o uq;=

Automotive Electronics Subject

Using the Multi Meter

Yk
;d
Advanced Practical Course

NatureCom18072K7W
Ks l m% Rotary Auto Training Centre D.M.M.Dassanayake
Course Director -
Nugegoda
Lecturer - Desamantha Samarakoon
 0112835030/0776666645

u,aá ógrh fyj;a u,aá fgiagrh Ndú;h - Using the Multi Meter.
u,aá ógrh Ndú;d lsÍfï§ ms<smeÈh hq;= wdrCIs; mshjrhka.
u,aá ógrh Ndú;fha§ tys tla tla mrdihkag (Ranges) wod, Wmßu fjda,aàh;djhkag iy Wmßu Odrdjkag
jvd jeä fjda,aàh;djhka iy Odrdjka uekSu tkï lshùu (Reading) fkdl, hq;=h. ke;fyd;a u,aá ógrh wl%sh
jkq we;. fufia wl%sh jqjfyd;a th kej; w¨;ajeähd lr kej; ksjeßÈ ;;ajhg .ekSu wmyiq úh yels neúka
kej; w¨;ska u,aá ógrhla ñ,g .ekSug Tng isÿfõ.
u,aá ógrh ;=, we;s *shqih (Fuse) ±ù.sh fyd;a tjeks wjia:dj,§ thg kshñ; weïmsh¾ .Kkska hq;a
*shqihla fh§u wksjd¾h fõ. fï i|yd lsisúfgl;a isyska lïì fh§fuka je,lsh hq;=fõ. fndfyduhla u,aá ógr
;=, wu;r *shqihla ;nd .ekSug *shqia fyda,avrhla we;s neúka tys ieu úgu wu;r *shqihla rojd ;nkak.
kshñ; ld,j,§ ógrh ;=, we;s negß lE,s udre lrkak. ke;fyd;a iuyr negß lE,s ;=, we;s ridhksl
øjHhka ógrh ;=,g ldkaÿ ù ógrfha we;s mßm: fldgia úkdY ù hd yel.
u,aá ógrhl fldgia j, kï - Name of Components
wekf,d.a u,aá ógrh äðg,a u,aá ógrh
Analog Multi Meter Digital Multi Meter
mßudKhka
^iafl,aia - Scales&
fmdhskagrh äiamaf,a - Display

+
_
HV
Pointer
mek,h
iSfrda tfciagrh JANANI

Panel
Zero Adjuster DESIGNED
0 tciagrh
Nature Com 0 ADJ
Output 10A wjqÜ,Ü
f¾kaÊ isf,lagrh
mek,h Range Selector g%dkaisiag¾ fgiaÜg¾
Panel fidlÜ
fmdisáõ ( + ) fgiaÜ DIGITAL
fk.áõ ( - ) fgiaÜ fm%dí wjqÜ,Ü ^r;=& MULTI METER JANANI

fm%dí wjqÜ,Ü ^l¿& Positive ( + ) Test

Nature Com DESIGNED

Negative ( - ) Test Probe Outlet (Red)

Probe Outlet (Black) (P)
- COM (Common - fmdÿ w.%h )
(N)
fï,a nkdkd cela

fuu r;= iy l¿ fgiaÜ fm%dí j,g iïnkaO lr we;s

r;=
l¿ fgiaÜ fm%dí fï,a cela fol flfi,a f.ähl yevh .kakd ksid fuu cela
fgiaÜ fm%dí
nkdkd fï,a cela f,i kï lr we;.

wekf,d.a u,aá ógrh Ndú;fha§ ish¨u w.hhka lshjkq ,nkafka tys äiamaf,a tfla we;s fmdhskagrh
^lgqj& u.ska tkï wekf,d.a wdldrhg jk ksid fuu u,aá ógrh wekf,d.a u,aá ógrh ^m%;siu nyqudkh& hk
kñka y÷kajd ;sfí. äðg,a u,aá ógrfha§ tys äiamaf,a tfla we;s fijka is.aukaÜ äiamaf,a (Seven Segment
Display - S. S. D.) u.ska Èiajk ixLHd j,ska ish¨u w.hhka lshjk ksid tkï fuh äðg,a wdldrh jk ksid fuu
u,aá ógrh äðg,a u,aá ógrh ^ixLHdxl nyqudkh& f,i y÷kajd ;sfí.
hï fjda,aàh;djhla uekSfï§ thg fjd,aÜ ógrhla wjYH ùu;a, Odrdj uekSfï§ thg weïmsh¾ ógrhla
wjYH ùu;a iy m%;sfrdaOh uekSfï§ thg Tï () ógrhlao wjYH fõ. fï wdldrhg wmg tla tla w.hhka
lshug ógr lsysmhla ,. ;nd .ekqug isÿfõ. kuq;a fuu ish¨u ld¾hhka tla ógrhlska lr.; yelsjkfia u,aá
ógrh ksmojd ;sfí. tu ksid fuh u,aá ógrh ^nyq udkh& fyda u,aá fgiagrh kñka y÷kajd ;sfí.
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 Using Multi Meter
2
óg¾ äiamaf,a
u,aá ógrh wdOdrfhka w.hhka lshùu
JANANI
2

wm nyq, jYfhka Ndú; lrkafka ikajd SCANNED

(Sanwa) fyda iqkajd (Sunwa) j¾.fha YX - 360TR

udÈ,s wxl ork u,aá ógr jk ksid my;ska olajd
we;af;a tjeks ógrhla wdOdrfhka tla tla mrdihka
j,§ w.h lshjk wdldrhhs. fuys§ wkq.ukh lrk
l%uh iEu u,aá ógrhlgu fmdÿfõ .; yel.

ir, Odrd fjda,aàh;djh (DCV) uekSu - Measuring Direct Current Voltage

lshjk w.h f¾kaÊ isf,lagrh w.h lshùug myiq w.h ,nd .ekSug
mßudKh
DCV - 0.1V B - 10 100
DCV - 0.5V B - 50 100
DC DCV - 2.5V B - 250 100
fjd,aàh;djh DCV - 10V B - 10 =
DCV - 50V B - 50 =
DCV - 250V B - 250 =
DCV - 1000V B - 10 x 100
u,aá ógrh DC fjd,aÜ ógrhla f,i Ndú; lsÍu fuys§ isÿ flf¾. wm uq,skau l, hqlaf;a uekSug hk
fjd,aàh;djhg iqÿiq DC fjd,aÜ mrdihlg f¾kaÊ isf,lagrh fhduq lsÍuhs. ks;ru uekSug hk fjd,aÜ .Kkg
jeä mrdihlg f¾kaÊ isf,lagrh fhduqlr .ekSug j.n,d .; hq;=fõ. ke;fyd;a ógrh wl%sh ùu isÿúh yel.
fuys jï mi rEmfhka fmkajd we;af;a
fjd,aÜ 1.5 l negß lE,a,l fjda,aàh;djh uek
.kakd wdldrhhs. fuys§ fjd,aÜ 1.5 lg jeä iy
Bg wdikaku mrdihg f¾kaÊ isf,lagrh
fhduqlr we;. Bg jeä mrdi j,g isf,lagrh
JANANI

JANANI

DESIGNED

DESIGNED
fhduq lr fuu fjd,aàh;djh lshúh yels kuq;a DCV
b;d ksjeßÈj fjd,aÜ .Kk lshúh yelafla Bg 50
DCV
2.5
wdikaku mrdih§ ùu óg fya;=jhs. fjd,aÜ
.Kk lshjk mrdih jeä jkak jeä jkak
fjd,aàh;djh ksjeßÈj lshùug wmyiq fõ.
ó,.g wm úiska fuu fjda,aàh;djh
lshùug myiq mßudKhla óg¾ äiamaf,a tl l¿ r;=
l¿ r;= u.ska f;dard.; hq;=h. DCV 2.5 mrdihg iudk fgiaÜ fm%dí fgiaÜ fm%dí
fgiaÜ fm%dí fgiaÜ fm%dí
jk mßudKhla äiamaf,a tflys ke;s ksid Bg
myiqfjka iudk l, yels mßudKhla äiamaf,a _
1.5V +
+
_

