IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 58, NO.
11, NOVEMBER 2011
FPGA-Based Online Detection of Multiple
Combined Faults in Induction Motors Through
Information Entropy and Fuzzy Inference
Rene J. Romero-Troncoso, Member, IEEE, Ricardo Saucedo-Gallaga, Member, IEEE,
Eduardo Cabal-Yepez, Member, IEEE, Arturo Garcia-Perez, Member, IEEE,
Roque A. Osornio-Rios, Member, IEEE, Ricardo Alvarez-Salas, Member, IEEE,
Homero Miranda-Vidales, Member, IEEE, and Nicolas Huber
Abstract—The development of monitoring systems for rotating
machines is the ability to accurately detect different faults in an
incipient state. The most popular rotating machine in industry is
the squirrel-cage induction motor, and the failure on such motors
may have severe consequences in costs, product quality, and safety.
Most of the condition-monitoring techniques for induction motors
focus on a single specific fault. The identification of two or more
combined faults has been rarely considered, in spite of being a
very usual situation in real rotary machines. On the other hand,
information entropy is a signal processing technique that has
recently proved its suitability for fault detection on induction
motors, and fuzzy logic analysis has extensively been used in
combination with several processing techniques in improving the
diagnosis of a single isolated fault. The contribution of this paper
is a novel methodology that is suitable for hardware implementa-
tion, which merges information entropy analysis with fuzzy logic
inference to identify faults like bearing defects, unbalance, broken
rotor bars, and combinations of faults by analyzing one phase
of the induction motor steady-state current signal. The proposed
methodology shows satisfactory results that prove its suitability
for online detection of single and multiple combined faults in an
automatic way through its hardware implementation in a field
programmable gate array device.
Index Terms—Combined fault diagnosis, field programmable
gate arrays (FPGAs), fuzzy logic, induction motors, information
entropy.
Manuscript received September 8, 2010; revised January 3, 2011; accepted
February 19, 2011. Date of publication March 7, 2011; date of current version
September 7, 2011. This work was supported in part by the Mexican Depart-
ment of Education (SEP, PROMEP) under Grant UGTO-PTC-172 and in part
by the National Council on Science and Technology (CONACYT), Mexico,
under Scholarship 226886.
R. J. Romero-Troncoso, R. Saucedo-Gallaga, E. Cabal-Yepez, and
A. Garcia-Perez are with HSPdigital—CA Telematica/Procesamiento
Digital de Senales, Division de Ingenierias, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca,
Universidad de Guanajuato, 36700 Salamanca, Guanajuato, Mexico (e-mail:
troncoso@hspdigital.org, rsaucedo@hspdigital.org; ecabal@hspdigital.org;
agarcia@hspdigital.org).
R. A. Osornio-Rios is with HSPdigital—CA Mecatronica, Facultad de Inge-
nieria, Campus San Juan del Rio, Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, 76807
San Juan del Rio, Queretaro, Mexico (e-mail: raosornio@hspdigital.org).
R. Alvarez-Salas and H. Miranda-Vidales are with CA Electronica de
Potencia y Control, Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis
Potosi, 78290 San Luis Potosi, S.L.P., Mexico (e-mail: ralvarez@uaslp.mx;
hmirandav@uaslp.mx).
N. Huber is with the School of Engineering and Design, University of
Sussex, BN1 9QT Brighton, U.K. (e-mail: n.huber@sussex.ac.uk).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TIE.2011.2123858
0278-0046/$26.00 © 2011 IEEE
5263
I. I NTRODUCTION
N OWADAYS, the relevance in the development of mon-
itoring systems for rotating machines is the ability to
accurately detect different faults in an incipient state. The
earlier the failure is detected, the easier is the repairing process,
benefiting the industry as far as cost and maintenance time.
