsorption mechanism is
taking place. The ∆H° calculated proved that this is an endothermic
process. Conclusion/Application: Results from this study showed that
Piper nigrum was an attractive alternative to prevent corrosion as it
shows the great inhibition efficiency.

African Perquetina –
The inhibition of mild steel corrosion in sulphuric acid solution was
studied with application of Africa parquetina leaves extract (APLE)
using Gravimetric, Gasometric and Thermometric measurements[24].
The phytochemical characterization of the leaves extract were also
carried out using Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GCMS)
and Fourier transformation Infra Red (FTIR) analysis. The result
showed the presence of phytochemical compounds and functional
groups greatly contributed to the inhibitive strength. The inhibition
efficiency at optimum concentration 0.5 g/l was 87.78 % and it was
increased with the increase in concentration of APLE but decreased
with increase in temperature. The adsorption of inhibitor obeyed
Langmuir adsorption isotherm and the free energy of adsorption
suggested that it was physisorption. Finally, the Dubinnin-
Radushkevich isotherm model also suggested the techniques adopted
in the corrosion measurement were in good agreement.

Musa paradisica –
The inhibition and adsorption effects of the aqueous extracts of Musa
paradisica (Banana) peels on mild steel corrosion in 1 M HCl as well
as change in inhibition efficiency with ripening of the peels are inves-
tigated by weight loss measurement, electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy (EIS), Tafel polarization and atomic force microscopy
(AFM) techniques[25]. Inhibition ability of the extracts decreases
with the maturity stages. Furthermore, the extracts are characterized
by FTIR spectroscopy, UV–visible spectros- copy and high
performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques. Adsorption
behavior of the extracts is also studied, which suggest Langmuir
isotherm model as a most suitable adsorption mechanism.

Nicotiana tabacum –
In the present work corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 2 M H2SO4
solution by Nicotiana tabacum extract was studied by weight loss
method[26]. It has been found that the extract acts as an effective
corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in Sulfuric acid medium. The
inhibition process is attributed to the formation of an adsorbed film of
inhibitor on the metal surface which protects the metal against
corrosion. The inhibition efficiency (%IE) and surface coverage (h)of
N. tabacum extract increased with increase in inhibitor concentration
but decreased with increasing the temper- ature. The adsorption of
extract on the mild steel surface was found to obey Langmuir’s
adsorption isotherm. The free energy value (DGads) indicated that
the adsorption of inhibitor molecules was typical of physisorption.
The results obtained show that N. tabacum Extract could serve as an
excel- lent eco-friendly green corrosion inhibitor. Quantum chemical
parameters such as highest occupied molecular orbital energy
(EHOMO), lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy (ELUMO),
energy gap (DE), dipole moment (l) and Mulliken charges were
calculated. Quantum chemical calculations also supported
experimental data and the adsorption of inhibitor molecules onto the
metal surface.

Bitter Leaf Root Extract –

Cost of organic and some inorganic inhibitors are relatively low but
many of the effective inhibitors such as chromate, arsenate and
ethanolamine are very toxic, harmful to human health and their
environment[27]. The inhibitive ability of Bitter leaf (Vernonia
amygdalina) root extract was investigated on corrosion of mild steel
in 1.5 M Sulphuric acid solution using weight loss, hydrogen
evolution and thermometric measurements at temperature ranges of
30-60°C. The root extract was characterized for phytochemical
screening using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS)
and Fourier Transformation Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIS). The
result showed the extracts contained some organic compounds which
are responsible for the inhibitive ability. The corrosion rate of mild
steel in the presence of inhibitors decreases and increase as the
temperature increases. The inhibitor exhibit excellent inhibition
efficiency on mild steel corrosion in H2SO4 solution as 90 %, 84.82
%, 79.65 % and 76.90 % of inhibition efficiency achieved with
addition of 0.5 g/l concentration of bitter leaf root extract (BLRE) at
30°C, 40°C, 50°C and 60°C temperature respectively. The inhibition
efficiency increase with in concentration of inhibitor and decreases
with rise in temperature. The adsorption parameters also obeyed the
Langmuir adsorption isotherm and the result of Gibbs free energy of
adsorption (∆Gads) showed spontaneous process of adsorption that is
consistent with physical adsorption mechanism.