tflys we;s mßudK j,ska f;dard.; hq;=h. fuh 12V

f;dard .ekSu b;d myiqh.
wm l, hq;af;a fhduqlr we;s DCV 2.5 mrdifha we;s 2 iy 5 hk ixLHd iys; mßudKhla f;dard .ekSuhs.
tu ixLHd fol äiamaf,a tfla we;s tlu mßudKh jkafka B j,ska fmkajd we;s 250 hk mrdih fõ. fuu 250
mßudKh 2.5 l mßudKhla njg m;a lsÍug wm l, hq;af;a by; j.=fõ fmkajd we;s mßÈ 250 mßudKh100 ka
fn§uh. fmkajd we;s fjd,aÜ 1.5 l negß lE,af,a fjda,aàh;djh fuu 250 mßudKh ;=,ska lshjkafka 150 la f,i
jk ksid wm fuys§ l, hq;af;a fuu 250 mßudKh yryd lshjk iEu w.hlau 100 ka fnod .ksñka lshùuhs.
by; ol=Kq mi rEmfhka fmkajd we;af;a 12V negßhl fjda,aàh;djh uksk wdldrhhs. fuys§ f¾kaÊ
isf,lagrh Bg wdikaku mrdih jk DCV 50 mrdihg fhduqlr we;. wm lshjk fjd,aÜ .Kkg idfmaCIj fuu
mrdiho álla úYd, jk ksid fjd,aÜ .Kk b;d ksjeßÈj lshùug wmyiq fõ. fuh wvqmdvqjla jk w;r iuyrla
óg¾ j, DCV 25 jeks mrdihkao we;s ksid tjeks óg¾ j,§ fuu wvqmdvqj f.dvla ÿrlg u.yeÍ hhs. DCV 50
g .e,fmk mßudKhla tkï 50 mßudKh we;s ksid fuys§ mßudKh fnod w.h lshùug wjYH fkdfõ.
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 Using Multi Meter
3
b;d ksjeߧju fjd,aÜ .Kkla lshùug wjYH jQ úg wmg tA i|yd äðg,a u,aá ógrhla Ndú; l, yelsh.
kuq;a fuys§o b;d ksjeßÈj fjd,aàh;djh lshùug tys wdikaku mrdihg f¾kaÊ isf,lagrh fhduql, hq;=fõ.
ks;ru DCV w.hla lshùfï§ fgiaÜ fm%dí ksjeßÈj Ok (+) yd iDK ( - ) w.%j,g ;eìh hq;=h. tkï r;=
fgiaÜ fm%dí tl Ok w.%hg;a iy l¿ fgiaÜ fm%dí tl iDK w.%hg;a ;eìh hq;=h. wm w;ska jerÈj fgiaÜ fm%dí
;enqj fyd;a ógrh fj; DC iemhqu ,efnkafka w.% udre ù ksid óg¾ äiamaf,a fmdhskagrh jï me;a;g p,kh
fõ. fuh isÿùu ;=,ska fmdhskagrfha ksjeßÈ l%shdldß;ajh áflka ál wvqùhk neúka bka miq wmg ksjeßÈ w.hka
ógrfhka lshùug fkdyels ù hhs. fuu we;sjk .eg¿j äðg,a u,aá ógrfh§ we;s fkdjk w;r fufia w.% udre
jQ úg th iDK w.hla f,i ógrfha äiamaf,a fõ.
hï úÈhlska wm fkdokakd DC fjda,aàh;djhla uekSug isÿjqj fyd;a th uekSfï§ ógrh úkdY úh yels
jeúka wm th tljr uekSug W;aiy fkdl, hq;=h. wm uq,skau l, hq;af;a fuh by, fjda,aàh;djhlao (HV),
my, fjda,aàh;djhlao hkak ksjeßÈj fidhd .ekSuh. fuh fidhd .ekSug ógrhg HV fm%dí (HV Prob) tlla
iïnkaO lr ne,sh yel. fuu HV fm%dí tl fidhd .ekSug wmyiq kï fjk;a okakd ld¾ñhl= ,jd fuh
±k.ekSu l, hq;=h. wm uekSug hk fjda,aàh;djfha fjd,aÜ .Kk fkdokakd jqj;a fuh wvq fjda,aàh;djhla nj
okafka kï muKla wm l, hq;af;a f¾kaÊ isf,lagrh by,u DCV mrdihg fhduqlr w.h lshùuh. tkï fuu
ógrfha§ DCV - 1000 mrdihg fhduql, hq;=h. fuu mrdifha§ fjda,aàh;djh lshjk úg fmdhskagrh p,kh
jkafka b;d flá ÿrla kï wmg fuu w.h lshùug wmyiq fõ. túg wm l, hq;af;a ó,.g we;s my, DCV
mrdij,g f¾kaÊ isf,lagrh fhduq lr ne,Suhs. tkï DCV - 250 / 50 / 10 / 2.5 / 0.5 / 0.1 wd§ jYfhks.
u,aá ógrh u.ska mßm: wNHhka;r fjda,aàh;djhka lshùfï§ we;sjk .eg¿.
u,aá ógrh u.ska bf,lafg%dksla mßm:j, wNHhka;rfha mj;sk fjda,aàh;djhka lshùfï§ th lshjd
ksjeßÈ w.h ,nd .ekSu wmyiq úh yel. fndfyduhla mßm:j,§ tajdfha we;s frisiagr, g%dkaisiagr, IC jeks
Wmdx.hkays we;s w.%j, mj;sk fjd,aàh;djhka uekSfï§ fujeks .eg¿ we;s fõ. fuu my; rEmfhka fmkajd
we;af;a tjeks .eg¿jla we;sjk wjia:djls.
fuys m,uq mßm:h foi fydÈka n,akak. fuu óg¾ iïndOkh u,aá ógrh
m,uq mßm:fha ±lafjk wdldrhg negßfha w.% w;r DC 20k / V
mj;sk fjda,aà;djhu AB w.% w;rg ,efnk nj wm R = 200k
3V
okakd lrekls. fuys we;s R1 iy R2 frisiagr yryd
fjda,aàh;d fv%dma tlla we;sjkafka tajd yryd Odrdjla A 6V 3V 3V
B A B A B
.,dhkafka kï muKls. kuq;a fuys§ AB w.% ksoyiaj R2 R2 R2
mj;sk ksid fufia Odrdjla .,dhdug ndOdù we;. tu 100k 100k 100k
6V
fya;=fjka fjda,aàh;d fv%dma tlla fuu frisiagr yryd R1 R1 R1
we;s fkdjk ksid AB w.% w;rg iïmQ¾K negß 6V
100k
6V
100k
6V
100k
fjda,aàh;djhu ,eîu óg fya;=jhs. kuq;a AB w.% _ _ _
+ + +
w;r mj;sk fuu negß fjda,aàh;djh fojk mßm:fha 6V 6V 6V
±lafjk wdldrhg ógrh u.ska Bg wvq
fjd,aàh;djhla fmkaúh yel.
tfia kï fuh we;sjk wdldrh ±ka fidhd n,uq. fufia AB w;rg ógrh ;enQ úg B isg A olajd hï l=vd
Odrd m%udKhla ógrh yryd .,dhdu we;sùu óg fya;=jhs. R1 iy R2 m%;sfrdaOl yrydo fuu Odrdj .,dhk ksid
tajd yryd hï fjd,aÜ .Kkla fv%dma ùu fya;=fjka tu fjd,aÜ .Kk wvq ù ógrh fj; ,efí. túg ógrh u.ska
lshjk fjda,aàh;djho wvqfõ. ógrh yryd .,dhk Odrdj md,kh jkafka ógrh yryd Odrdj .,dhdug th
;=,ska we;sjk wNHhka;r m%;sfrdaOh ksidh. fuu we;sjk wNHhka;r m%;sfrdaOh óg¾ iïndOkh (Meter
Impedance) f,i y÷ka jk w;r fuh tla tla mrdifhka mrdihg fjkia fõ.
fuu óg¾ iïndOkh ±k.ekSu msksi th óg¾ äiamaf,a tfla tla fl,jrl igyka lr we;. óg¾
iïndOkh AC iy DC j,§ fjkia jk neúka fuh fjk fjku igyka lr we;. iEu DCV mrdihl§u fjd,aÜ
tllg (1V) we;sjk iïndOkh tl iudk jk w;r fuu ógrfha§ fjd,aÜ tllg we;sjk iïndOkh lsf,da ´ï
20 ls (20k). fuh óg¾ äiamaf,a tfla fjd,aghg lsf,da ´ï 20 hkqfjka tkï DC 20k / V hkqfjka igyka lr
we;s w;r AC j,§ fuh AC 9k / V hkqfjka igyka lr we;. fï wkqj by; rEmfha fmkajd we;s wdldrhg wm
fjd,aÜ 6 l fjda,aàh;djh ukskq ,nkafka DCV 10 mrdifha jk ksid tys§ we;sjk óg¾ iïndOkh tkï ógrh
yryd we;sjk wNHhka;r m%;sfrdaOh jkafka fjd,aÜ tllg lsf,da ´ï 20 ne.ska 10 ls. tkï 20k x DCV 10 =
200k fõ. fï wkqj by; 3 jk rEmfha fmkajd we;s wdldrhg wmg ógrh fmkS hkafka AB w;rg iïnkaO lr
we;s 200k frisiagrhla f,ih.
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 Using Multi Meter
4
fï wkqj R1 iy R2 frisiagr yryd iy ógrh yryd Odrdj .e,Sug we;sjk m%;sfrdaOh u,aá ógrh
iudk ù we;s ksid fuu frisiagr yryd iy ógrh yryd fv%dma jk fjda,aàh;djh iudk fõ. R = 200k
tkï rEmfha fmkajd we;s wdldrhg negß fjda,aàh;djfhka yß wvla (3V) f,i fv%dma fõ. fï
wkqj AB w.% w;r mej;sh hq;= 6V ógrfhka lshjkafka fjd,aÜ 3 la f,ih. fuh úYd, .eg¿la A 3V
B
jk w;r fuh wvqlr .ekSug l,hq;af;a óg¾ iïndOkh by, kxjd .ekSuh. túg ógrh R2
yryd .,dhk Odrdj wvqjk ksid R1 iy R2 frisiagr yrydo .,dhk Odrdj wvqjk neúka fuu 100k
frisiagr yryd fv%dmajk fjda,aàh;djho wvqùfuka ógrh fj; ,efnk fjda,aàh;djh jeäfõ. R1
óg¾ iïndOkh jeälr .ekSug f¾kaÊ isf,lagrh by, mrdihlg fhduq lsÍfuka l, yel. 100k
6V
DCV 50 g fhduqlf,a kï túg we;sjk óg¾ iïndOkh jkafka 20k x 50 = 1000k tkï _
+
fu.d ´ï tlls (1M). fuu wjia:dfõ§ frisiagrj, wkqmd;hg wkqj ógrh fj; ,efnk 6V
fjda,aàh;djh negß fjda,aàh;djfhka 6 ka 5 ls tkï fjd,aÜ 5 hs.
fuys§o wmg fmkS hkafka ksjeßÈ fjd,aÜ .Kk ógrfhka lshúh fkdyels njh. tkï ;j;a iïndOkh
jeälr .ekSu msKsi f¾kaÊ isf,lagrh óg;a by, mrdij,g fhduql, yels kuq;a tys§o lshjk fjda,aàh;djhg
idfmaCIj äiamaf,a mßudKh úYd, jk ksid tho id¾:l fkdfõ. tfia kï ±ka wmg isÿ jkafka by, iïndOkhla
iys; ógrhla ,nd.ekSuh. iudkH äðg,a u,aá ógrhl iïndOkh by, w.hla .kS. wm úiska Ndú; lrk
idudkH äðg,a ógrhl DCV mrdifha§ fuu iïndOkh iEu mrdihla ioydu 10M muK jk w;r ACV
ioydo 10M muK fõ. wm by;§ úia;r l, wekf,d.a ógrfha iïndOkh jeälr .ekSug l, yels mßm:
ks¾udKhkao we;s nj u;l ;nd.kak. tajd weïma,s*h¾ ksnkaOk j,§ úia;r flf¾. by;§ fidhd.;a
lreKqj,g wkqj fjd,aÜ ógrhl ;sìhq;= m%Odk;u .=Kdx.h jkafka ógrfha yryd we;sjk wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh
tkï iïndOk w.h b;d by, w.hl ;sîuh.
±ka by; rEmfha fmkajd we;s .eg¿j .ek kej; n,kak. tys fmkajd we;s wdldrhg fjd,aÜ 6 l negß
fjda,aàh;djh R1 iy R2 frisiagr yryd fv%dma jk ksid tu negß fjda,aàh;djh ógrfhka lshjkqfha fjd,aÜ 3
la f,ih. tkï negß fjda,aàh;djh ógrfhka lshjd we;af;a thska yß wvla (3V) f,ih. fï wdldrhg negß
fjda,aàh;djh iudk fldgia follg fn§ hdug fya;= ù we;af;a ógrfha iïndOk w.hg frisiagr yryd
m%;sfrdaOho iudkj ;sîuh. fufia fjda,aàh;djh fn§hk wkqmd;hg wkqj wm fjk;a fjd,aÜ .Kkla fuu l%uhg
,ndÿka úg tho folg fn§ f.dia ógrfhka lshúh hq;=h. tkï by; mßm:fha olajd we;s 6V negßh bj;a lr
tA fj; 12V negßla iïnkaO l,fyd;a ógrfhka lshfjk fjda,aàh;djh 6V la fõ. fufia ,ndfok negß
fjda,aàh;djh folg fn§hk ksid ksjeßÈ fjda,aàh;djh lshùug wm l, hq;af;a ógrfhka lshfjk fjd,aÜ
.Kk foflka jeälr ( x2 ) lshùuh. DCV 10 mrdifha§ ógrfhka lshúh yels Wmßu fjda,aàh;djh fjd,aÜ 10
la jqj;a fuu l%uhg wkqj ±ka ógrfhka lshúh yels Wmßu fjda,aàh;djh fjd,aÜ 20 ls.
wm óg fmr wjia:dfõ§ fjd,aÜ 12 lshùug DCV 50 mrdih fhdod .kakd ,È. tys§ wm lshjk 12V g
idfmaCIj th lshjk mßudKh úYd, jk ksid tkï mßudKh 50 la jk ksid fuu fjda,aàh;djh b;d ksjeßÈj
lshùug wmyiq jk nj fidhd .kakd ,È. kuq;a fuu l%uh hgf;a tu wmyiq;djh f.dvla ÿrg u.yeÍ hhs. fuu
l%ufha§ ie,lsh hq;= ;j;a tla fohla jkafka fï i|yd fhdod .kakd frisiagrj, iyk w.hhs. iudkHfhka wm
nyq,j Ndú; lrkafka iyk w.h ishhg 5 la ( 5% ) jk frisiagr fõ. tjeks frisiagr fï i|yd fhdod.;a úg
isÿ jkafka wm lshjk w.ho ishhg 5 lska fjkia úh yels ùuhs. fuu we;súh yels .e:¿j ksid u,aá ógr
ksIamdokfha§ óg jvd wvq iyk w.hla we;s tkï iyk w.h 1% la iys; frisiagrh Ndú; lr we;. u,aá
ñgrfha ljrh bj;a l, úg wmg fuh fydÈka ksÍCIKh l,yels fõ. iyka w.h ishhg tlla jk frisiagr
nyq,j ksmojkafka nEkaâ 5 frisiagr j,§ jk ksid wmg ógrfha nyq,ju ±lsh yelafla tu frisiagr fõ.
by; l%uhg 24V lshùu l, fkdyels ksid tu fjd,aÜ .Kk
lshùu l,yels mßÈ tu l%uhgu l, ks¾udKhla fuu rEmfhka DCV 10
R1 R2 R3 R4

fmkajd we;. fuu mßm:fha§ ógrfha iïndOk w.h fuka 0V 8V - 100k 100k 100k 100k +
+24V
fo.=khla jkfia wu;r frisiagrj, w.h jeälr we;s ksid Z = 200k ^ógr iïndOkh&
imhk fjda,aàh;djh fuys§ 3 lg fn§hhs. tu fya;=fjka negß 8V x 3 = 24V
yryd imhk 24V 3 lg fn§ th ógrfha 8V f,i lshfõ. kshu
fjd,aÜ .Kk ,nd.ekqug wm l, hq;af;a ógrfhka lshjk w.h 3 24V
ka .=k ( x ) lsÍuh. DCV 50 mrdihg fhduqlr frisiagr fkdue;sj
_ _
fuu w.h lshúh yels kuq;a fuu l%uh hgf;a lshjk mrdih l=vd + +

jk ksid 50 mrdihg jvd fuys§ oYu ia:dk lshùuo myiq fõ.

12V 12V
frisiagr i|yd 100k fhdod we;af;a 400k fidhd .ekSu wmyiq ksidh.
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 Using Multi Meter
5
ógrfha DCV mrdih ;=,§ AC fjda,aàh;djhla lshjkqfha fjd,aÜ 0 la f,ih. iuyr wjia:dj,§
fmdhskagrh hk;ñka fi,ùula we;sùu ±lsh yel. wm fkdokakd by, AC fjd,aàh;djhka fï wdldrhg
lshùug hdfuka ógrh úkdY úh yels nj fydÈka u;l ;nd.kak.
m%;Hdj¾; Odrd fjda,aàh;djh (ACV) uekSu - Measuring Alternative Current Voltage

lshjk w.h f¾kaÊ isf,lagrh w.h lshùug myiq w.h ,nd .ekSug
mßudKh
ACV - 10 C - 10 =
AC ACV - 50 B - 50 =
fjd,aàh;djh ACV - 250 B - 250 =
ACV - 1000 B - 10 x 100

u,aá ógrh AC fjd,aÜ ógrhla f,i Ndú; JANANI

2

lsÍu fuys§ isÿlrhs. fuys§o wm uq,skau l, hq;af;a SCANNED

uekSug hk fjda,aàh;djhg iqÿiq AC fjd,aÜ

mrdihlg f¾kaÊ isf,lagrh fhduq lsÍuhs. tla tla
fjda,aàh;djhka j,§ f¾kaÊ isf,lagrh fhduql, hq;=
mrdihka by; fmkajd we;s j.=fjkao n,d.; yels
fõ.