Squirrel-cage induction motors are the most popular motors
used in industry due to their robust structure and easy design,
and they consume around 85% of the electric power in the
world [1]. An induction motor failure may produce unexpected
interruptions on production lines, with severe consequences in
costs, product quality, and safety. For this reason, early fault
detection on induction motors has attracted the interest of many
research works in recent years [2]–[4]. Most of the induction
motor condition-monitoring techniques focus on detecting a
single specific fault in one of the three main components: the
stator, the rotor, and the bearings. Several approaches have been
proposed; unfortunately, most of them focus on single (i.e.,
isolated fault) and multiple fault (i.e., different faults treated
in an isolated way) detections. Around 50% of the faults in
rotating machines are bearing related, 10% are rotor faults, and
unbalance is inside the 12% of other faults [5]. Moreover, in
a real rotary machine, two or more faults can be present at
the same time so that one faulty condition could interfere the
detection of another one, leading to a wrong decision about
the operational condition of the motor. The identification of
multiple combined faults on induction motors still represents
a big challenge for condition monitoring, but it has been rarely
considered even if it can be a very usual situation because a
reliable identification of faulty conditions under the presence of
two or more simultaneous faults is really difficult [6]–[8].
A number of conventional vibration and current analysis
techniques exist by which certain faults in rotating machinery
can be identified and repaired before catastrophic failures in
a component occur. Unfortunately, most of them focus on
detecting a single specific fault, such as broken rotor bars [9]–
[12], bearing faults [13]–[15], or unbalance [16]–[18]. Broken
rotor bars are one of the most difficult to detect faulty conditions
because the induction motor keeps working without any per-
ceivable change. For instance, in [9], one broken bar is detected
by computing the wavelet coefficients of the induction motor
5264 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 58, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2011
startup current and their absolute mean square and variability
and by utilizing a weighting function for classifying the motor
condition. In a different case, in [19], up to half of a broken
bar is detected by computing the spectrum of the current and
vibration signals, their correlation, and a postprocessing tech-
nique consisting of a decision tree of five levels of comparison
plus conditional logic. This shows that partially broken bars
should be considered as a separate case from broken bars
since the produced effects are different for both cases. For
that reason, partially broken bar detection requires specialized
computing-intensive approaches in achieving this task. There
are some other approaches that guarantee the identification
of different faults by extracting multiple parameters from the
induction motor. For instance, in [20], stator winding faults
and broken rotor bars are identified by measuring the stator
currents and by computing their eigenvectors and eigenvalues.
In [21], broken rotor bars and shorted turns are detected by
computing the short-time Fourier transform of the three-phase
stator currents, the energy of the wavelet-decomposition coef-
ficients, and the power spectral density of the wavelet details.
In [22], a decision-making system with multiple classifiers in
diagnosing 12-broken rotor bars, bowed rotor, faulty bearing,
unbalance, eccentricity, and phase unbalance through a statis-
tical analysis of current and vibration signals is proposed. In
[23], power supply and motor faults are detected from electri-
cal measurements through a membership function based on a
pattern recognition approach. The advancement on the subject
has propitiated the use of many signal processing techniques.
The most popular analyses that have proven their efficacy on
induction motor fault detection are the wavelet transform (WT)
[9], [24], as it is able to extract time-frequency information from
nonstationary signals; the Fourier transform [25]–[27], which
is considered as a very good tool in the analysis of stationary
signals; and the Hilbert and Hilbert–Huang transforms [28],
[29], which are suitable for nonlinear and nonstationary data
analysis. Other approaches make use of fuzzy logic and neural
network processing in order to improve the single fault diagno-
sis. For instance, in [30], artificial neural networks and Weibull
hazard rates are used in determining the remaining useful life
of bearings. In [31], WT and neuro-fuzzy classifications are
used in detecting normal bearings, bearings with inner race
faults, and ball faults. In [32], rotor bar breakage is detected
through wavelet package decomposition and neural networks.
Finally, in [33], fuzzy logic and a genetic algorithm are used
in identifying the load level of the system and the severity of
the broken rotor bars. On the other hand, information entropy
is a well-known signal processing technique that has been
mainly used on data compression and codification, and recently,
it has proved its suitability for fault detection on induction
motors. For instance, in [34], broken rotor bars are detected
by applying information entropy straightforward on vibration
signals. In [35], the utility of multiscale entropy in diagnosing
faulty bearings in a rotating machine is investigated. Finally,
in [36], wavelet packet decomposition, information entropy,
energy eigenvalues, and power spectral density are used in
detecting broken rotor bars in induction motors. Unfortunately,
information entropy has been limited to single isolated fault
identification because of its statistical nature.
