End of Chapter Practice

Assignment-4
Q. No. 1: A study was conducted to estimate hospital costs for accident victims who wore seat
belts. Twenty randomly selected cases have a distribution that appears be normally distributed
with a mean of $9004 and a standard deviation of $5629
a. construct a 90% and a 99% confidence interval for the mean of all such costs and
properly interpret your outcomes
Q. No. 2: You randomly select 16 coffee shops and measure the temperature of the coffee sold at
each. The sample mean temperature is 162.0ºF with a sample standard deviation of 10.0ºF. Find
the 95% confidence interval for the population mean temperature. Assume the temperatures are
approximately normally distributed.
Q. No. 3: You randomly select 25 newly constructed houses. The sample mean construction cost
is $181,000 and the population standard deviation is $28,000. Assuming construction costs are
normally distributed, should you use the normal distribution, the t-distribution, or neither to
construct a 95% confidence interval for the population mean construction cost?
Q. No.4: A study reported when eight persons experienced an unexplained episode of vitamin D
intoxification that required hospitalization, it was suggested that these unusual occurences might
be the result of excessive supplementation of dairy milk. Blood levels of calcium and albumin
for each individual at the time of hospital admission are shown below:
Calcium (mmol/l) Albumin (g/l)
2.92 43
3.84 42
2.37 42
2.99 40
2.67 42
3.17 38
3.74 34
3.44 42

Construct a 95% confidence interval for the true mean calcium and albumin level for
individuals who experienced vitamin D intoxication.

One-Sample Statistics
N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
calcium 8 3.1425 .51068 .18055
albumin 8 40.3750 3.02076 1.06800

One-Sample Test
Test Value = 0
95% Confidence Interval of the
Difference
t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Lower Upper
calcium 17.405 7 .000 3.14250 2.7156 3.5694
albumin 37.804 7 .000 40.37500 37.8496 42.9004
 Chapter 9 from Pagano's book

1.Explain the difference between point and interval estimation

An estimate of a population parameter given by a single number is called a point
estimate of the parameter. An estimate of a population parameter given by two
numbers between which the parameter may be considered to lie is called interval
estimate of the parameter.
Point estimation gives us a particular value as an estimate of the population
parameter. It is deterministic
Interval estimation gives us a range of value which is likely to contain the
population parameter. It is probabilistic
2. Describe the 95% confidence interval for a population mean u. How is the
interval interpreted?
If we compute a 95% confidence interval for each of 100 samples, then about 95 of
the 100 confidence intervals will include the true mean value (u). we are 95%
confident that the interval given covers the population mean.

3. What are the factors that affect the length of a confidence interval for a
mean? Explain briefly.
 larger the sample size, the smaller is CI
 greater the confidence level, the wider is CI.

4. Describe the similarities and differences between the t distribution and the
standard normal distribution. If you were trying to construct a confidence
interval, when would you use one rather than the other?
 The t-distribution and the standard normal distribution are both bell shaped
symmetrical curves centered on 0 with a total area of 1 under the curve and
range from negative infinity to positive infinity.
 The t-distribution is the family of curves determined by sample size and
degree of freedoms. The standard normal distribution is single distribution
curve. The t-distribution approaches standard normal distribution as the
sample size increases. The shape of the t-distribution reflects increased
 uncertainty with using sample standard deviation instead of population
standard deviation. The tails are thicker and the curve is broader. Also,
extreme values may occur.
 The t-distribution should be used when the population standard deviation is
unknown and has to be estimated by the sample standard deviation. The
standard normal distribution is used when the population standard deviation
is known.
5. The distributions of systolic and diastolic blood pressures for female
diabetics between the ages of 30 and 34 have unknown means. However, their
standard deviations are d, = 11.8 mm Hg and ad = 9.1 mm Hg, respectively
a) A random sample of ten women is selected from this population. The mean systolic blood
pressure for the sample is *, = 130 mm Hg. Calculate a two-sided 95% confidence interval
for ft,. the true mean systolic blood pressure.
(b) Interpret this confidence interval.
(c) The mean diastolic blood pressure for the sample of size 10 is *, = 84 mm Hg.
Find a two-sided 90% confidence interval for la, the true mean diastolic blood pressure of
the population.
(d) Calculate a two-sided 99% confidence interval for us.
(e) How does the 99% confidence interval compare to the 90% interval?
6. Consider the r distribution with 5 degrees of freedom.
(a) What proportion of the area under the curve lies to the right of t = 2.015?
0.05
(b) What proportion of the area lies to the left of r= - 3.365?
0.01
(c) What proportion of the area lies between = -4.032 and + = 4.0322
0.005
(d) What value of t cuts off the upper 2.5% of the distribution?
2.571