u,aá ógrh wdOdrfhka AC fjda,aàh;djh lshùfï§ DC j,§ fuka fkdj r;= yd l¿ fgiaÜ fm%dí AC w.%
iu. udre jQjdg thska ógrhg n,mEula we;s fkdfõ. kuq;a l%uj;aj w.h lshùfï§ l¿ fgiaÜ fm%dí tl AC
iemhqfï N ^kshqg%,a - Neutral& w.%hg;a iy r;= fgiaÜ fm%dí tl AC iemhqfï P ^fmaia - Phase& w.%hg;a ;nkq
,efí. fuu N iy P w.% u,aá ógrh u;o igyka lr we;.
iqkajd (Sunwa) YX - 360TR u,aá ógrfhka ACV 10 mrdifha§ w.hka lshjk úg muKla óg¾ äiamaf,a
j, r;= mdáka fmkajd we;s AC10V mßudKh ( C ) Ndú; l, hq;= fõ. fï i|yd B j,ska fmkajd we;s mßudKh
Ndú; l,fyd;a wm lshjk w.h jerÈ iys; fõ. fuu fjki óg¾ äiamaf,a tl ksÍCIKh lsÍfuka fidhd.;
yelsfõ. kuq;a ikajd (Sanwa) YX - 360TR ógrfha fuu mßudKj, fjkila ke;s ksid ACV10 mrdih i|yd
wmg ´kEu mßudKhla Ndú; l, yels fõ. fuu Sanwa YX - 360TR u,aá ógrh Sunwa YX - 360TR ógrhg
jvd ñf,ka jeäh.
AC j,§ iEu mrdihla i|ydu fjd,aghlg we;sjk iïndOkh lsf,da ´ï 9 la jk ksid th äiamaf,a u; AC
9k / V hkqfjka igyka lr we;. fï wkqj ACV 10 mrdifha§ ógrh yryd we;sjk iïndOkh jkqfha 9k x 10
= 90k fõ. mrdih ACV 250 kï fufia we;sjk iïndOkh jkqfha 9k x 250 = 2250k = 2.25M fõ. fï
wdldrhg iïndOk w.h fidhd by; DC j,§ ks¾udKh lr wdldrhg fuys§o ógrhg wu;r frisiagr
iïnkaO lr fjda,aàh;djhka lshúh yels fõ. tajd ks¾udKh lrk wdldrh DCV mrdifha§ wkq.ukh l,
wdldrhu jk ksid th kej; úia;r lsÍu fuys§ wjYH fkdfõ. ACV mrdih fj; DC iemhqula ,ndÿka úg hï
w.hla lshjk w;r tu w.h ksjeßÈ tlla fkdfõ. kuq;a DC w.% udrel, úg ACV mrdifha§ w.hla lshùu
we;s fkdfõ. fuh wjfndaO lr.ekqu msKsi my; mßm:h foi n,kak.
fuys fmkajd we;af;a fuu we;sjk
DCV
l%shdldß;ajh wjfndaO lr.; yels u,aá ógrh R
ms,sno o, mßm: igykls. fuys fmkajd we;s - A + P ( + ) r;=
Odrdj Odrdj
wdldrhg wekf,d.a u,aá óg¾ äiamaf,a tl uhsfl%da weógrh D
ks¾udKfha§ tA i|yd Ndú; lr we;af;a uhsfl%da ACV
weïmsh¾ ógrhla jk nj wmg fuhska fmkShhs. N ( - ) l¿

fuu.ska ueksh yels Wmßu Odrdj uhsfl%d weïmsh¾ 50 la (50A) muK fõ. fuh fjd,aÜ ógrhla f,i
.;aúg th yryd ueksh yels Wmßu fjda,aàh;djh fjd,aÜ 0.1 la fõ. fuu ógrh l%shdlrkqfha DC j,ska muKla
jk ksid fuh ACV mrdih i|yd Ndú;fh§ by; mßm:fha ±lafjk wdldrhg ógrh fj; imhk AC iemhqu
vfhdavh yryd DC lr ógrh fj; ,ndfoa. by;§ ±lajQ mßÈ ACV mrdifha§ DC w.% udrel, úg ógrfhka
w.hla lshùu we;s fkdjkafka ógrh ;=, we;s vfhdavh miq keUqre jk ksid nj ±ka wmg fuu mßm:h iu.
wjfndaO lr.; yels fõ. tkï P Ok w.%hla úg muKla ógrh yryd Odrdj .,dhd yel.
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 Using Multi Meter
6
ir, Odrdj (DC) uekSu - Measuring Direct Current

lshjk w.h f¾kaÊ isf,lagrh w.h lshùug myiq w.h ,nd .ekSug
mßudKh
DCmA - 50A B - 50 =
DC DCmA - 2.5 B - 250 100
ir, Odrdj DCmA - 25 B - 250 10
DCmA - 0.25A B - 250 1000
u,aá ógrh DC ñ,s weógrhla ^ñ,s weïmsh¾
2
ógrhla& f,i Ndú; lsÍu fuys§ isÿlrhs. fuys§ wm
JANANI

SCANNED

uq,skau l, hq;af;a uekSug hk DC Odrdjg iqÿiq DC

ñ,s weïmsh¾ mrdihlg f¾kaÊ isf,lagrh fhduq
lsÍuhs. tla tla DC Odrdjka j,§ f¾kaÊ isf,lagrh
fhduql, hq;= mrdihka by; j.=fjkao fmkajd we;.
fuu ógrfhka weïmsh¾ 0.25 g jeä Odrdjka uekSu
l, fkdyel.
fuu udÈ,sfha u,aá ógr ks¾udKh lr we;af;a bf,lafg%dlsk mßm: mÍCId lsÍu i|yd jk w;r fuu
mßm: l%shdlrkq ,nkafka b;d wvq DC Odrdjlska jk ksid wvq DC Odrdjka uekSug muKla fuu ógr ks¾udKh
lr ;sîu óg fya;=j fõ. kuq;a iuyrla u,aá ógrj, weïmsh¾ 10 la olajd uekSug yels mßÈ fjku 10A
wjqÜ,Ü (10A Outlet) tlla ilia lr we;s w;r f¾kaÊ isf,lagrh DC 10A mrdihg fhduqlr th yryd Odrdj
uekSu l, yel.
fuys ±lafjk wdldrhg hï mßm:hla ,nd.kakd Odrdj uekSug
Odrdj +
wjYH jQ úg ógrh yryd tu mßm:hg Odrdj .,dhdug ie,eiaúh mA -
hq;=h. túg tu mßm:h ,nd .kakd Odrdj ógrh yrydo .,dhk ksid S
ñ,s weógrh
tu .,dhk Odrd m%udKhg wkqj óg¾ äiamaf,a tfla we;s fmdhskagrh +
p,kh fõ. tu.ska wmg weïmsh¾ .Kk fyda ñ,s weïmsh¾ .Kk lshúh 6V mßm:h
yel. hï mßm:hla ,nd.kakd Odrdj wkqj ógrh yrydo .,dhk Odrdj _
wvq jeä jk ksid thska ógrhg ydks isÿúh yels neúka mßm:h ,nd Odrdj
.kakd Odrdj ms,snoj hï wjfndaOhla ;sîuo fuys§ jeo.;a fõ.
by; rEmfha fmkajd we;s mßm:h hï fya;=jlska fIda¾Ü i¾lsÜ jQ mßm:hla kï túg mßm:h yryd
.,dhk Odrdj b;d jeäjk ksid ógrh yrydo .,dhk Odrdj b;d jeäùfuka ógrh úkdY ù hhs. fujeks iel
iys; mßm:hl§ wmg l, yels iqÿiq l%shdjla jkafka ógrh iïnkaO fkdlr tA fjkqjg n,anhla iïnkaO lr th
yryd Odrdj .,dhdug i,iajd n,anh ±,afõo hkak ne,Suh. n,anh kshu §ma;sfhka ±,afõ kï thska woyia
jkafka n,anh yryd Wmßu Odrdjla .,dhk njh. tkï mßm:h yryd Wmßu Odrdjla .,dtk ksid fufia n,anh
§ma;sfhka ±,afjk neúka fuys§ mßm:h fIdaÜ i¾lsÜ ù ikakdhlhla f,i l%shdlr we;.
by; wdldrhg fIdaÜ i¾lsÜ ù ógrh yryd wêl Odrdjla .,dhk
fudfyd;l§ ógrh ;=, we;s *shqih ±ù f.dia ógrhg isÿúh yels ydksh
je,elS hd yels kuq;a ógrh ksjeßÈ ;;ajfhka l%shdlsÍu wvqúh yel. tu
fya;=fjka ógrfha lshjk w.hka jerÈ iys; úh yel. u,aá ógrh u.ska Odrdj
uksk iEu wjia:djl§u tys f¾kaÊ isf,lagrh by,u DCmA mrdihg fhduq JANANI

lrñka Odrdj uekSu wdrïN l, hq;=h. kuq;a fufia uekSug hk Odrdj ms,snoj DESIGNED

yßyeá wjfndaOhla ke;skï Odrdj uekSfuka je,lS isàu iqÿiqh. fï i|yd by;
±lajQ wdldrhg iqÿiq n,anhla iïnkaO lr n,anh ±,afjk fkd±,afjk ;;ajh
n,d .,dhk Odrdj ms,snoj hï wjfndaOhla wmg ,nd.; yelsfõ.
DCmA
ol=Kq mi rEmfhka fmkajd we;s wdldrhg negßhlska fyda negß lE,a,lska
,nd.; yels Wmßu Odrdj uekSug hdfuka isÿjkafka negß w.% ógrh yryd
fIdaÜ i¾lsÜ lsÍu fõ. tkï ógrh yryd wêl Odrdjla .,df.dia ógrh l¿ r;=
úkdYù hd yels neúka fuh isÿ fkdl, hq;a;ls. fujeks fudfyd;l§ óg¾ fgia Ü fm%dí fgiaÜ fm%dí
äiamaf,a fmdhskagrh rEmfha fmkajd we;s wdldrhg wêl fõ.fhka iSudj blaujd
p,kh ù hhs. thska isÿjkafka fmdhskagrfha ksjeßÈ l%shdldß;ajho ógrfhka 1.5V
+
_

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 Using Multi Meter
7
6 msgqfõ ±lajQ rEmfha wdldrhg mÍCId lrkq ,nkafka negßj, fjda,aàh;djh fõ. tys§ f¾kaÊ isf,lagrh
DCV mrdihg fhduq lsÍug j. n,d.; hq;=h. ke;fyd;a ógrh úkdYù hd yel.
fuys jï mi
rEmfhka fmkajd we;af;a
tla;rd g%dkaisiag¾ R2 + 6V
+ 6V
JANANI

R1
mßm:hl u,a á ógrh R1
1k
LED
JANANI

R2
wdOdrfhka fíia Odrdj
DESIGNED DESIGNED

10k 1k 10k
uksk wdldrh fõ. tys§ 4mA
0.53mA LED 0.53mA
DCmA
2.5
.,dtk fíia Odrdj ñ,s r;=
DCmA
25
weïmsh¾ 0.53 la muK jk l¿ r;=
l¿ r;= C C l¿
B
ksid ógrfha f¾kaÊ B
isf,lagrh DCmA 2.5 hk
T T
E E
C828 mrdihg fhduqlr we;. C828

fuys§ w.h lshjkq ,nkafka B - 250 hk mßudKfha jk ksid ksjeßÈ w.h ,nd.ekqug lshjk w.h 100 ka
fnod.kq ,efí.
ol=Kq mi rEmfhka fmkajd we;af;a fuu g%dkaisiag¾ mßm:fha lf,lag¾ w.%h yryd .,dhk Odrdj uksk
wdldrhhs. tu w.%h yryd .,dhk Odrdj ñ,s weïmsh¾ 4 la muK fõ. tkï fíia Odrdjg jvd fuu Odrdj jeä
ksid ógrfha f¾kaÊ isf,lagrh DCmA 25 hk mrdihg fhduqlr we;. fuys§o w.h lshjkq ,nkafka B - 250
mßudKfha fõ. ±ka f¾kaÊ isf,lagrh fhduqlr we;af;a DCmA 25 mrdifha jk ksid fuys§ fuu mßudKh yryd
lshjk w.h ksjeßÈ w.h ,nd.ekqug 10 ka fnod.kq ,efí.
by; wdldrj,g ógrh yryd Odrdjka uekSfï§ tu .,dhk Odrdjka hï m%udKhla wvqùu isÿfõ. Bg fya;=j
jkafka .,dhk Odrdjg hï ndOdjla ^m%;sfrdaOhla& ógrh yryd we;sùu fõ. fufia ógrfhka we;sjk m%;sfrdaOh
ksid ógrfhka lshjk w.ho hï iq¿ m%udKhla wvqù lshfõ. fuh wvqmdvqjla jk w;r fuys§ wmg wjfndaO jk
lrekla jkqfha fydo weógrhla ;sìh hq;= ,CIKh jkafka th yryd we;sjk wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh b;d wvqj
;sîuhs. fujeks u,aá ógr yryd we;sjk fuu wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh f¾kaÊ isf,lagrh fhduqlrk mrdih wkqj
fjkia jk w;r by, mrdihlg f¾kaÊ isf,lagrh fhduqlrk úg wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh wvqùu isÿfõ.
fuu u,aá ógrh yryd ueksh yels Wmßu Odrdj weñmsh¾ 0.25 la ^ñ,s weïmsh¾ 250& la fõ. fuhg jeä
Odrdjla uekSug wjYH jQ úg wmg isÿ jkafka tu Odrdj ueksh yels ógrhla ,nd.ekSuh. fndfyduhla äðg,a
u,á ógr j, weïmsh¾ 10 la olajd uekSug myiqlï ,nd§ we;s ksid wmg fï i|yd äðg,a u,aá ógrhla
Ndú;l, yel. flfia fj;;a fï i|yd wmg wu;r ógrhla ñ,g .ekSug isÿjk ksid wm ,. we;s wekf,d.a
ógrfhkau fuu ld¾h bgqlr .ekSug ks¾udKhla l,yels ±hs ±ka fidhd n,uq. fï i|yd my; ±lafjk
mßm:fha l%shdldß;ajh Woõjg .; yels ±hs ±ka fidhd n,uq.
fuu mßm:fha S1 iaùph muKla On lr we;s ksid L1 fjd,aÜ ógrh
V
n,anhg muKla Odrdj ,eîfuka L1 ±,aù ;sfí. fuu L1 n,anh
Odrdj
fj; Odrdj .,d tkafka R frisiagrh yryd jk ksid fuu
frisiagrh fofl,jr hï fjd,aÜ m%udKhla fv%dma ù ;sîu R
mßm:hg iïnkaO lr we;s fjd,aÜ ógrfhka wmg ±lsh yels + S1 S2