A few works consider the diagnosis and identification of
multiple combined faults. In [6], combined faults (broken rotor
bars, mixed eccentricities, and stator short circuits) are detected
by utilizing the WT on the startup current. In [7], stator in-
terturn isolation and bearing wear faults are detected through
a neuro-fuzzy analysis of motor intake current, rotor speed,
stator winding temperature, bearing temperature, and noise of
the motor. In [8], the combination of faults in outer race and
rolling element of bearings is detected through the fusion of
the dual-tree complex WT, kurtosis, and NeighCoeff method.
These methods are characterized by qualitative results that must
be interpreted by an expert offline from the analysis of several
parameters.
The contribution of this research work is a novel method-
ology that combines information entropy analysis with fuzzy
logic inference, and it is able to make an accurate and reliable
online assessment of specific faulty conditions in an induction
motor with single or multiple combined faults present by just
analyzing one phase of its steady-state current. In the proposed
methodology, information entropy provides a quantitative ref-
erence of the information content in the steady-state current.
Then, a fuzzy algorithm is applied to each entropy value for
accurate identification of single or combined faulty condition.
In this research work, for simplicity of implementation, three
of the most common faulty conditions in induction motors
are investigated in an experimental way: bearings, unbalance,
and broken rotor bars [5], [37], although it can be extended
to other faults by carrying out the corresponding adjustments
in the fuzzy inference stage. The results show the potential of
the proposed methodology as an online deterministic technique
that is suited for real-time identification of single or multiple
combined faults in very early stages through a hardware imple-
mentation in a field programmable gate array (FPGA) device.
II. T HEORETICAL BACKGROUND
A. Information Entropy
Entropy in information theory describes the amount of infor-
mation provided by a signal or event. It relates the uncertainty
of an event associated with a given probability distribution.
Shannon [38] defined entropy as a measure of the average infor-
mation content associated with a random outcome. Considering
random event X with n possible outcomes x1 , x2 , x3 , . . . , xn
and every xi with probability p(xi ), then information entropy
H(X) of random event X is given as in
n


H(X) = − p(xi ) log2 [p(xi )] . (1)
i=1
If the total number of outcomes in random event X is N ,
probability p(xi ) is given by
ri
p(xi ) = (2)
N
where ri represents the incidence rate of each possible outcome
xi , and the total number of outcomes N is given as in
n


N= ri . (3)
i=1
ROMERO-TRONCOSO et al.: FPGA-BASED ONLINE DETECTION OF MULTIPLE COMBINED FAULTS
Fig. 1. Block diagram of the entropy estimation algorithm.
Rewriting (1), entropy H(X) of random event X can be
computed by
 
n
1
H(X) = log2 (N ) − ri log2 (ri ). (4)
N i=1
The entropy definition in (4) gives a simplified mathematical
expression suitable for hardware implementation. Since base-2
logarithm computation is a fundamental operation during en-
tropy calculation, the algorithm of Mitchell [39] for base-2
logarithm estimation is considered in this paper because of its
advantages during hardware implementation. Fig. 1 shows the
block diagram of the structure for entropy estimation according
to (4). In this structure, ri represents the incidence rate of
each possible outcome xi produced by random event X in N
trials, where the incidence rate histogram block is in charge of
generating a statistical record of incidence rate ri for all of the
possible elements in the steady-state current signal.
The hardware implementation of the entropy algorithm can
be simplified by considering data sets with fixed power-of-2
number of elements (for the case treated here, N = 4096 =
212 ).
B. Fuzzy System Design
The main reason for using fuzzy inference is because of the
inherent difficulty and uncertainty on the detection of multiple
combined faults in induction motors utilizing a single parameter
[6]–[8]. In a classic fuzzy system, there is an antecedent (input),
which is assessed through a membership function in order
to determine its degree of association to a specific fuzzy-
event set. A conclusion can be worked out by estimating the
consequent (output) of the fuzzy system through a series of
logical operations (fuzzy rules).