African Breadfruit –
Inhibitory effects of African breadfruit leaves extract (BLE) on the
corrosion of mild steel and aluminium in 1M sulphuric acid (H2SO4)
solution was studied at 30℃ and 60℃. Kinetic, thermodynamic and
adsorption parameters for the inhibition process were determined
from the adsorption data[28]. Corrosion rates were found to increase
as temperature increased, but decreased in the presence of the extract
compared to the blank. Inhibition efficiency increased with increase
in inhibitor concentration reaching 70.55% for mild steel and 78.56%
for Al at 30°C in the presence of 5g/L of BLE. The results obtained
also show that the plant extract inhibited the corrosion process by
physical adsorption mechanism and the process followed Freundlich
adsorption isotherm model better
than Langmuir and Temkin models. Kinetic analysis showed that the
equilibrium constants were higher for mild steel (1.136) than
aluminium (0.985), at 30℃. The implications of these results were
discussed for the plant extract.

Ligularia fischer –
A methanol extract of Ligularia fischeri was studied for its inhibitive
effect on the corrosion of mild steel in a 1 M hydrochloric acid
medium, using the metrics of weight loss, potentiodynamic
polarization, and elec- trochemical impedance spectroscopy
(EIS)[29]. The corrosion rate of mild steel and Ligularia fischeri’s
inhibition efficiencies were calculated. The inhibition efficiency [η
(%)] was observed to increase with increasing con- centrations of
Ligularia fischeri. A maximum inhibition efficiency of 92% was
achieved using 500 ppm of the inhibitor. The weight loss experiments
were performed at different temperatures to understand the thermo-
dynamic mechanism of inhibition. A mixed inhibition mechanism was
proposed for the effects of Ligularia fischeri extract, as revealed by
the potentiodynamic polarization technique. A solution analysis by
atomic ab- sorption spectroscopy (AAS) for mild steel showed
decreased dissolution of iron in the presence of Ligularia fischeri.
The adsorption mechanism and surface morphology of the mild steel,
both with and without the in- hibitor, were studied using UV–visible,
Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), Raman, wide-angle X-ray
diffrac- tion (WAXD), scanning electron microscopy/energy-
dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and atomic force
microscopy (AFM).

Phyllanthus amarus –
Phyllanthus amarus leaf extract (PAE) has been investigated as a
corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 1 M hydro- chloric acid[30].
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic
polarization technique were used to monitor the inhibition behaviour
ofPAE for the system under investigation at different exposure time (1
h, 2 h) and temperatures (303 K, 308 K and 313 K). The inhibition
capacity of PAE was observed to be increasing with increasing
concentration. As the extract components got adsorbed on the metal
surface, inhibition efficiency also increases and finally reached 95%
at 303 K. The rise in temperature affected the inhibition efficiency
adverse- ly. Weight loss studies carried out at different exposure time
also revealed the inhibition efficiency ofPAE. To un- derstand the
contribution of the major component in the inhibition potential of the
extract computational calculations corresponding to phyllanthin was
made. The quantum chemical parameters well explain the effect of
structural features on the electron donating ability of phyllanthin. The
adsorption mode of PAE was found obeying Langmuir adsorption
isotherm.

Elaeis guineensis –
This article describes that the modification of lignin by incorporation
of aromatic scavengers (2- naphthol: AHN EOL and 1,8-
dihydroxyanthraquinone: AHD EOL) during delignification process
has
improved the physical properties of the lignin fractions[31]. Smaller
fragments of lignin with high phenolic eOH content, increased
solubility and antioxidant activity have led to improved inhibitive
property of the modified lignin. The inhibition efficiency (84e93%) of
both modified lignin (500 ppm) were observed to be better than
unmodified organosolv lignin (EOL). It was deduced that the
inhibition process was spontaneous and the inhibitors were mainly
physically adsorbed onto the mild steel surface.

Aloe Vera gel –

Effect of Aloe Vera gel on mild steel corrosion in 1 M HCl medium
has been studied using weight loss, electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy, and Tafel polarization[32]. These results were
supplemented by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning
electron microscopy (SEM). This extract is selected for this study in
view of its rich source of organic molecules. Tafel polarization studies
reveal that Aloe Vera gel extract acts as mixed inhibitor. The
activation parameters showed that the inhibitor is adsorbed by both
physisorption and chemisorption. The inhibitor showed >90%
inhibition efficiency and lowest corrosion rate at optimum
concentration of 200 ppm.