fõ. S2 iaùpho On l, fyd;a L2 n,nh fj;o Odrdj .,dtk

ksid tu n,anho ±,afjk w;r ±ka tu Odrdjo frisiagrh _ L2
L1
yryd .,dhk ksid fuu wjia:dfõ§ frisiagrh yryd .,dhk
Odrdj jeä fõ.
fufia frisiagrh yryd .,dhk Odrdj jeäjk ksid frisiagrh fofl,jr fv%dma jk fjd,aàh;djho
jeäjk nj fjd,aÜ ógrfhka ±lsh yel. S1 iy S2 iaùp Off lr ;enqj fyd;a frisiagrh yryd .,dhk Odrdj
ke;sjk ksid tys fofl,jr fv%dma jk fjda,aàh;djho ke;sjk nj fjd,aÜ ógrfhka wmg ±lsh yels fõ. fuu
we;sjk l%shdldß;ajhg wkqj wmg fmkShkafka frisiagrh yryd .,dhk Odrdj u; tu frisiagrh fofl,jr
fv%dma jk fjd,aàh;djho rod mj;sk njh. tkï frisiagrh yryd .,dhk Odrdj jeäjk úg fv%dma jk
fjd,aàh;djh jeäùu;a iy .,dhk Odrdj wvqjk úg fv%dma jk fjd,aàh;djh wvqùu;ah. iudkH iaÓr
m%;sfrdaOlhla yryd .,dhk Odrdj fo.=Khlska by, kexjqjfyd;a Bg idfmaCIj frisiagrh yryd fv%dma jk
fjda,aàh;djho fo.=Khlska by, k.sk w;r frisiagrh yryd .,dhk Odrdj ;=ka .=Khla l,fyd;a Bg
idfmaCIj frisiagrh yryd fv%dma jk fjda,aàh;djho ;=ka .=Khlska by, k.S.
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 Using Multi Meter
8
fuhska wmg fmkShkafka frisiagrh fofl,jr fv%dmajk fjda,aàh;djh iy frisiagrh yryd .,dhk Odrdj
w;r wkqmd;h ks;r iudk jk njh. tkï iudkqmd;sl ùuh. ^´ïf.a kshuh& fuu we;sjk l%shdldß;ajhg wkqj
frisiagrh yryd .,dhk Odrdjg idfmaCIj th yryd fv%dma jk fjda,aàh;djh rod mj;sk ksid frisiagrh
fofl,jr fv%dma jk fjda,aàh;djh foi n,d frisiagrh yryd .,dhk Odrdj V = IR iólrKh fhdod .ksñka
my;ska ±lafjk wdldrhg fidhd.; yelsfõ.
fuu mßm:fha fmkajd we;s wdldrhg frisiagrh fofl,jr fv%dma ù fjd,aÜ ógrh
0.5V
we;s fjda,aàh;djh fjd,aÜ 0.5 la fõ. fï wkqj wmg V = IR fhdod my;
±lafjk wdldrhg fuu frisiagrh yryd .,dhk Odrdj fidhd.; yels Odrdj
w;r túg wmg mßm:fha we;s L1 n,anh yryd .,dhk Odrdj ,efí. R = 1
(1W) S1
+
frisiagrh yryd .,dhk Odrdj I f,i .;a úg, I = V fõ.
R 12V
_ L1
V 0.5V
tu ksid I = R = 1 = 0.5A

by; .Kkh lsÍug wkqj frisiagrh yryd .,dhk Odrdj weïmsh¾ 0.5 la jk ksid L1 n,anh yryd
.,dhk Odrdj weïmsh¾ 0.5 la ù we;. fï wdldrhg wmg ´kEu weïmsh¾ .Kkla lshúh yelsfõ. tu lshjk
Odrdjkag Tfrd;a;= fok fjdÜ (Watt) .Kklska hq;a frisiagrhla fhdod .ekSu fuys§ wksjd¾h fõ. ke;fyd;a
frisiagrh ms,siaiS f.dia th újD; mßm:hla ù iïmQ¾K iemhqï fjd,aàh;djhu ógrh fj; ,eî ógrh úkdY
ù hd yel. by; mßm:hg wkqj frisiagrh yryd fjd,aÜ 0.5 la fv%dma jk ksid L1 n,anh fj; ,efnk
fjda,aàh;djh fjd,aÜ 0.5 lska wvqfõ. fuh wjdishla jk ksid fuh we;sùu yels ;rï wju lr .ekSug kï
frisiagrfha ´ï w.h b;d wvq tlla fhdod.; hq;= fõ.
wm úiska u,aá ógrh ;=, we;s mßm:h mÍCId lr ne¨j fyd;a tys§o tla tla mrdi j,§ Odrdj ukskafka
fï wdldrhg frisiagr yryd fjda,aàh;djhka fv%dma lr th ógrh fj; ,nd§fukah. ógrh yryd Odrdj
uekSfï§ hï fjd,aÜ m%udKhla fv%dma ùu we;sùug n,mdk fya;=jo fuh fõ.
m%;Hdj¾; Odrdj (AC) uekSu - Measuring Alternative Current
fujka udÈ,sj, u,aá ógr ksmojd we;af;a bf,lafg%dksl mßm: mÍCId lsÍu i|yd jk ksid tjka
mßm:j,§ AC Odrdjka Ndú; lsÍu isÿfkdjk ksid fujka udÈ,sfha u,aá ógrj, AC Odrdj uekSug mrdihka
,nd§ fkdue;. tu ksid fuu ógr yryd AC Odrdj ueksh fkdyels fõ.
th flfia fj;;a wmg by; wdldrhg frisiagrhla iïnkaO lr AC Odrdjo ueksh yel. fuys§
frisiagrh yryd .,d hkafka AC Odrdj jk ksid frisiagrh yryd fv%dma jk fjda,aàh;djho AC fõ. tneúka
wmf.a u,aá ógrh ACV mrdihg fhduq lr frisiagrh yryd fv%dma jk fjda,aàh;djh lshúh hq;=h. bkamiq
by; wdldrhgu V = IR fhdod Odrdj .Kkh lr.; yels fõ.

FUSE & DIODE PROTECTION - *shqia wekaâ vfhdâ fm%dfglaIka

´kEu u,aá óg¾ äiamaf,a tlla u; FUSE & DIODE PROTECTION hkqfjka i|yka lr ;sîu Tng
±lsh yel. thska woyia lrkqfha u,aá ógrfha wdrCIdjg *shqi iy vfhdav fhdod we;s njh. ógrh yryd jeä
Odrdjla .,d hk fudfyd;l§ th úikaê ù hdu msKsi ógrfha tla wjqÜ,Ü w.%hla yryd *shqihla iúlr ;sîu
ógrh újD; l,úg wmg ±lsh yels fõ. fndfyda ógrj, fï i|yd fh§ug kshu lr we;s *shqifha weïmsh¾
.Kk 0.5 la fõ.
fuu ol=Kq mi rEmfhka fmkajd we;af;a ógrfha wdrCIdjg vfhdav iïnkaO lr we;s
wdldrhhs. ´kEu udÈ,shl u,aá ógr ;=, we;s uhsfl%da weógrhg iudka;r .;j rEmfha uhsfl%da weógrh
±lafjk wdldrhg vfhdav folla iïnkaO lr ;sîu wmg ±lsh yels fõ. fï wdldrhg - A +
fome;a;g vfhdav iïnkaOlr we;s ksid ´kEu ÈYdjlska Odrdj .,d wdj;a ógrh yryd fv%dma
jk fjda,aàh;djh fjd,aÜ 0.7 lg jvd jeä fkdjk ksid tu.ska ógrh wdrCId fõ. ;jo
´kEu ÈYdjlska wêl Odrdjla .,d wdj;a uhsfl%da weógrfha yryd m%;sfrdaOhg idfmaCIj
vfhdav yryd we;s m%;sfrdaOh b;d wvq ksid jeä Odrdjla .,dhkqfha vfhdav yryd jk ksid
ógrh yryd .,d hd yels Odrdj wvqù ógrh wdrCId fõ. flfia fj;;a fï wdldrhg ógrfha
wdrCIdjg *shqihla iy vfhdav folla fhdod we;;a fndfyda wjia:dj,§ isÿjk w;miqùï
DIODE PROTECTION
j,ska ógrh wdrCId jqj;a ógrfha ksjeßÈ;djh wvqfõ. túg wm lshjk fndfyda w.hka jerÈ
iys; fõ. tu ksid iEuúgu ógrh l,amkdldÍj Ndú;l, hq;= fõ.
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 Using Multi Meter
9
u,aá ógrh wdOdrfhka m%;sfrdaOh () uekSu - Measuring Resistance by Using Multi Meter
fuys§ u,aá ógrh ´ï () ógrhla f,i Ndú; lrkq ,efí. f¾kaÊ isf,lagrh iqÿiq ´ï mrdij,g fhduq
lrñka tla tla Wmdx. iy WmlrK yryd we;sjk ndOdj tkï m%;sfrdaOh fuu.ska ukskq ,efí.
hï Wmdx.hlg fyda WmlrKhlg fjda,aàh;djhla iemhQúg th Odrdj + -
yryd .,dhk Odrdj md,kh jkafka tu Wmdx.h fyda WmlrKh yryd S
Odrdjg we;sjk ndOdj ^m%;sfrdaOh& wkqj jk nj wm fydÈka okak + weógrh
lreKls. fuu rEmfha fmkajd we;s wdldrhg weógrhla iïnkaO lrúg Wmdx.h
wmg Wmdx.h yryd .,dhk Odrdj ueksh yels fõ. fuu weógrfhka
_
fmkajk mdGdxlh jeä kï Wmdx.h yryd jeä Odrdjla .,dhk nj thska Odrdj
wmg fmkS hhs.
fufia jeä Odrdjla Wmdx.h yryd .,d hkafka Wmdx.h yryd Odrdj .,dhdug we;s m%;sfrdaOh wvq ksid fõ.
weógrfha mdGdxlh wvqkï thska fmkS hkafka Wmdx.h yryd Odrdj .,dhdug we;s m%;sfrdaOh jeä njh. fï
wdldrhg weógrfha mdGdxlh jeä kï Wmdx.h yryd we;sjk m%;sfrdaOh wvq nj;a iy weógrfha mdGdxlh wvq
kï Wmdx.h yryd we;sjk m%;sfrdaOh jeä nj;a weógrh foi n,d wmg is;sh yels fõ. we;a; jYfhkau u,aá
ógrh yryd m%;sfrdaOh uekSfï§ isÿlrkqfhao fuhu fõ. fï wkqj wmg fmkShk m%Odk;u lrek jkqfha ´kEu
Wmdx.hl fyda WmlrKhl yryd we;sjk m%;sfrdaOh ukskq ,nkafka th yryd Odrdjla .,dhdug i,iajd tu
Odrdj uekSfuka jk njh. fufia ukskq ,nk Odrdj ukskq ,nkafka weïmsh¾ j,ska jqj;a tu weïmsh¾ .Kk rod
mj;skafka Wmdx.h yryd we;sjk m%;sfrdaOh u; jk ksid weógrfha we;s äiamaf,a tl weïmsh¾ mßudKh fjkqjg
th ´ï mßudKhla f,i ,l+Kq lr Ndú; l, yels fõ. Odrdj jeäùfï§ isÿ jkafka weïmsh¾ .Kk by, hdu jk
ksid túg m%;sfrdaOh wvqjk neúka fuu weógrh ´ï ógrhla f,i Ndú;d lsÍfï§ ´ï mßudKfha mdGdxl Odrdj
jeäjk úg ´ï () w.h wvqjk f,i ,l=Kq lr we;. u,aá ógrfha§ isÿlrkafkao fuhu jk ksid tys äiamaf,a
tl foi ne,Sfuka wmg fuh b;d fydÈka n,d.; yels fõ. u,aá ógrfhka m%;sfrdaOh uekSfï§ th ;=, we;s negß
u.ska m%;sfrdaOh uksk Wmdx.h fj; Odrdj iemfha. miqj tu Wmdx.h yryd .,dhk Odrdj wkqj ógrfha we;s
fmdhskagrh .uka lrk w;r fmdhskagrh kj;sk ;ek wkqj wmg m%;sfrdaOh lshúh yels fõ. ógrfha f¾kaÊ
isf,lagrh ´ï mrdihg fhduq lrk úg muKla fufia negß iemhqu msg;g ,efí. iudkH wekf,d.a ógrhl§
tys we;=,; we;s negß Ndú; jkafka m%;sfrdaOh uksk úg muKla fõ. tkï wfkl=;a mrdij, l%shdldß;ajh i|yd
negß iemhqula wjYH fkdfõ.
u,aá ógrh yryd m%;sfrdaOh uekSfï§ we;sjk JANANI
2

l%shdldß;ajh ms,snoj hï wjfndaOhla by;§ ,nd.;a SCANNED

ksid ±ka wmg u,aá ógrh wdOdrfhka tla tla

m%;sfrdaOl w.hka lshjk wdldrh fidhd ne,sh yel.
fï i|yd wm uq,skau ´ï w.h okakd frisiagrhla
f.k tu w.h u,aá ógrh wdOdrfhka lshjk
wdldrh foi n,uq. fï i|yd ´ï 100 l (100 =
ÿUqre / l¿ / ÿUqre) frisiagrhla f.k n,uq. ±ka wm
úiska fuu ´ï w.h lshùug u,aá ógrh ´ï
0
mrdihg fj; f¾kaÊ isf,lagrh fhduql, hq;=h. fuys§ mrdihka lsysmhla we;s ksid 

tAjdfha we;s uq,au mrdih jk X 1 mrdihg f¾kaÊ isf,lagrh fhduqlr .ksuq. ±ka
0ADJ
JANANI

fuu rEmfha ±lafjk wdldrhg fgiaÜ fm%dí fol tlg iam¾Y lrkak. fuu DESIGNED
0
tciagrh
iam¾Yfhka miq fm%dí fol w;r Odrdj .,dhdug ;sfnk m%;sfrdaOh ke;sfjk ksid
fuu fm%dí fol w;r m%;sfrdaOh ´ï 0 la úh hq;=h. tkï fuys§ rEmfha ±lafjk

