Boolean Algebra

José Navarro
Boolean Algebra
Introduction
• Binary logic is used in all current digital devices
• It is important to reduce construction costs
• Boolean algebra allows us to simplify logical functions

José Navarro 2020

Boolean Algebra
A circuit that implements a simplified logic function
• costs less
• consumes less energy
• it is faster
• takes up less space
• generates less heat
• is easier to analyze

José Navarro 2020

Boolean Algebra
Axioms

•0 * 0 = 0
•0 + 0 = 0
•1 * 1 = 1
•1 + 1 = 1
•0 * 1 = 1 * 0 = 0
•0 + 1 = 1 + 0 = 1
• if x = 0, then xത = 1
• if x = 1, then xത = 0

José Navarro 2020

Boolean Algebra
Commutative Property
•x+y=y+x
•x*y=y*x

Associative Property
• x + (y + z) = (x + y) + z
• x * (y * z) = (x * y) * z

Distributive Property
• x * (y + z) = (x * y) + (x * z)
• x + (y * z) = (x + y) * (x + z)
José Navarro 2020
Boolean Algebra
Boolean Algebra Postulates and Theorems

Number Theorem Name

R1 𝐴+0=𝐴 Identity
R2 𝐴⋅1=𝐴 Identity
R3 𝐴⋅0=0 Null Element
R4 𝐴+1=1 Null Element
R5 𝐴+𝐴=𝐴 Idempotency
R6 𝐴⋅𝐴=𝐴 Idempotency

José Navarro 2020

Boolean Algebra
Boolean Algebra Postulates and Theorems …
Number Theorem Name
R7 𝐴 + 𝐴ҧ = 1 Complements
R8 𝐴 ⋅ 𝐴ҧ = 0 Complements
R9 𝐴Ӗ = 𝐴 Involution
R10 𝐴 + 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴 Covering
R11 𝐴 ⋅(A+B) = A Covering
R12 𝐴 + 𝐴𝐵 ҧ =𝐴+𝐵 Simplification
R13 𝐴 ⋅ (𝐴ҧ + 𝐵) = 𝐴𝐵 Simplification
R14 𝐴 + 𝐵 𝐴 + 𝐶 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝐶 Distributivity
José Navarro 2020
Boolean Algebra
Proving some rules using truth tables

𝐴∙𝐴=𝐴 𝐴 ∙ 𝐴ҧ = 0 𝐴Ӗ = 𝐴 A + AB = 𝐴
𝐴 𝐴∙𝐴 A 𝐴 𝐴ҧ 𝐴 ∙ 𝐴ҧ 𝐴 𝐴ҧ 𝐴Ӗ 𝐴 B 𝐴𝐵 𝐴 + 𝐴𝐵
0 0∙0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 00 0 0
1 1∙1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 01 0 0
10 0 1
11 1 1

José Navarro 2020

Boolean Algebra
Proving some rules using Venn Diagrams

A + AB = 𝐴 ҧ =𝐴+𝐵
A + 𝐴B

José Navarro 2020

Boolean Algebra
Simplifying an Equation
Reducing an equation to the fewest number of implicants, where
each implicant has the fewest literals
Recall:
Implicant: product of literals
ത 𝐴𝐶,
𝐴𝐵𝐶, ҧ 𝐵𝐶
ത

Literal: variable or its complement

ഥ 𝐵, 𝐵,
𝐴, 𝐴, ത 𝐶, 𝐶ҧ

José Navarro 2020

Boolean Algebra
Some tricks to simplify Boolean expressions

Distributivity A(B + C) = AB + AC
Combining 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐵ത = 𝐴 // 𝐴 𝐵 + 𝐵ത = 𝐴 1 = 𝐴
Expansion 𝐴 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐵ത
𝐴 = 𝐴 + 𝐴𝐵
Duplication 𝐴 =𝐴+𝐴

José Navarro 2020

Boolean Algebra
Example 1: Proving the “Simplification” theorem

𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵ത = 𝐴 + 𝐵ത

𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵ത = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵ത + 𝐴𝐵ത Covering
= 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐵ത + 𝐵ത Commutativity
= 𝐴 𝐵 + 𝐵ത + 𝐵ത Distributivity
= 𝐴 1 + 𝐵ത Complements
= 𝐴 + 𝐵ത Identity

José Navarro 2020

Boolean Algebra
Example 1: Proving the “Simplification” theorem

𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵ത = 𝐴 + 𝐵ത

𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵ത = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵ത + 𝐴𝐵ത Covering
= 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐵ത + 𝐵ത Commutativity
= 𝐴 𝐵 + 𝐵ത + 𝐵ത Distributivity
= 𝐴 1 + 𝐵ത Complements
= 𝐴 + 𝐵ത Identity

José Navarro 2020

Boolean Algebra
Example 2: Proving the “Simplification” theorem (version 2)

𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵ത = 𝐴 + 𝐵ത

𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵ത = 𝐵ത + 𝐵 𝐵ത + 𝐴
dos rutas
𝐵ത 𝐵ത + 𝐴𝐵ത + 𝐵𝐵ത + 𝐴𝐵 1 𝐵ത + 𝐴
𝐵ത + 𝐴𝐵ത + 0 + 𝐴𝐵 𝐴 + 𝐵ത
𝐵ത + 𝐴 𝐵ത + 𝐵
𝐵ത + 𝐴 1 = 𝐴 + 𝐵ത
∴ 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵ത = 𝐴 + 𝐵ത
José Navarro 2020
Boolean Algebra
Example 3: Consensus Theorem

ҧ + 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐶
𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐶 ҧ
= 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐶 ҧ + 𝐴𝐵𝐶
ҧ + 𝐴𝐵𝐶 Combining
= 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐵𝐶 + 𝐴𝐶 ҧ + 𝐴𝐵𝐶
ҧ Commutativity
= 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐶 ҧ Covering

José Navarro 2020

Boolean Algebra
Example 4:

𝑌 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐵ത
𝑌=𝐴 Covering

Or

= 𝐴 𝐵 + 𝐵ത Distributivity
=𝐴 1 Complements
=𝐴 Identity
José Navarro 2020
Boolean Algebra
Example 5:

𝑌 = 𝐴 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐵𝐶
𝑌 = 𝐴 𝐴𝐵 Covering
𝑌 = 𝐴𝐴𝐵 Product
𝑌 = 𝐴𝐵 Idempotency

José Navarro 2020

Boolean Algebra
Example 6:

ҧ
𝑌 = 𝐴𝐵𝐶 +𝐴

𝑌 = 𝐵𝐶 + 𝐴 Simplification

José Navarro 2020

Boolean Algebra
Example 7:

𝑌 ത + 𝐴𝐵𝐶 + 𝐴𝐵𝐶
= 𝐴𝐵𝐶 ҧ
𝑌 ҧ
= AC 𝐵ത + 𝐵 + 𝐴𝐵𝐶 Distributivity
𝑌 = 𝐴𝐶 1 + 𝐴𝐵𝐶 ҧ Complements
𝑌 ҧ
= 𝐴𝐶 + 𝐴𝐵𝐶 Identity
𝑌 = 𝐶(𝐴 + 𝐴𝐵)ҧ Distributivity
𝑌 =𝐶 𝐴+𝐵 Simplification
𝑌 = 𝐵𝐶 + 𝐴𝐶 Distributivity

José Navarro 2020

Boolean Algebra
Example 8:
ഥ + 𝐴𝐶ҧ 𝐷
𝑌 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 + 𝐵ത 𝐷 ഥ

𝑌 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 + 𝐵ത 𝐷ഥ + 𝐴𝐵 𝐶ҧ 𝐷 ഥ + 𝐴𝐵ത 𝐶ҧ 𝐷ഥ Combining
𝑌 = (𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐵 𝐶ҧ 𝐷 ഥ + 𝐴𝐵ത 𝐶ҧ 𝐷
ഥ ) + (𝐵ത 𝐷 ഥ ) +𝐵𝐶 Commutativity
𝑌 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵ത 𝐷
ഥ + 𝐵𝐶 Covering

José Navarro 2020

Boolean Algebra
Example 9:
𝑌 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝐶 𝐴 + 𝐷𝐸

𝑌 = 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐴𝐷𝐸 + 𝐴𝐵𝐶 + 𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐸 Distributivity

𝑌 = 𝐴 + 𝐴𝐷𝐸 + 𝐴𝐵𝐶 + 𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐸 Idempotency
𝑌 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐸 Covering

José Navarro 2020

Boolean Algebra
DeMorgan’s Theorem

𝐴0 ∙ 𝐴1 ∙ 𝐴2 … = 𝐴0 + 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 …

The complement of the product is the sum of the complements

𝐴0 + 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 … = 𝐴0 ∙ 𝐴1 ∙ 𝐴2 …

Dual: The complement of the sum is the product of the

complements
José Navarro 2020
Boolean Algebra
DeMorgan’s Theorem …
Example 10 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑏 ⊕ 𝑏𝑐 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐
Note that x ⊕ 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦
ҧ + 𝑥𝑦ത
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑏𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎𝑏𝑏𝑐 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 XOR definition
= 𝑎ത + 𝑏ത 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎𝑏 𝑏ത + 𝑐ҧ 𝑎ത 𝑏ത 𝑐ҧ DeMorgan’s
= 𝑎𝑏𝑐 ത + 𝑎𝑏𝑏ത + 𝑎𝑏𝑐ҧ 𝑎ത 𝑏ത 𝑐ҧ
ത + 𝑏𝑏𝑐 Distributivity
ത + 0 + 0 + 𝑎𝑏𝑐ҧ 𝑎ത 𝑏ത 𝑐ҧ
= 𝑎𝑏𝑐 Complements
= 𝑎ത 𝑎𝑏
ത 𝑏𝑐ത 𝑐ҧ + 𝑎𝑎𝑏
ത 𝑏ത 𝑐ҧ𝑐ҧ Distributivity
= 𝑎ത ∙ 0 ∙ 0 + 0 ∙ 0 ∙ 𝑐ҧ Idempotency & Complements
=0+0 Null element
𝑦=0 Identity José Navarro 2020
Boolean Algebra

José Navarro 2020