Mixed skeletons

Echinoderms are marine invertebrates that belong to the phylum

Echinodermata. Different classes of echinoderms utilize a variety of body
parts for locomotion and result in different ways of moving. All echinoderms
use a water-vascular system to set up hydraulic pressure in order to
perform locomotion. The madreporite allows seawater to enter which then
fills up the canals of the echinoderm. Tube feet are filled with seawater
allowing for them to elongate, extend forward and adhere firmly to the
substratum by the vacuum action of their suckers. The body is then
dragged forward and the longitudinal muscles in the tube feet then contract
to force water out of itself and into the ampullae, this shortens the tube feet
and it releases its suckered grip on the substratum.

Asteroidea crawl along the floor using their tube feet as do Echinoidea
which also possess movable spines to use for locomotion. Asteroidea have
a lattice network of ossicles to reduce body weight while increasing its
strength and letting the arms bend and twist into shapes to fit in tight
spaces. Echinoidea have flat, rigid skeletal plates with holes to allow canals
to reach podia. Crinoidea uses their tube feet to crawl and swim by
thrashing their arms about, their ossicles allow for flexible movements in
the arms and to a lesser degree in the stalk. Tube feet do not play a huge
role in Ophiuroidea locomotion, they generally move by using two pairs to
row themselves in a certain direction while the rest trail behind.
Ophiuroidea ossicles run through the center of each arm forming scaly
plates allowing snake-like movements and spines to help with traction.
 Holothuroidea are able to move slowly across the sea floor using tube feet
but have also developed a method for quick escape by flexing their bodies
and inching along the seafloor because they become rigid when their
muscles contract. They do not have a rigid skeleton unlike the other
echinoderms and instead have microscopic spicules on their skin.
Crinoidea Asteroidea Echinoidea Holothuroidea Ophiuroidea

1. Explain in Crawling Walks along Move forward Lead with the Moves using
general along the the floor using with any area mouth, or oral, two symmetric
terms how ocean bottom tube feet. of the body and end, the pairs of arms
animals in or by using reverse movement which perform
each of their arms to direction being carried rhythmical
these groups actively swim without turning out by both rowing
move around. The the tube feet movements,
(generally) feet may be and the fifth arm is
used either as contraction passive and
levers or as and expansion directed
attachment of the body backward.
mechanisms
that pull the
animal.
2. Arms Arm ossicles Have podia No arms No arms Possesses
present and articulate and(short, tubular present present long arms
role in can be rolled external (usually 5).
movement up or locked. projections of Two lateral
(hard Is used by the body wall arms engage
skeleton) alternatively located in the in repetitive
raising and ambulacral oscillations
lowering sets groove.) tip of that push the
of arms. Has the podium is body forward.
minute flat forming a The one or two
terminal sucker. Muscle other arms
hooks for contraction on extend forward
grasping one side of the while one or 2
surfaces podium leads trail behind.
when to arm
crawling. bending. This
pulls
Asteroidea
along the floor.
3. Allow for the Is arranged in Flattened and The epidermis The large
Calcareous arms to a lattice sutured is covered bilaterally
spicules in articulate to network bound skeletal plates externally in a symmetrical
test and role allow by connective arranged in thin cuticle piece almost
in movement movement for tissue and rows running containing fills the arm’s
(hard swimming and irregularly from the oral microscopic interior in a
skeleton) crawling. It is perforated, pole to the ossicles. The linear
more which reduces aboral pole. ossicles vary arrangement,
interlocked at weight but Ambulacral greatly in each covered
the stalk but increases plates are shape with superficial
still allows strength pierced by arm shields.
some hole-forming Both ends
bending. canals that have nodes
connect and sockets,
internal allowing for
ampullae to great lateral
external podia mobility but
little vertical
mobility.
4. Spines Helped in Movable Movable spines No spines Located on the
and role in gathering food spines on the that each present lateral shield
movement particles from ambulacral contain a arranged in a
(hard the water. groove that concave socket vertical row.
skeleton) can close over at the base. They provide
the grove. This Two sheaths of traction to help
creates a fibers extend move along
protective between the the bottom.
space for spine base and
respiratory and the test. The
feeding outer sheath
currents to flow contracts to
through while incline spines
blocking in a direction
sediments. and the inner
sheath
contracts to
make spines
rigidly erect.
Muscles at the
base of the
stalk provide
for elevation
and direction of
the
pedicellariae.
Some have flat
broad spines to
prevent getting
swept away by
powerful
waves.
5. Role of The water lateral canals A genital plate Coelomic fluid The oral
water ring encircles form from each functions as enters and shield that
vascular the mouth, side ending in the leaves the forms the
system, and a radial a bulb that madreporite. system. madreporite
madreporite, canal ends on the The water ring Madreporite has a single
tube feet branches off podium. When gives rise to hangs pore and canal
(suckered or into each arm. the bulb radial canals beneath the that ascends to
not) Hydraulic contracts water that run along water ring by a the water ring.
pressure for moves into the the ambulacral short stone the water ring
extension of podium and areas of the canal. The has 4 polian
podia caused elongates it. test and end in water ring vesicles that
by contraction When the a terminal encircles the give rise to
of radial water podium comes tentacle. pharynx and radial canals
canal. Tube into contact Lateral canals gives rise to that penetrate
feet are used with the then penetrate polian the ossicles of
for crawling substratum, ambulacral vesicles. The arms. Each
the sucker ossicles, for vesicles ossicle gives
adheres. each ampulla function as rise to a pair of
Afterward two canals expansion lateral canals
longitudinal enter the podia. chambers to that lead to pia
muscles of the When the maintain without
podium podium comes pressure.5 ampullae. A
contract, into contact radial canals dilated
shortening it with the give canals to ampulla-like
and forcing substratum, the tentacles and section in the
fluid into the sucker along the podia canal
bulb. adheres. walls of the and localized
ambulacra, contraction of
lateral canals the radial
supply the water canal
podia. generate fluid
Ampullae are pressure for
present in protraction.
both podia
and tentacles.
When the
podium comes
into contact
with the
substratum,
the sucker
adheres