wdldrhg äiamaf,a fmdhskagrh .uka lr ´ï 0 ys kej;S ;sìh hq;=h. kuq;a fuh X1

m%dfhda.slj isÿjkafka b;d l,d;=rlsk.s tkï fuu wjia:dfõ§ fmdhskagrh w;r u. l¿ r;=
fyda ´ï 0 blaujd .uka lr k;rúh yel. fufia blaujd .shúg w.hla lshúh
fkdyels w;r w;r u. k;r jQ úg hï ´ï w.hla fmkajhs. kuq;a fuys§ fm%dí tlg 0
iam¾Y lr we;s ksid tAjd w;r m%;sfrdaOh ´ï 0 la úh hq;= neúka ógrfha fmkajk
w.h jerÈ iys; neúka wm úiska th ksjeßÈ lr.; hq;=fõ. ógrfha we;s 0 tciagrh tyd fuyd iSre udre
lsÍfuka fmdhskagrh ´ï 0 u; k;r l, yel. fuh b;d ksjeßÈ jkafka äiamaf,a tfla A iy B w;r we;s ;Srejla
u.ska fmfkk fmdhskagrfha m%;sìïnh iuÕ iy ´ï 0 fmkajd we;s i,l=K iuÕ fmdhskagrh iumd; jk mßÈ
;u wei fhduqlr w.h lshjk úg muKs. äðg,a u,aá ógrfha§ fuu 0 ieliSu isÿ fkdflf¾.
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 Using Multi Meter
10
äðg,a u,aá ógrfha§ fgiaÜ fm%dí tlg iam¾Y lr ne¨j fyd;a óg¾ äiamaf,ays hï w.hla fmkaúh yel.
kuq;a fuu ógrfha 0 tciagrhla fkdue;s ksid wmg th ´ï 0 lsÍu l, fkdyels jk w;r fuh uQ,dxl fodaIhla
f,i wmg .ekSug isÿfõ. fuys§ wm l, hq;af;a tla tla Wmdx. mÍCIdfõ§ óg¾ äiamaf,a u.ska lshjk ´ï
w.fhka fuu uQ,dxl fodaIfha w.h wvqlr ksjeßÈ ´ï w.h lshùuhs.
wekf,d.a u,aá ógrj, we;s 0 tciagrh ógrfha Ndú;h;a iuÕ ÿ¾j, jk ksid ksjeßÈj 0 ieliSu
wmyiq fõ. túg fuys§o uQ,dxl fodaIhla we;sjk ksid äcsðg,a ógrfha mßÈ lshjk w.fhka uQ,dxl fodaIfha
w.h wvql, hq;= fõ. fj<o mf,ka wvq uqo,lg ,nd.; yels iqkajd YX - 360TR u,aá ógrfha§ fuu fodaIh
blaukska we;súh yels w;r tys we;s 0 tciagrh bj;alr tA i|yd w¨;a fõßhn,a frisiagrhla mdiaid
.ekSfuka fuh we;sùu j,lajd.; yelsh. YX - 360TR ógrfha fï i|yd we;s fõßhn,a frisiagrfha w.h
jkafka lsf,da ´ï 10 ls. (10k) kuq;a iuyr ógrj, we;s fuu fõßhn,a frisiagrfha w.h fjkiaúh yel.
±ka wm yg ógrh 0 lrk wdldrh .ek wjfndaOhla ,nd.;a ksid fuu 100
0
rEmfha ±lafjk wdldrhg ´ï 100 l frisiagrhl w.h lshjk wdldrh foi n,uq. 

wm uq,skau f¾kaÊ isf,lagrh X1 fj; fhduqlr by;ska ±lajQ wdldrhg ógrfha JANANI
0ADJ

fgiaÜ fm%dí w;r m%;sfrdaOh 0 lr .ksu.q bkamiq fuu rEmfha ±lafjk wdldrhg DESIGNED

fgiaÜ fm%dí w;rg 100 frisiagrh ;nd óg¾ äiamaf,a tfla by,u we;s ´ï ()
mrdifha (A) fmdhskagrh kej;S we;s ia:dkfha w.h lshjkak. rEmfha fmkajd we;s 
X1
mßÈ w.h 100 kï bkamiq tu w.h f¾kaÊ isf,lagrh fhduqlr we;s mrdifhka tkï
l¿ r;=
X1 ka .=K (x) lrkak. túg wmg ,efnk w.h 100 jk ksid fuu frisiagrfha w.h
´ï 100 u fõ. (100 x 1 = 100) fndfyda wjia:dj,§ iEu frisiagrhl§u fmdhskagrh
100 u;u fkdkj;.S iEu frisigrhlu ´ï w.h ksjeßÈ fkdùu óg fya;=j fõ. fuu
fjkia ùu iEu frisiagrhl§u m%;sY;hla jYfhka ,nd § we;.
100 frisiagrh
´ï w.h fjkia ùug n,mdk ó,. fya;=j jkafka ógrfha ksjeßÈ;djhhs. wm wvq uqo,g ñ,g .kakd
ógrj, ksjeßÈ;djh my, uÜgul ;sìh yel. u,aá ógr ksIamdokfha§ tAjdg fhdod .kafka ´ï w.fha
ksjeßÈ;djh jeä tkï iyk w.h ^m%;sY;h& wvq ishhg tll (1%) frisiagr fõ. fuys§ fhdod .kakd
frisiagrj, w.h ishhg tlla fyda fjkia úh yels ksid tu frisiagr yryd .,dhk Odrdjo ishhg tllska
fjkia fõ. fufia fjkia jk Odrdj uhsfl%da weógrh yrydo .,dhk ksid fmdhskagrh .uka lr kj;sk ia:dkho
ishhg tllska fjkia úh yel. fuh ógrfha we;s ´kEu mrdihlgu tlfia isÿúh yels fohls.
X1 mrdifha§ ógrh 0 lsÍu msksi fgiaÜ fm%dí fol tlg iam¾Y l,úg fm%dí yryd .,dhk Odrdj
wfkla mrdij,g jvd jeä fõ. 0 l, miq fufia .,dhk Odrdj ñ,s weïmsh¾ 150 la (150mA) jk w;r fuh
fuu mrdifhau ,l=Kq lr ;sîu wmg ±lsh yel. X10 mrdifhA§ fuu Odrdj ñ,s weïmsh¾ 15 lg wvqjk nj tu
mrdifha ,l=Kq lr ;sîfuka wmg ±lsh yels fõ. X1 mrdifha§ .,dhk Odrdj jeä ksid ógrfha we;=,; we;s
1.5V negß lE,s fol blaukska úi¾ckh ùu isÿ fõ. fuh j,lajd .ekqug wm l,hq;af;a yels iEu wjia:djl§u
óg by, mrdihka Ndú;hg mqreÿ ùuh. tu by, mrdij,§ w.hka lshùu wmyiq úg muKla fuu X1 mrdih
Ndú; lsÍfuka fuu negß È.= l,la ;nd.; yels fõ. fuh wfkl=;a u,aá ógr j,go fmdÿ fõ.
wm by;§ ´ï 100 frisiagrfha w.h lshjk ,oafoa X1 mrdifha jk ksid fuu
frisiag¾ w.h X10 mrdifha lshúh yels kï wmg negß jeä l,la Ndú; l, yels 10

jk ksid th wmg jdis odhl fõ. tu ksid wm fuu frisiagrfha w.h fuu rEmfhka 0

fmkajd we;s wdldrhg X10 mrdifhka lshjd n,uq. fuu mrdihg fhduql, úgo kej;
0ADJ
JANANI

fgiaÜ fm%dí w;r m%;sfrdaOh 0 lsÍu wm uq,skau l, hq;=h. tkï f¾kaÊ isf,lagrh DESIGNED

tla tla mrdij,g fhduq lrk iEu wjia:djl§u ógrh 0 lsÍu l, hq;=h. ógrh
0 l, miq frisiagrh fgiÜ fm%dí w;rg ;nd fmdhskagrh kj;sk ia:dkfha we;s 
X 10
w.h lshúh yels ±hs n,kak. fuys§ rEmfha fmkajd we;s wdldrhg fmdhskagrh
kej;S we;af;a 10 u; jk ksid wmg tu w.h myiqfjka lshúh yels neúka wmg fuu l¿ r;=

mrdiho ´ï 100 l frisiagrhla lshùug Ndú; l, yels ù ;sfí. tu ksid X1 mrdih

fï i|yd Ndú; fkdlsÍug wmg mqreÿ úh yel. fuu l%uh wfkl=;a iEu j¾.hlu
u,aá ógr i|ydo wmg wkq.ukh l, yels fõ. äðg,a u,aá ógr j,§o by; ±lajQ
wdldrhg negß úi¾ckh isÿúh yels neúka tys§o fuu l%uh Ndú; l, yels fõ. 100 frisiagrh

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 Using Multi Meter
11
wm fï wdldrhg m%;sfrdaOh uekSfï§ ms,smeÈh hq;= m%Odk ldrkhla jkafka m%;sfrdaOh uekSfï§ frisiagrh
fgiaÜ fm%dí fj; ;nk úg fuu fm%dí folu ;u w;ska we,a,Sfuka je,lSuh. fï wdldrhg w;ska we,aÆ úg ;u
YÍrh yrydo hï Odrd m%udKhla .,dhk ksid tu Odrdjo tl;=ùfuka ógrfhka lshjk w.h jerÈ iys; ùuh.
fuh we;sùu je,elaùug wm l, hq;af;a tla w;lska muKla frisiagrh fm%dí tllg w,a,d wks;a w;ska ó,.
fgiaÜ fm%dí tfla ma,diaála ñfgka muKla w,a,d frisiagrfha wks;a w.%h fj; fydÈka iam¾Y lr m%;sfrdaOh
lshùuh. fuh by, mrdij,§ wksjd¾hfhka isÿl, hq;a;ls. by, mrdij,§ frisiagrhla fkdue;sj jqjo fm%dí
folu w;ska we,aÆúg fmdhskagrh .uka lsÍu ±l .ekSu u.ska fuh wmg wjfndaO lr.; yels fõ. fuys§ wm
YÍrh we;s hï m%;sfrdaOhla ógrh u.ska lshfõ. tla tla whf.a YÍr j,§ fufia lshjk m%;sfrdaO w.h fjkia
jk w;r wvq m%;sfrdaë w.hla fmkajk whl=f.a YÍrh yryd .,dhd yels Odrdj jeä neúka tjeks wh m%Odk úÿ,s
iemhqu (AC 230V) iu. lghq;= lsÍfï§ jvd m%fõiï úh hq;=h.
i¾lsÜ fndaâ tll iúlr we;s frisiagrhl w.h uek ne,Sug wjYH jQ úg tu frisiagrfha tl w.%hla
mEiaiqfuka .,jd w.h lshjkak. ke;fyd;a hï Odrd m%udKhla i¾lsÜ fndaâ tfla we;s wfkl=;a Wmdx. yrydo
.,dhdfuka ógrfhka lshjk w.h jerÈ iys; fõ. ;jo lsisúfglj;a n, iemhqu ,nd§ we;s úg i¾lsÜ fndaâ
tll frisiag¾ w.h lshùug hdfuka je,lS isáh hq;=h. ke;fyd;a hï úÈhlska fyda ógrh fj; wu;r Odrdjla
.,d tAfuka ógrh úkdY úh yel. fuu fya;=j ksid iEu wjia:djl§u ,nd§ we;s n, iemhqu úikaê lr
m%;sfrdaOh uekSu isÿ lrkak.
Tn úiska ógrh yryd m%;sfrdaOh lshùfï§ w.h lshùug myiq jkafka óg¾ äiamaf,a tfla we;s ´ï
mrdifha ueo yßfha muK jk nj Tng ye.S hkq we;. frisiagr w.hka lshùfï§ f¾kaÊ isf,lagrh fhduq lrk
mrdih wkqj w.h lshùug myiq ia:dkhg fmdhskagrh .uka lrk mßÈ f¾kaÊ isf,lagrh fhduqlr.; yels fõ.
fuu YX - 360TR u,aá ógrh yryd lshúh yels Wmßu m%;sfrdaO w.h jkafka fu.d ´ï 20 la fõ. äiamaf,a tfla
we;s ´ï mrdifha Wmßu w.h f¾kaÊ isf,lagrh fhduq l, yels Wmßu mrdifhka .=k (x) l, úg wmg fuu
Wmßu m%;sfrdaO w.h ,nd.; yels fõ. (2k x 10k = 20M ) (2000 x 20000 = 20M ) Tn úiska ógrhla ñ,g
.kakd úg jeä m%;sfrdaO w.hla lshúh yels ógrhla ,nd .ekSu WÑ; fõ. ógrhla ñ,g .kakd úg tys f¾kaÊ
isf,lagrh fhduql, yels Wmßu mrdih x10k fyda Bg jeä mrdihlska hq;a ógrhla ,nd.kak. Tn úiska ,nd.;a
u,aá ógrfha f¾kaÊ isf,lagrh fhduql, yels Wmßu mrdih x100k kï tu.ska lshúh yels Wmßu m%;sfrdaOh
jkafka (2k x 100k = 200M ) fu.d ´ï 200 ls. fuu ógrh hï m%udKhlska ñf,ka jeäúh yel.
f¾kaÊ isf,lagrh x10 mrdihg fhduqlr ógrh
2
0 lr we;s wjia:dfõ§ fgiaÜ fm%dí tlg iam¾Y l,
JANANI