The antecedent for the fuzzy system proposed in this paper
is the information contents in the steady-state current of the
induction motor. Membership function µA (H) of fuzzy set A,
which contains entropy values H(X) from a specific event
(motor condition), is defined by the relationship degree of
the entropy value with the specific event, where fuzzy set A
is formed by considering certain grouping constraints. The
grouping of the entropy values into fuzzy set A is dictated
by cardinality C(A) and standard deviation σ(A) of the set.
The goal is to obtain fuzzy sets with maximum cardinality but
minimum standard deviation for each single event
max [C(A)] > 1 min [σ(A)] > 0. (5)
If the fuzzy set standard deviation is greater than the minimal
for the corresponding event, then single entropy values are
5265
Fig. 2. Fuzzy set grouping and membership function design.
considered in creating the membership functions. Fig. 2 shows
the grouping and membership function design for fuzzy sets
A, B, C, and D containing entropy values H of independent
events (motor conditions) M1 and M2 .
The core of each membership function in Fig. 2 is determined
either by the mean of the fuzzy set, if the standard deviation
and cardinality condition are met, or by a single event in any
different case. The fine granularity in the design of the member-
ship functions allows the conception of simple if . . . then . . .
rules that specify the motor condition identifying the type
of fault or faults affecting the machine. The consequent of
each membership function in the fuzzy system is determined
by a Mamdani-style inference utilizing the largest of maxima
defuzzyfication algorithm [40]–[42], which was selected be-
cause of its advantages during hardware implementation. The
if . . . then . . . rules are reduced by grouping the consequent of
the membership functions that correspond to the same event in
a similar way to the one described in [33] and [40]–[43]
µA∪C (H) = µA (H) ∨ µC (H)
µB∪D (H) = µB (H) ∨ µD (H). (6)
III. E XPERIMENTAL S ETUP
The steady-state current signal is used to find the multiple
combined faults and to classify the conditions since this signal
describes the dynamic characteristics of the induction motor.
Fig. 3(a) shows the experimental setup where different 1-hp
three-phase induction motors (model WEG 00136APE48T) are
used to test the performance of the proposed methodology
identifying the single and multiple combined fault conditions
treated in this paper. The tested motors have 2 poles and 28
bars and receive a power supply of 220 V ac at 60 Hz. The
applied mechanical load is that of an ordinary alternator, which
represents a quarter of load for the motor. One phase of the
current signal is acquired using an ac current clamp model
i200s from Fluke, as shown in Fig. 3(a). A 16-b serial-output
analog-to-digital converter ADS7809 from Texas Instruments
Incorporated [44] is used in the data acquisition system (DAS).
The instrumentation system uses a sampling frequency f0 of
1.5 kHz, obtaining 4096 samples during the induction motor
steady state and acquiring up to the tenth harmonic of the
fundamental frequency and beyond. Fig. 3(b) shows the
5266 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 58, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2011
Fig. 3. (a) Test bench used during the experiment. (b) Block diagram of the
proposed multiple combined fault diagnosis system for induction motors.
Fig. 4. Artificially generated faults. (a) Outer race FBD. (b) Unbalanced
pulley (UNB). (c) One broken bar (BRB).
proposed multiple combined fault diagnosis system for induc-
tion motors. The steady-state current signal is acquired by the
current clamp. The acquired signal is conditioned and analog-
to-digital (A/D) converted in the DAS. The resulting digital
information is processed by the information entropy unit and
fuzzy rules implemented in the FPGA device that provides the
induction motor condition.
A. Single-Fault Conditions
To carry out the faulty bearing defect (F BD) test, the
bearing is artificially damaged by drilling a hole with 1.191 mm
of diameter on its outer race using a tungsten drill bit. Fig. 4(a)
shows the artificially damaged bearing model 6203-2ZNR used
in this paper.
The unbalance condition (U N B) is present when the induc-
tion motor mechanical load is not uniformly distributed, taking
Fig. 5. Combinations for the analysis of the multiple combined faults.
the center of mass out of the motor shaft. To test this condition,
an 8-mm hole is drilled in one of the pulley arms, where a two-
sided screw is inserted and fixed with female screws on each
side of the pulley arm, as shown in Fig. 4(b). The added mass
(i.e., the screw and female screws) generates the unbalance
condition.