7. Consider the t distribution with 21 degrees of freedom

(a) What proportion of the area under the curve lies to the left oft = -2.518?
0.01
(b) What proportion of the area lies to the right of t = 1.323?
0.10
(c) What proportion of the area lies between r = - 1.721 and + = 2.831?
0.945
(d) What value of r cuts off the lower 2.5% of the distribution?
-2.080

8. Before beginning a study investigating the ability of the drug heparin to

prevent bronchoconstriction, baseline values of pulmonary function were
measured for a sample of 12 individuals with a history of exercise-induced
asthma [9]. The mean value of forced vital capacity (FVC) for the sample is ›,
= 4.49 liters and the standard deviation is s, = 0.83 liters; the mean forced
expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV,) is *2 = 3.71 liters and the standard
deviation is $2 = 0.62 liters.
(a) Compute a two-sided 95% confidence interval for 4, the true population mean FVC.
(b) Rather than a 95% interval, construct a 90% confidence interval for the true mean
FVC. How does the length of the interval change?
(c) Compute a 95% confidence interval for /g, the true population mean FEV.
(d) In order to construct these confidence intervals, what assumption is made about the
underlying distributions of FVC and FEV,?
12. Serum zine levels for 462 males between the ages of 15 and 17 are saved
under the variable name zinc in the data set serzinc [13] (Appendix B, Table
B.1). The units of measurement for serum zinc level are micrograms per
deciliter.
(a) Find a two-sided 95% confidence interval for y, the true mean serum zinc level for this
population of males.

One-Sample Statistics
N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
zinc 462 87.94 16.005 .745

One-Sample Test
Test Value = 0
95% Confidence Interval of the
Difference
t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Lower Upper
zinc 118.099 461 .000 87.937 86.47 89.40

(b) Interpret this confidence interval.

we are 95% confident that the true mean serum zinc level is between 86.47 and
89.40.
(c) Calculate a 90% confidence interval for u.

One-Sample Test
Test Value = 0
90% Confidence Interval of the
Difference
t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Lower Upper
zinc 118.099 461 .000 87.937 86.71 89.16

(d) How does the 90% confidence interval compare to the 95% interval?
The 95% interval is little bit wider than the 90% confidence interval.
13. The data set lowbwt contains information recorded for a sample of 100
low birth weight infants born in two teaching hospitals in Boston,
Massachusetts [141 (Ap-pendix B, Table B.7). Measurements of systolic blood
pressure are saved under the variable name sbp, while indicators of gender--
where 1 represents a male and 0 a female-are saved under the name sex.
(a) Compute a 95% confidence interval for the true mean systolic blood pressure of male
low birth weight infants.

Report
systolic blood pressure
Std.
gender Mean Deviation
Female 46.46 11.145
Male 47.86 11.806
Total 47.08 11.403

Descriptives
Std.
gender Statistic Error
systolic blood Female Mean 46.46 1.489
pressure 95% Confidence Lower 43.48
Interval for Mean Bound
Upper 49.45
Bound
5% Trimmed Mean 46.72
Median 47.00
Variance 124.217
Std. Deviation 11.145
Minimum 19
Maximum 67
Range 48
Interquartile Range 13
Skewness -.282 .319
Kurtosis -.071 .628
Male Mean 47.86 1.780
 95% Confidence Lower 44.27
Interval for Mean Bound
Upper 51.45
Bound
5% Trimmed Mean 47.14
Median 46.00
Variance 139.376
Std. Deviation 11.806
Minimum 27
Maximum 87
Range 60
Interquartile Range 12
Skewness 1.038 .357
Kurtosis 1.909 .702

(b) Calculate a 95% confidence interval for the true mean systolic blood pressure of female
low birth weight infants.
(c) Do you think it is possible that males and females have the same mean systolic blood
pressure? Explain briefly.
Since the mean systolic blood pressure of men is 47.86 and that of women is 46.46, it is
impossible for men and women to have the same mean systolic blood pressure.