SCANNED

úg fm%dí yryd .,dhk Odrdj ñ,s weïmsh¾ 15 la jk

nj 10 jk msgqfõ§ i|yka lrk ,È. fuu Odrd
m%udKh fhduqlr we;s x10 mrdih wi, ,l=Kq lr
;sfí. ;jo wm óg¾ äiamaf,a tl fydÈka mÍCId lr
ne¨j fyd;a E u.ska fmkajd we;s LI( A.mA) hk
mrdih u.skao wmg fuu Odrd m%udKh ne,sh yelsh.
ógrh 0 lr we;s úg muKla yßhgu ñ,s weïmsh¾ 15 l Odrdjla fm%dí yryd .,dhk nj wmg fuu LI
mrdih foi neÆ úg fydÈka fmkShhs. fgiaÜ fm%dí tlg iam¾Y lr we;s wjia:dfõ§ fm%dí w;r fjda,aàh;djh
fjd,aÜ 0 la jk nj wm fydÈka okakd fohls. äiamaf,a tflys F j,ska fmkajd we;s LV(V) mrdifha fmdhskagrh
u.ska lshjk w.h foi ne,Sfuka wmg fuu fjd,aàh;djh 0 la jk nj n,d.;
10
yelsfõ. fgiaÜ fm%dí bj;a l,úg fufia .,dhk Odrdj kj;sk ksid túg Odrdj 0 la 0

jk nj fuu LI mrdih yryd wmg b;d fydÈka fmkShhs. 

fuu rEmfha fmkajd we;s wdldrhg x10 mrdihg f¾kaÊ isf,lagrh fhduqlr JANANI
0ADJ
DESIGNED

100 frisiagrhla uksk úg frisiagrh yryd .,dhk Odrdj ñ,s weïmsh¾ 15 g jvd
wvqjk ksid fmdhskagrh w;ru. kj;S. fuu wjia:dfõ§ frisiagrh yryd .,dhk 
Odrdj wmg LI mrdifha fmdhskagrh kej;S we;s ia:dkfhkA lshjd.; yelsh. tkï X 10

fuu Odrdj ñ,s weïmsh¾ 10 la muK jk nj wmg fmkShhs. LV mrdih foi neÆúg l¿ r;=
fuu wjia:dfõ§ frisiagrfha w.% fol w;r we;s fjda,aàh;djh wmg lshjd.;
yelsfõ . tkï fuh fjd,aÜ tlla muK jk nj wmg fmkShhs. V = IR g wkqj fuu
fjd,aÜ tl ñ,s weïmsh¾ 10 ka fn¥ úg wmg ´ï w.h 100 la f,i ,efí. (R = 1V /
10mA = 1V / 0.01A = 100 ) 100 frisiagrh
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 Using Multi Meter
12
wm úiska x1 mrdifha§ frisiag¾ w.h lshjk úg frisiagrh yryd .,dhk Odrdj oy.=khlska jeä jk
ksid túg LI mrdih yryd lshjk w.h oy.=khlska jeälr (x10) lshúh hq;=h. LV mrdih yryd lshjk
fjda,aàh;djfha fjkila isÿ fkdfõ. x1k mrdihg isf,lagrh fhduqlr frisiagr w.h lshùfï§ x10 mrdihg
idfmaCIj frisiagrh yryd .,dhk Odrdj ish.=khlska (1/100) wvqjk ksid LI mrdih yryd lshjk w.h 100
ka fnod lshúh hq;=h. fuu x1k mrdih ;=,§ ógrh 0 l,úg fm%dí yryd .,dhk Odrdj 100 lska wvqjk ksid
th uhsfl%da weïmsh¾ 150 la f,i x1k mrdih wi, ,l=Kq lr ;sîu ±lsh yel.
u,aá ógrh wdOdrfhka vfhdav mÍCId lsÍu - Testing Diodes by Using Multi Meter
u,aá ógrh wdOdrfhka vfhdav mÍCId lrk Odrdj Odrdj
wdldrh fuu.ska Tng wjfndaO lr.; yels fõ. fuu 1N4007 7004N1

rEmfha fmkajd we;s wdldrhg negßla iy n,anhla + +

wdOdrfhkao wmg vfhdavhla mÍCId l, yels nj wm
fmr Odrdj miq Odrdj
okak lrekls. tkï wm fï wdldrhg vfhdavhla mÍCId keUqrej keUqrej
lsÍfï§ isÿlrkqfha udrefjka udrejg vfhdavh fj;g
fjda,aàh;djhla imhd vfhdavh yryd Odrdj .,dhdu _ Forward Biased.
_
Reverse Biased.
ne,Su fõ.
fuys§ tla ÈYdjlg vfhdavh yryd Odrdj .,dhdug ndOdjla we;sfõ kï muKla fuu mÍCIdfõ§ fuu
vfhdavh fydo ;;ajfha tlla jk nj wm úiska ;Srkh lrkq ,efí. fuys§ wmg wjfndaO jk lrekla jkqfha
Odrdjla fkdimhd vfhdavla mÍCId lsÍu lsisúfglj;a l, fkdyels jk njh. tkï vfhdav mÍCIdfõ§ tAjd fj;
Odrdjla iemhSu wksjd¾h fõ. tkï u,aá ógrh wdOdrfhka vfhdavhla mÍCId lrk úgo fufia vfhdavh fj;
Odrdj iemhSu wksjd¾h jk nj wmg ±ka wjfndaO fõ. tfiakï ±ka wm l,hq;af;a vfhdav mÍCId lsÍug u,aá
ógrh yryd Odrdj ,nd.kafka flfiao hkak fidhd ne,Su fõ. u,aá ógrh yryd frisiagr j, w.h lshùugo
fï wdldrhg ógrfha we;s negß yryd tu frisiagr fj; Odrdj iemhQ nj wm okakd lrekls. tkï u,aá ógrh
´ï mrdihg fhduql, úg tys fgiaÜ fm%dí w;rg fjda,aàh;djhla ,efnk nj wm úiska by;§ fidhd .kakd ,È.
fuu fgiaÜ fm%dí yryd Odrdjla .,dhk úg muKla fmdhskagrh p,kh jk nj wm úiska olsk ,È. fgiaÜ fm%dí
w;rg frisiagrhla ;enQ úg th yryd .,dhk Odrd m%udKhg wkqj fmdhskagrh p,kh jk m%udKh rod
mej;Suo wm tys§ olsk ,È. fmdhskagrh Wmßu ÿrla p,kh jkafka fgiaÜ fm%dí yryd Wmßu Odrdjla .,dhk
úg tkï fgiaÜ fm%dí fol tlg iam¾Y l,úg muKla jk njo wm olsk ,È.
fuu fgiaÜ fm%dí w;rg vfhdavhla ;enqj fyd;a l=uk l%shdldß;ajhla we;sfõo hkak ±ka is;d n,kak. fuu
wjia:dfõ§ vfhdavh yryd Odrdj .,dhdu we;sjkafka kï muKla fmdhskagrh p,kh jk nj wmg fuys§ is;sh
yelsfõ. fuys§ vfhdavfha w.% udre lr lr n,k úg tla w;lg vfhdavh ;nk úg muKla fmdhskagrh p,kh
ùu ±lsh yels fõ. tkï fuu wjia:dfõ§ vfhdavh yryd Odrdj .,dhdk w;r th fuu my; rEmfha fmkajd we;s
wdldrhg vfhdavh ;enQ úg isÿjk nj wmg ±lsh yels fõ.
vfhdavhla yryd Odrdj .,dhd yels jkafka tys wefkdav (A) w.%fha isg lef;dav
(K) w.%h olajd muKla jk nj wm fydÈka okak lrekl.s fï wdldrhg vfhdavh 0

yryd Odrdj .,dhdug wefkdavh fj; Ok (+) w.%hl=;a iy lef;davh fj; iDK ( - )
w.%hl=;a ,eìh hq;= fõ. ±ka fuu rEmfha fmkajd we;s vfhdavh yryd Odrdj 0ADJ
JANANI

DESIGNED

.,dhdug vfhdavfha w.% w;rg Ok yd iDK iemhqu ,eî we;s wdldrh foi fydÈka
n,kak. tkï Ok w.%h ,eî we;af;a l¿ fgiaÜ fm%dí tl yryd jk w;r iDK w.%h 
,eî we;af;a r;= fgiaÜ fm%dí tl yryd fõ. kuq;a iïu; wdldrh jkafka Ok w.%h X 10

r;= mdákq;a iy iDK w.%h l¿ mdákq;a hk jYfhks. tkï u,aá ógrfha fgiaÜ fm%dí l¿ r;=
yryd iemhqu ,efnkafka jerÈ wdldrhlg fõ. fuh wm
- + fndfyda fofkl=g mg,eú,a,la jk ksid fufia mdg A K
+ udreùug fya;=j ±ka fidhd n,uq. fï i|yd my; rEmh
B + -
1N4007

uhsfl%da 3V foi fydÈka n,kak. fuu rEmfhka fmkajd we;af;a ´ï Odrdj

weógrh
- mrdih ;=,§ ógrh yryd we;sjk mßm: l%shdldß;ajh

X10 R fmkakqï lrk ir, igykls. ógrh ;=, we;s uhsfl%da weógrhg ksjeßÈj Ok yd
N P
COM iDK w.% iemhsh hq;= neúka negßfha Ok w.%h uhsfl%da weógrfha Ok w.%h fj;
+ - rEmfha ±lafjk wdldrhg iïnkaO lr ;sfí. túg negßfha Ok w.%h uhsfl%da
+ - r;=
l¿ weógrh yryd l¿ fgiaÜ fm%dí tl fj; ,efí. negß iDK w.%h R frisiagrh
fgiaÜ
fgiaÜ fm%dí yryd r;= fgiaÜ fm%dí tl fj; ,efí. fï wdldrhg ksjeßÈj uhsfl%da weógrfha w.%
1N4007

fm%dí Odrdj
fj; Ok iDK iemhqu ,nd Èh hq;= ksid fufia mdg udreù ;sfnk nj wmg fmkShhs.
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 Using Multi Meter
13
vfhdav mÍCIdfõ§ x 10 mrdih wm úiska f;dard.kq ,nk w;r iuyrla j¾.j, u,aá ógr vfhdav mÍCId
lsÍu i|yd fjku mrdihla ,nd§ ;sîu wmg ±lsh yels fõ. äðg,a u,aá ógrj,§ wekf,d.a u,aá ógrfha
wdldrhg ´ï mrdihg fhduqlr vfhdav mÍCId lsÍu wmyiq jk ksid tA i|yd fjku mrdihla ,nd § ;sfí.
wekf,d.a u,aá ógrfh§ fuka Ok yd iDK iemhqfuys mdg udreùula äðg,a u,aá ógrfha§ isÿ fkdjk nj u;l
;nd.kak. wvq Odrd m%udKhlg muKla Tfrd;a;= fok vfhdav mÍCIdfõ§ vfhdavh wdrCId jk mßÈ th mÍCId
l, hq;= fõ. ;jo b;d wvq Odrd m%udKhla ,nd§ vfhdavhla mÍCId lsÍuo wmyiq fõ. fuu lrekq folu
ie,ls,a,g .ksñka ´kEu vfhdavhla mÍCId lsÍug iqÿiq jk mßÈ Odrdjla ,nd .ekSug x 10 mrdih vfhdav
mÍCIdjg f;dard.kq ,efí. fuu mrdih ;=,§ vfhdavh yryd .,dhd yels Wmßu Odrdj ñ,s weïmsh¾ 15 la muK
jk ksid th ´kEu vfhdavla mÍCId lsÍug iqÿiq fõ.
fuu rEmfha ±lafjk wdldrhg x 10 mrdihg f¾kaÊ isf,lagrh fhduqlr
0
bkamiq ógrh 0 lr vfhdavh ;enqj fyd;a vfhdavh yryd ´ï 60 l muK 

m%;sfrdaOhla fuu wjia:dfõ§ we;sjk nj wmg ±l.; yels fõ. fuu wjia:dfõ§
0ADJ
vfhdavfha w.% w;r we;sjk fjda,afÜÊ fv%dma tl fjd,aÜ 0.7 la muK jk nj LV
JANANI

DESIGNED

mßudKh lshùfuka wmg fmkShhs. fuh is,slka vfhdavhla jk ksid fufia fjd,aÜ 0.7
l muK fv%dma we;sùug fya;=j jk nj wm fydÈka okakd fohls. fuu wjia:dfõ§ 
X 10
vfhdavh yryd .,dhk Odrdj ñ,s weïmsh¾ 11.5 la muK jk nj LI mßudKfhka
n,d.; yels fõ. c¾fïkshï vfhdavhla yryd we;sjk fjda,afÜÊ fv%dma tl is,slka l¿ r;=
vfhdavhlg jvd wvq ksid tkï fjd,aÜ 0.3 la muK jk ksid th yryd we;sjk
m%;sfrdaOh ´ï 20 la muK fõ. f¾kaÊ isf,lagrh by, mrdij,g fhduq lrñka ne¨j A K

fyd;a túg vfhdavh yryd .,dhk Odrdj wvqjk ksid th yryd we;sjk fjda,afÜÊ + 1N4007 -
fv%dma tlo hï m%udKhlska wvqjk nj LV mßudKfhka wmg n,d.; yels fõ. Odrdj

u,aá ógrh wdOdrfhka vfhdavj, ldkaÿ Odrdj mÍCId lsÍu

fuu rEmfha ±lafjk wdldrhg vfhdavh fgiaÜ fm%dí w;rg ;enqj úg vfhdavh 0

8
yryd ldkaÿ Odrdjla we;a±hs wmg mÍCId l, yels fõ. u,aá ógrh tys we;s by,u 

´ï mrdifha§ fgiaÜ fm%dí yryd b;d wvq Odrd m%udKhla .,dhk úgo fmdhskagrh JANANI
0ADJ

p,kh jk ksid vfhdavhl ldkaÿ Odrdj mÍCIdjg by,u ´ï mrdih fhdod .efka. DESIGNED

fufia by, mrdihg fhduqlr fgiaÜ fm%dí fol w;ska we,aÆ úg wm YÍrh yryd
X 10k
.,dhd yels l=vd Odrdjgo fmdhskagrh p,kh ùu fuu ldkaÿjg fydo ksoiqkls. x 