The broken rotor bar (BRB) condition is produced artifi-
cially by drilling one hole with 7.938 mm of diameter without
harming the rotor shaft. Fig. 4(c) shows the rotor with one
broken bar utilized during experimentation.
B. Multiple Combined Faults
The possible multiple combined faulty conditions for the
induction motor were obtained by mixing each single fault with
one or two of the remaining faults. Fig. 5 shows the different
arrangements for the multiple combined faults, where seven
possible combinations were obtained with the treated faults.
IV. R ESULTS
To test the performance of the proposed methodology,
30 trials were carried out under each motor condition shown in
Fig. 5, plus the healthy condition (HT L) as reference pattern.
Sets of 15 tests were used as benchmark sets in designing the
membership functions of the fuzzy system, and 15 more tests
for each motor condition were carried out online in validating
the proposed methodology.
A. Fuzzy Inference Results
Utilizing the fuzzy system design formerly described, a total
of 40 membership functions were obtained from the test bench
sets. The analyzed faults and their combinations map into the
rage from 0 to 16 of the entropy axis, as shown in Fig. 6, since
binary information entropy (i.e., the precise number of bits
required in representing the analyzed discrete information) is
considered [34]. Table I shows the location of the left and right
boundaries and the core for the different membership func-
tions that define each motor condition. Following the grouping
scheme described in (6), only eight fuzzy rules were inferred
(one for each motor condition), and they can be expressed in
the following linguistic form.
1) If H(X) is µHLT 1 OR µHLT 2 then Motor Condition is
HLT .
ROMERO-TRONCOSO et al.: FPGA-BASED ONLINE DETECTION OF MULTIPLE COMBINED FAULTS
Fig. 6. Obtained membership functions for the identification of the isolated and multiple combined faults treated in this paper.
TABLE I
LEFT BOUNDARY, CORE, AND RIGHT BOUNDARY LOCATION FOR EACH
MEMBERSHIP FUNCTION ON THE ENTROPY AXIS
2) If H(X) is µF BD1 OR µF BD2 OR µF BD3 then Motor
Condition is F BD.
3) If H(X) is µU N B1 OR µU N B2 OR µU N B3 OR µU N B4
OR µU N B5 OR µU N B6 OR µU N B7 OR µU N B8 OR
µU N B9 OR µU N B10 then Motor Condition is U N B.
5267
TABLE II
EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PROPOSED METHODOLOGY IN IDENTIFYING
SINGLE OR MULTIPLE COMBINED FAULTS IN INDUCTION MOTORS
4) If H(X) is µBRB1 OR µBRB2 OR µBRB3 OR µBRB4
then Motor Condition is BRB.
5) If H(X) is µF BD&U N B1 OR µF BD&U N B2 then Motor
Condition is F BD&U N B.
6) If H(X) is µU N B&BRB1 OR µU N B&BRB2 OR
µU N B&BRB3 OR µU N B&BRB4 OR µU N B&BRB5 OR
µU N B&BRB6 OR µU N B&BRB7 OR µU N B&BRB8 OR
µU N B&BRB9 then Motor Condition is U N B&BRB.
7) If H(X) is µBRB&F BD1 OR µBRB&F BD2 OR
µBRB&F BD3 OR µBRB&F BD4 then Motor Condition is
BRB&F BD.
8) If H(X) is µF BD&U N B&BRB1 OR µF BD&U N B&BRB2
OR µF BD&U N B&BRB3 OR µF BD&U N B&BRB4 then
Motor Condition is F BD&U N B&BRB.
The proposed methodology was applied online through its
hardware implementation in an FPGA device. Table II displays
the effectiveness of the proposed methodology during the in-
duction motor condition identification. The results show the
probability of identifying isolated fault conditions and their
multiple combinations. They depict the effectiveness of the
proposed online methodology in carrying out induction motor
condition monitoring.
B. Hardware Implementation
Table III summarizes the hardware implementation fig-
ures of the proposed entropy and fuzzy inference processor
for multiple combined fault identification implemented in an
FPGA Cyclone-II EP2C35F672C6 from Altera [45]. This table
presents the resource utilization from the available resources in
the device, as well as the maximum operation frequency.