100k mrdih we;s u,aá ógrhl§ x 10k mrdihg jvd th ixfõ§ jk ksid fmrg;a
l¿ r;=
jvd fydog wmg ldkaÿ Odrdj mÍCId l, yels fõ. fuu rEmfha fmkajd we;s
wdldrhg mÍCId lrk 1N4007 is,slka vfhdavh fydo ;;ajfha tlla kï fmdhskagrh K A
p,kh ùula wmg ±l.; fkdyels fõ. tkï fuys§ vfhdavh yryd Odrdj .,dhdug
wêl m%;sfrdaOhla we;sù ;sfnk ksid fufia we;súh yels ldkaÿ Odrdj b;d wvqù we;. + 7004N1 -
ldkaÿ Odrdj

kuq;a b;d l=vd m%udKhla fyda fmdhskagrh p,kh jkafka kï tu vfhdavh Ndú;hg iqÿiq tlla fkdfõ. fï
wdldrhg we;súh yels ldkaÿjla x 10k mrdihg jvd x 100k mrdih we;s u,aá ógrhl§ jeä ÿrla tys we;s
fmdhskagrh p,kh jk ksid fuu ldkaÿj jvd fydog wmg n,d.; yels fõ. idudkH is,slka vfhdavhlg jvd
c¾fïkshï vfhdavhla yryd miq keTqrej we;sjk m%;sfrdaOh wvq ksid c¾fïkshï vfhdavj, ldkaÿ Odrdj is,slka
vfhdavj,g jvd jeä fõ. fuu ldkaÿj x 10k mrdih yryd wmg fydÈka n,d.; yelsh. x 10k mrdifha§ fgiaÜ
fm%dí w;r fjda,aàh;djh fjd,aÜ 12 la muK jk ksid fjd,aÜ 12 g wvq fik¾ vfhdaâ mÍCId lrk úg tAjd yryd
ldkaÿ Odrdjla we;sjk w;r fik¾ vfhdavj, fjd,aÜ .Kk wvq tAjd ;nk úg fuu ldkaÿ Odrdj ;j;a jeäfõ.
fik¾ vfhdavfha fjd,aÜ .Kkg jvd jeä fjd,aÜ .Kkla th fj; ,ndÿka úg fik¾ vfhdavh yryd Odrdj ldkaÿ
ùu tAjdfha we;s ,CIKhls. wm úiska mÍCId lrk vfhdavhl ldkaÿ Odrdj ke;;a th fmr keTqrej mÍCId lrk
úg th yryd m%;sfrdaOh iudkH m%udKhg jvd jeä kï ^´ï 60 - 70 jlg jvd& tu vfhdavh .ek l,amkd ldÍ
úh hq;= fõ. my; rEmfha fmkajd we;s wdldrhgo vfhdav ksmojd ;sfnk ksid tjeks vfhdavhla mÍCId lrk úg
fï wdldrhg m%;sfrdaOh jeäfõ. kuq;a idudkH vfhdavhl§ fufia m%;sfrdaOh jeäùu tu vfhdavfha fodaIhla jk
ksid tjeks vfhdav Ndú;fhka bj;a l, hq;=h.
by; wdldrfha fodaI iys; vfhdavhla mßm:hlg fhdod.; fyd;a th l%shdlrk úg th
yryd m%;sfrdaOh jeä ksid ;dmj;a ùu by, f.dia vfhdavh iïmQ¾Kfhka úkdY ù hd yel. A K

vfhdavh úkdY ù hdfuka miq th ikakdhlhla f,i l%shdlr yels neúka túg vfhdavh fhdod.;a
mßm:ho úkdYùhdu isÿúh yel.
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 Using Multi Meter
14
u,aá ógrh wdOdrfhka Odß;%l mÍCId lsÍu - Testing Capacitors by Using Multi Meter
u,aá ógrh wdOdrfhka Odß;%l ^lemEisgr& mÍCId lrk Odrdj C C

+
wdldrh fuu.ska Tng wjfndaO lr.; yels fõ. lemEisgrhla
+
wdfrdamKh ùu iy úi¾ckh ùu mÍCId lrk ir, wdldrhla .ek A LED K LED
wm uq,skau hï wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSu iqÿiq jk ksid fuu rEmh foi
Odrdj
fydÈka n,kak. fuu rEmh u.ska fmkajd we;af;a negßhla iy LED K A
_ Odrdj
tlla wdOdrfhka lemEisgrhl wdfrdamKh ùu iy úi¾ckh ùu
mÍCId l, yels ir, wdldrhls. fuu wdfrdamK iy úi¾ck wjia:d wdfrdamKh ùu - Charging úi¾ckh ùu - Discharging

foflysÈu LED h ±,aù áflka ál §ma;sh wvqfjñka ksùhdu wmg ±lsh yels fõ. lemEisgrh wdfrdamKh ùu;a
iu. th yryd .,dhk Odrdj wvqù hk ksid fufia LED h ksùhdu;a iy lemEisgrh úi¾ckh jk úg th
yryd LED fj; .,dtk Odrdj wvqù hk ksid fufia LED h ksùhdu;a isÿjk nj wmg wjfndaO fõ. by; rEmfha
fmkajd we;s wdldrhg lemEisgrh úi¾ckh jk wjia:dfõ§ LED h yryd .,dhk Odrdfõ ÈYdj udrejk ksid
LED fha w.%o udre lsÍug isÿfõ.
Odrdj C C
fuu rEmfha fmkajd we;s wdldrhg LED fjkqjg ñ,s

+
weógrhla Ndú; lr wmg meyeÈ,sj lemEisgrhla wdfrdamKh ùu +
iy úi¾ckh ùu ±l n,d.; yels fõ. th my;ska fmkajd we;s

+
mA mA
m%ia:drj, wdldrhg l%shdldß;ajh we;sjk njo wmg fmkShhs. ;jo Odrdj

+
fuu mßm:hg iqÿiq frisiagrhla fY%aKs.; l, úg wdfrdamK iy _ Odrdj
úi¾ck jk ld,h jeäjk ksid wmg ;j;a meyeÈ,sj fuu
wdfrdamKh ùu - Charging úi¾ckh ùu - Discharging
l%shdldß;ajh ±l n,d.; yels fõ. l=vd Odß;djhla iys;
lemEisgrhla wdfrdamKh ùfï§ iy úi¾ckh ùfï§
lemEisgrh yryd .,dhk Odrdj wvqjk ksid tu Odrdjg Odrdj ld,h
idfmaCIj ñ,s weógrh l%shdl, yels úh yelafla b;d iq¿
m%udKhla muK jk ksid ñ,s weógrh fjkqjg uhsfl%da
weógrhla ( A ) Ndú; l, yels fõ. ñ,s weógrhg jvd
uhsfl%da weógrhla wvq Odrd m%udKhlg ixfõ§ jk ksid wmg
l%shdldß;ajh meyeÈ,sj ±l n,d.; yels fõ. b;d wvq Odß;d ld,h ( - ) Odrdj
w.hla iys; Odß;%l uhsfl%da weógrhla yryd mÍCId lsÍuo wdfrdamKh ùu úi¾ckh ùu
wmyiq fõ.
lemEisgrhla mÍCId l, yels ir, wdldrhka .ek ±ka wmg fydo wjfndaOhla we;s ksid ±ka wmg u,aá
ógrh yryd lemEisgrhla mÍCId l, yels wdldrh .ek fidhd ne,sh yels fõ. lemEisgr mÍCIdfõ§o th fj;
Odrdjla iemhSu wksjd¾h jk ksid u,aá ógrh yryd lemEisgrhla mÍCId lrk úgo ógrh ´ï mrdihg fhduq
lsÍu l, hq;= nj wmg wjfndaO fõ. iuyrla udÈ,sj, u,aá ógrj, lemEisgr mÍCIdj i|yd fjku mrdihla
,nd§ ;sîu ±lsh yel.
´ï mrdih yryd lemEisgrhla mÍCId lrk wdldrh ol=Kq mi rEmfhka
fmkajd we;. ´ï mrdifha§ Ok w.%h ,efnkqfha l¿ fgiaÜ fm%dí tl yryd jk ksid 0

lemEisgrfha Ok w.%hg fuu l¿ fm%dí tl ;nkq ,efí. ´kEu lemEisgrhla mÍCId 

lsÍug fmr tys w.% fIdaÜ lr lemEisgrh úi¾ckh lsÍfuka miq mÍCId lsÍu iqÿiq JANANI
0ADJ

fõ. Bg fya;=j jkafka wm úiska mÍCId lrk lemEisgr Ndú; lr ;snQ tAjd kï tu DESIGNED

lemEisgr wdfrdamKh ù ;sìh yels neúka túg fïjd ksjeßÈj mÍCId l, fkdyels

ùhhs. ;jo lemEisgrhla wdfrdamKh ù we;s úgl th ógrh yryd úi¾ckh úh X 1k

yels neúka túg ógrh yryd úYd, Odrdjla .,d.sh fyd;a ógrh úkdYù hd yelsh.
by, fjda,aàh;d iys; mßm:j, Ndú; jk wê fjda,aàh;d lemEisgr mÍCId lrk l¿ r;=

úg wm m%fõiï úh hq;=h. tjeks lemEisgrhla mÍCId lsÍug fmr tljr fIdaÜ lsÍu
wk;=reodhl jk ksid tjekakla iqÿiq frisiagrhla yryd fyda n,anhla yryd fIdaÜ
+

Odrdj ^úi¾ckh& lr mÍCId lrkak. fuys jï mi rEmfhka fmkajd + -

+

A
we;af;a u,aá ógrh yryd lemEisgrhla mÍCId lrk úg ógrh Odrdj
+

uhsfl%da +
weógrh yryd ks¾udKh jk wNHka;r mßm:fha ir, igykls. fuu
1

R
rEmhg wkqj ógrfha we;=,; we;s negß fj;ska iemfhk Odrdj
100F
16V
1
1

Odrdj tys we;s uhsfl%da weógrhg wu;rj frisiagr yrydo .,dtk

_
ksid lemEisgrh wdfrdamKh ùug ál fj,djla .;fõ. túg
+

lemEisgrh wfrdamKh ùu wmg fydÈka n,d.; yels fõ. Nature Com.10122K3W

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 Using Multi Meter
15
u,aá ógrh yryd lemEisgrhla mÍCId lrk úg lemEisgrh fgiaÜ fm%dí wkka;h

w;rg ;nk úg fmdhskagrh tljr hï ÿrla 0 foig fõ.fhka p,kh ù wdmiaig 8 0


fõ.h áflka ál wvqfjñka p,kh ùu wmg ±lsh yels fõ. lemEisgrh fgiaÜ fm%dí
w;rg ;nk fudfydf;a fmdhskagrh hï ÿrla 0 foig fõ.fhka p,kh ù hdfuka 0ADJ
JANANI

DESIGNED

wmg fmkShkafka lemEisgrh wdfrdamKh ùu wdrïN jk fudfydf;a§ th yryd we;s

m%;sfrdaOh wvqj we;s njh. tkï fuu wjia:dfõ§ lemEisgrh yryd .,dhk Odrdj 
X 1k
jeäh. kuq;a fmdhskagrh áflka ál fõ.h wvqfjñka wdmiaig p,kh ùfuka wmg
fmkShkafka lemEisgrh yryd we;s m%;sfrdaOh áflka ál jeäjk njh. tkï fï l¿ r;=
wdldrhg m%;sfrdaOh jeäjk ksid lemEisgrh yryd .,dhk Odrdjo tu wdldrhgu
wvqùhhs. wjidkfh§ fmdhskagrh k;r jkafka rEmfha fmkajd we;s mßÈ wkka;fha

+
fyda Bg wdikakfha fõ. tkï fuu wjia:dfõ§ lemEisgrh yryd wêl m%;sfrdaOhla
+ -
we;sù ;sfnk ksid th yryd Odrdj .e,Sug ndOd fõ. fuys§ lemEisgrh ógrh yryd Odrdj
,efnk negß iemhqï fjda,aàh;djhgu wdfrdamKh ù ;sfí. fndfyduhla