5268 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 58, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2011
TABLE III
RESOURCE UTILIZATION IN AN ALTERA CYCLONE-II DEVICE
Fig. 7. Snapshot of the proposed methodology hardware implementation in
an Altera Cyclone-II device during the bearing defect fault identification.
The FPGA implementation of the proposed methodology
takes 684 clock cycles in estimating the induction motor condi-
tion, which is equivalent to 22 µs in an Altera Cyclone-II device
running at 31 MHz. Hardware implementation outperforms
by one order of magnitude the software counterpart of the
algorithm, which takes 338 µs in estimating the motor condition
on a 2.8-GHz Intel Pentium Dual Core processor. Fig. 7 shows
the FPGA implementation of the proposed entropy and fuzzy
inference processor in an Altera Cyclone-II device where a
bearing defect condition is detected. A liquid crystal display
is used as an interface to show the operational condition of the
induction motor to the user.
C. Discussion
The results show that the proposed methodology hardware
implementation has 100% effectiveness in detecting the healthy
condition or the three combined fault condition. For all other
conditions, identification effectiveness decreases, but the results
are satisfactory. Since for all of the cases where the accurate de-
tection of the fault fails, hardware implementation classifies the
induction motor into a different faulty condition, usually related
with the correct condition, asserting a defective condition of the
induction machine.
Some of the uncertainty in the proposed methodology is due
to the inherent difficulty and uncertainty in detecting multiple
combined faults and to the statistical nature of the information
entropy. The results are close to the entropy values for different
motor conditions, which makes it very difficult to discriminate
one condition from another in some cases. For that reason, in-
formation entropy has been mainly used for single isolated fault
classification. Fuzzy inference helps in considerably improving
the identification of each condition, taking the information
entropy value as reference.
A significant characteristic of the proposed entropy and fuzzy
inference processor is the real-time identification of single
isolated faults or multiple combined faults in an automatic
fashion, which is different from the cited literature for multiple
combined fault detection where results have to be interpreted
by the user from current or vibration signatures.
V. C ONCLUSION
The contribution of this paper is an online methodology
for the identification of multiple combined faults in induction
motors through information entropy and fuzzy logic inference,
which is suitable for its hardware implementation in an FPGA
device. The fusion of these techniques allows satisfactory re-
sults for this difficult task in an automatic way by analyzing one
phase of the steady-state current signal from the rotating ma-
chine. The fine granularity of the membership function design,
dictated by the standard deviation condition, determines the
effectiveness on the identification of the motor condition, which
could be increased by considering more membership functions
(finer granularity) for each event (motor condition) without
increasing the number of rules in the fuzzy inference. The
simplicity on the if . . . then . . . inference rules makes possible
their hardware implementation in an FPGA device utilizing
minimum resources and performing online real-time diagnoses
of motor conditions that outperform the software counterpart of
the algorithm by one order of magnitude. The obtained results
prove the suitability of the proposed methodology in identifying
online single isolated faults like outer race bearing defect,
unbalance, broken rotor bars, and combinations on induction
motors in real time and in an automatic way. The certainty of
the proposed system and the number of treated faults could
be incremented by considering high levels of granularity in
the membership function definitions; however, this has direct
effects on hardware implementation since more membership
functions have to be defined for every case, and the system
complexity is tremendously increased. Further work comprises
the combination of treated faults with other mechanical and
electrical faults, utilizing different signal processing techniques
and inference methods.
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Rene J. Romero-Troncoso (M’07) received the B.E.
and M.E. degrees in electronics from the Universidad
de Guanajuato, Salamanca, Mexico, and the Ph.D.
degree in mechatronics from the Universidad Au-
tonoma de Queretaro, Queretaro, Mexico.
He is currently a Head Professor with the Uni-
versidad de Guanajuato and an Invited Researcher
with the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro. He
is a National Researcher with the Consejo Nacional
de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Mexico. He has been the
adviser of over 150 theses, the author of two books
on digital systems (in Spanish), and the coauthor of over 40 technical papers in
international journals and conferences. His fields of interest include hardware
signal processing and mechatronics.
Dr. Romero-Troncoso is the recipient of the “2004 ADIAT National Award
on Innovation” for his works in applied mechatronics and the “2005 IEEE
ReConFig’05” award for his works in digital systems.
5270 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 58, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2011
Ricardo Saucedo-Gallaga (M’06) received the
B.Eng. degree (with honors) from the Universidad
Panamericana Campus Bonaterra, Aguascalientes,
Mexico, and the M.Eng. degree (with honors) from
the Department of Engineering, Campus Irapuato-
Salamanca, Universidad de Guanajuato, Salamanca,
Mexico, where he did a research work with the
HSPdigital group.
His research interest includes hardware signal
processing on field programmable gate array for
applications on mechatronics.
Eduardo Cabal-Yepez (M’09) received the B.Eng.
and M.Eng. degrees from the Facultad de Ingenieria
Mecanica, Electrica y Electronica (FIMEE), Uni-
versidad de Guanajuato, Salamanca, Mexico, and
the D.Phil. degree from the University of Sussex,
Brighton, U.K.
He is currently an Associate Professor with the
Department of Engineering, Universidad de Gua-
najuato, doing research work with the HSPdigital
group, which is focused on hardware signal process-
ing on field programmable gate arrays for applica-
tions in mechatronics. He is a National Researcher with the Consejo Nacional
de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Mexico.
Arturo Garcia-Perez (M’10) received the B.E. and
M.E. degrees in electronics from the Universidad
de Guanajuato, Salamanca, Mexico, in 1994 and
the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the
University of Texas, Dallas, in 2005.
He is currently an Associate Professor with the
Department of Electronic Engineering, Universidad
de Guanajuato. He has been the adviser of over 40
theses. His field of interest includes digital signal
processing for applications in mechatronics.
Roque A. Osornio-Rios (M’10) received the B.E.
degree from the Instituto Tecnologico de Queretaro,
Queretaro, Mexico, and the M.E. and Ph.D. de-
grees from the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro,
Queretaro.
He is a National Researcher with the Consejo
Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Mexico. He is
currently a Head Professor with the Universidad
Autonoma de Queretaro, San Juan del Rio, Mexico.
He has been the adviser of over 20 theses and the
coauthor of over 23 technical papers in international
journals and conferences. His fields of interest include hardware signal process-
ing and mechatronics.
Dr. Osornio-Rios is the recipient of the 2004 ADIAT National Award on
Innovation for his works in applied mechatronics.
Ricardo Alvarez-Salas (M’04) received the B.S.
degree in electronics engineering from the Universi-
dad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi,
Mexico, the M.S. degree in electronics engineering
from the Scientific Research and Graduated Studies
Center of Ensenada, Ensenada, Mexico, in 1996,
and the D.E.A. and Ph.D. degrees in automatic con-
trol from the Polytechnical Institute of Grenoble,
Grenoble, France, in 1998 and 2002, respectively.
Since 2002, he has been with the Electrical Engi-
neering Department, Universidad Autonoma de San
Luis Potosi. His research interests include control and diagnostic techniques for
electrical machines and power converters.
Dr. Alvarez-Salas is a member of the Institution of Engineering and Technol-
ogy, U.K., and the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.
Homero Miranda-Vidales (M’03) received the
B.Eng. degree in electronics engineering from the
Technological Institute of San Luis Potosi, San Luis
Potosi, Mexico, in 2000 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D.
degrees in electrical engineering (with emphasis on
automatic control and power electronics) from the
Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, San Luis
Potosi, in 2003 and 2007 respectively.
He is a Professor with the Engineering Depart-
ment, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi,
where he is engaged in teaching and research areas
of power electronics and automatic control. His areas of interests are power
quality, active power filters, multilevel converters, and pulsewidth modulation
techniques.
Nicolas Huber received the B.Eng. degree and the
M.Eng. degree in electronic engineering from the
University of Sussex, Brighton, U.K., in 2001 and
2002, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree from the
Sussex Space Center, Brighton, in 2007, focusing on
the Sussex Correlating Spectrograph (CORES).
He is a Research Fellow with the Sussex Bio-
medical Engineering Group, Brighton. His research
interests include biomedical instrumentation, em-
bedded systems, reconfigurable computing, and
adapting mathematical algorithms to hardware.