+
1
bf,lafg%d,hsála jeks lemEisgr j,§ fmdhskagrh k;r jkafka wkka;hg wdikakj

100F
16V
jk ksid túg lemEisgrh yryd hï Odrd m%udKhla .,dhk w;r th fuu fujeks

1
1
lemEisgrj, we;sjk ldkaÿj fõ.
lemEisgrfha w.% udrelr fgiaÜ fm%dí w;rg ;enqj fyd;a tkï jerÈ f,i ;enqj fyd;a lemEisgrh yryd
we;sjk ldkaÿj jeäjk ksid fmdhskagrh w;ru. kej;sh yel. kuq;a Ok yd iDK w.% fkdue;s lemEisgrj,§
fuh we;s fkdfõ. lemEisgrh ksjeßÈj ;nd we;súg fmdhskagrh w;r u. kj;S kï tys ldkaÿj jeäj mj;sk
ksid th Ndú;fhka bj;a l, hq;=h. by; rEmfha wdldrhg mÍCId l, lemEisgrhla ógrfha negß
fjda,aàh;djhg wdfrdamKh ù we;s ksid tu lemEisgrfha w.% udrelr fgiaÜ fm%dí w;rg ;enqj fyd;a
lemEisgrfha wdfrdams; fjda,aàh;djh ógrh yryd ,efnk negß fjda,aàh;djh iu. tl;= jk ksid fuys§ ógrh
yryd jeä Odrdjla .,dhdfuka fmdhskagrh jeä fõ.hlska iSudj blaujd p,kh úh yel. fufia iSudj blaujd
fmdhskagrh p,kh ùu u.ska ógrfha ksjeßÈ l%shdldß;ajh .s,syShd yels neúka fuu wdldrhg wdfrdamKh jQ
lemEisgrhla ógrfha fgiaÜ fm%dí w;rg ;eîfuka j,lskak.
lemEisgrj, Odß;d w.h wvqjk úg tjd wdfrdamKh ùfï§ lemEisgrh yryd .,dhk Odrdjo wvqjk ksid
tAjd mÍCId lrk úg fmdhskagrh p,kh jk ÿro wvqjk w;r iuyr wjia:dj,§ fmdhskagrh fi,ùulaj;a
we;sùu wmg ±lsh fkdyels fõ. thg fya;=j jkafka lemEisgrh wdfrdamKh jk ld,h fmdhskagrh fi,ùugj;a
m%udKj;a fkdùuh. wdfrdamKh jk ld,h jeälr .ekSug kï wm l,hq;af;a lemEisgrh yryd .,dhk Odrdj
wvqlr .ekSu fõ. f¾kaÊ isf,lagrh by, ´ï mrdij,g fhduq lrk úg fgiaÜ fm%dí yryd .,dhd yels Wmßu
Odrdj wvqjk nj wm l,ska fidhd .kakd ,È. tkï wm l,hq;af;a fujeks wjia:dj,§ by, ´ï mrdihlg f¾kaÊ
isf,lagrh fhduqlr lemEisgrh mÍCId lsÍu fõ. kuq;a w.h b;d wvq lemEisgr ógrfha we;s by,u ´ï mrdih
yrydj;a mÍCId lsÍug fkdyels ;;ajhka we;s fõ. fujeks wjia:dj,§ lemEisgrh yryd ldkaÿ ùï we;skï
muKla fmdhskagrh p,kh úh yel.
iuyrla wekf,d.a ógrj, lemEisgr mÍCIdjg fjku mrdihla ,nd § ;sfí. kuq;a tAjd yrydo b;d l=vd
w.hka iys; lemEisgr mÍCId lsÍug fndfydaúg wmyiq fõ. iuyrla by, ;;ajfha äðg,a u,aá ógrj,
lemEisgr mÍCIdjg mrdi lsysmhla ,nd§ ;sîu ±lsh yel. tjeks ógrj,§ b;d l=vd w.hla iys; lemEisgrhla
jqjo mÍCId l, yels w;r tys w.ho lshjd.; yels fõ. ´ï mrdih yryd lemEisgr mÍCIdfõ§ wmg tys w.h
lshùu l, fkdyels fõ. kuq;a wm mÍCId lrk lemEisgrfha w.h yd iudk w¨;a lemEisgrhla f.k th mÍCId
lrk úg fmdhskagrh 0 foig p,kh jk ÿr n,d bka miq wks;a lemEisgrh mÍCIdlrk úg fmdhskagrh 0
foig p,kh jk ÿr n,d w¨;a lemEisgrfha p,kh jQ ÿr;a iu. ixikaokh lr w.h wdikakj ne,sh yels fõ.
lemEisgr i|yd fjku mrdihla ,nd§ we;s wekf,d.a u,aá ógr j,§ fï wdldrhg lemEisgr ixikaokh lsÍula
wjYH fkdfõ. tjeks ógrj, äiamaf,a tl u; lemEisgr w.hka i|yka lr we;s ksid 0 foig fmdhskagrh
p,kh jk ÿr iu. wmg w.h wdikak jYfhka lshjd.; yels fõ.
;j;a iuyrla wekf,d.a u,aá ógrj, ACV 250 mrdihg ógrh fhduqlr C
Odß;d w.h wvq lemEisgr lshjk wdldrhla wmg olskakg ,efí. fï i|yd AC
230V iemhqu m%fhdackhg .kq ,efí. fuys§ rEmfha ±lafjk wdldrhg AC L P ^r;=&

iemhqfï tla w.%hla fl,skau ógrh fj; ,ndfok w;r wks;a w.%h wm úiska AC 230V / 50Hz ACV
mÍCId lrk lemEisgrh yryd ógrh fj; ,nd§ lemEisgrfha w.h lshjkq ,efí. N N ^l¿&
fuu l%uhg lemEisgr mÍCId lrk úg AC 230V iemhqu ksid wm b;d l,amkdldÍ
úh hq;= fõ. Nature Com.16122K3TU

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 Using Multi Meter
16
lemEisgrhla yryd DC .,dhdu we;s fkdjqk;a AC hï m%udKhla .,dhdu we;sjk nj wm okakd lreKls.
fufia .,dhd yels AC m%udKh lemEisgrfha Odß;d w.h u; iy AC j, ixLHd;h u; rod mej;Su wmg ±lsh
yelsh. fuys§ wmg fmkShk lrek jkqfha DC j,§ lemEisgrh yryd Odrdj .e,Sug wêl m%;sfrdaOhla we;sù
;sîu;a iy AC .e,Sug lemEisgrh yryd we;sjk m%;sfrdaOh wvqj ;Sîu;ah. fï wdldrhg lemEisgrhla yryd
we;sjk m%;sfrdaOh Odß;%l m%;sndOkh (Capacitive Reactance - XC - lemEisáõ ßhelagkaia) f,i y÷kajhs.
by;ska úia;r l, l%shdldß;ajhg wkqj fuu rEmfha ±lafjk wdldrhg C

lemEisgrhla yryd ógrh fj; AC ,ndÿka úg ógrh yryd .,dhk Odrdj tu L P ^r;=&
lemEisgrfha w.h u; fjkia jk ksid iïmQ¾K AC fjda,aàh;djh olajd
AC 230V / 50Hz ACV
fmdhskagrh p,kh ùu we;s fkdjk w;r u. kj;S. tu k;r jQ ia:dkfhka äiamaf,a
N N ^l¿&
tfla we;s lemEisgr i|yd we;s mrdih u.ska wmg w.h lshjd.; yels fõ.

wm m%dfhda.slj fidhd ne¨j fyd;a AC 230V iemhqu ks;r fjkia jk nj wmg ±lsh yelsh. fï wkqj wm
by; wdldrhg lemEisgrhl w.h mÍCId lrk úgo fuu fjda,aàh;djh fjkiaùu we;sjk ksid tA wkqj wm
úiska lshjk Odß;d w.ho fjkia fõ. we;a; jYfhkau lemEisgrhl w.h ksjeßÈj fuu l%uhg lshùug kï
AC fjda,aàh;djh iy tys ixLHd;h ia:djrj ;sìh hq;= fõ. fuu fya;=j ksid wmg fuu l%uhg wkqj
lemEisgrhl w.h lshjd.; yels jkqfha wdikak jYfhka muKla fõ.
my;ska ks¾udKh lr we;af;a wmg wvq uqo,lg tl,ia lr.; yels b;d l=vd Odß;d w.hka (1pF - 0.1F)
iys; lemEisgr mÍCId l, yels 555 ghsu¾ IC mßm:hls. fuys we;s wjdish jkafka wmg Odß;%l w.h lshjd.;
fkdyels ùu muKs. fuys we;s jdish jkafka u,aá ógrh yryd mÍCId l, fkdyels lemEisgr fuu mßm:h yryd
mÍCId l, yels ùuh. ±ka wm fuu mßm:fha l%shdldß;ajh foi n,uq.
fuu mßm:fha we;s D2 1N4001
6V 8 7 6 5
555 ghsu¾ IC tl
fhdodf.k we;af;a + R1 + +
C2 1k 0 0 0
R6
555
weiafÜn,a u,aájhsfí%grhla 100F
1k
8 4 LED
tkï m,aia fckf¾grhla 16V 7 R4 2 1 2 3 4
jYfhks. fuu.ska W;amdokh R2 555 A B 100k
C
100k Timer 3
jk m,aia j, ixLHd;h lsf,da 6 IC B T
C828
y¾Üia 7000 la (7000kHz) 2 JANANI
R3
1k R5 E
C828
1 D1
muK fõ. tkï mßm:fha S DESIGNED

1N4001
470k
LED
we;s LED 1 ;;amrhlg jdr C1
1pF 1 E C B

7000000 la muK ±,aùu ^firñla&

fï wkqj ;;amrhlg jdr 7000000 la muK IC tfla 3 jk w.%h Ok w.%hla ùu iy w¾;a w.%hla ùu
isÿfõ. mßm:fha we;s S iaùph ;o l,úg IC mßm:fhka m,aia W;amdokh ùu k;r jk w;r túg 3 w.%h Ok
w.%hla ù mj;S. fuu wjia:dfõ§ LED 1 j, §ma;sh jeäùu ±lsh yel. ±ka È.gu Ok w.%hla tkï DC
fjda,aàh;djhla LED 1 fj; ,eî ;sîu fuhg fya;=j fõ. S iaùph ksoyia l,úg kej; mßm:h ;=,ska m,aia
W;amdokh we;sjk ksid LED 1 j, §ma;sh kej; wvqùu wmg ±lsh yel.
±ka lemEisgrhla mÍCId lrk wdldrh foi n,uq. fï i|yd wmg msflda *erä 1 isg uhsfl%da *erä 0.1
olajd we;s ´kEu lemEisgrhla fhdod.; yel. wmg mÍCId lsÍug wjYH lemEisgrh mßm:fha fmkajd we;s A
iy B w;rg iúl, hq;=h. fufia iú lrk ,o lemEisgrh È.gu w;ska w,a,d isàfuka j,lskak u;l ;nd
.kak. A B w;r lemEisgrhla fkdue;s úg LED 2 fkd±,afõ. A B w;rg lemEisgrhla iúl, úg muKla fuu
LED 2 ±,aùu wmg ±lsh yels fõ. fufia LED 2 ±,aùug kï T g%dkaisiagrfha fíia w.%h yryd Odrdj .,dhd
hq;=h. th isÿjkafka flfiao n,uq. IC ys 3 jk w.%h Ok jk úg tu Ok wm mÍCId lrk lemEisgrfha tla
w.%hlg ,efnk ksid tys wks;a w.%hg iïnkaO R4 frisiagrh iy T j, fíia tóg¾ w.% yryd fuu lemEisgrh
wdfrdamKh ùug mgka .efka. fuu wdfrdamKh jk Odrdj T fíia tóg¾ w.% yryd .,dhk ksid T l%shd;aul ù
LED 2 ±,afõ. IC ys 3 w.%h w¾;a jk úg wdfrdamKh jk fuu lemEisgrh 3 w.%h iy D1 vfhdavh yryd
úi¾ckh fõ. fufia úi¾ckh jk wjia:dfõ§ fíia Odrdj fkd,efnk ksid T wl%sh ù LED 2 ksùhhs. b;d by,
fõ.hlska fuh isÿjk ksid wmg fuu ksùu ±lsh fkdyelsh. ±ka S iaùph ;ol, fyd;a 3 w.%h Ok ù tkï DC
ù isák neúka túg lemEisgrh wdfrdamKh ù fíia Odrdj .,dhdu k;r jk neúka LED 2 muKla ksùhdu wmg
±lsh yel. kuq;a S ;ol, úg fufia LED 2 ksùu isÿ fkdfõ kï thska wmg fmkShkafka 3 w.%fha DC we;súg;a
lemEisgrh yryd Odrdj .,dtk njh. tkï lemEisgrh ldkaÿ jk nj wmg fmkShhs.
Nature Com.06012K4TU

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 Using Multi Meter
17
u,aá ógrh wdOdrfhka g%dkaisiagr mÍCId lsÍu - Testing Transistors by Using Multi Meter
u,aá ógrh wdOdrfhka NPN iy PNP g%dkaisiagr mÍCId lrk wdldrh fuu.ska Tng úia;r flf¾. ´kEu
Wmdx.hla fyda WmlrKhla mÍCId lsÍfï§ wm lrkq ,nkafka th l%shd lrjd ne,Su jk ksid wm g%dkaisiagrhla
mÍCId lSÍfuka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafkao thu jk nj u;l ;nd.kak.
fuu rEmj, fmkajd we;s
S 6V S 6V S - 6V S - 6V
R1 R1 wdldrhg u,aá ógrhla fkdue;sj R1 R1
1k 1k 1k 1k
wmg NPN iy PNP g%dkaisiagr
LED LED
LED mÍCId l,yels nj oka f kuq . LED
R2 R2 R2 R2
100k C 100k C rEmj, fmkajd we;s mßÈ S iaùph 100k C 100k C
B B B B
T T On l,úg Odrdj R2 frisiagrh T T

NPN E NPN
E
iy T g%dkaisiagrfha fíia tóg¾ w.% PNP E PNP E

yryd .,dhdfuka fuu g%dkaisiagr

iaúÉ OFF iaúÉ ON iaúÉ OFF + iaúÉ ON +
On fõ. tuksid tys lf,lag¾ tóg¾ w.% yryd Odrdj .,dhdug yelsùfuka LED h ±,afõ. fuu rEmj, fmkajd
we;s wdldrhg NPN iy PNP g%dkaisiagrj, fíia lf,lag¾ tóg¾ w.% yryd Odrdj .,d hkafka tlu wdldrhg
jk nj wmg fmkShhs. fufia Odrdj .,dhdfï fjkila jYfhka wmg ±lsh yels jkafka Odrdj .,dhk ÈYdj
udreùu muKs.
wm úiska u,aá ógrh yryd g%dkaisiagrhla mÍCId lrk úgo th isÿ lrkq ,nkafka by; l%uh yd iudk
l%uhlg fõ. tkï by; fmkajd we;s wdldrhg fuka g%dkaisiagrh l%shdlrùug n, iemhqula wjYH jk neúka th
ógrh yryd g%dkaisiagrh fj;g ,nd§u wjYH fõ. u,aá ógrh yryd iemhqula ,nd.; yelafla ógrfha f¾kaÊ
isf,lagrh ´ï mrdih fj; fhduql, úg jk nj wm okafkuq. vfhdav mÍCIdl, wjia:dfõ§ fuka wm fï i|ydo
iqÿiq ´ï mrdih f,i f;dard.kq ,nkafka x 10 mrdihhs. fuu mrdifha§ .,dhk Wmßu Odrdj ñ,s weïmsh¾ 15 la
muK jk ksid tu Odrdj l=vd g%dkaisiagrhlg jqjo Tfrd;a;= fok Odrd m%udKhla ùu Bg m%Odk fya;=j f,i wmg
±laúh yel.
ol=Kq mi rEmfhka fmkajd we;af;a ógrh yryd NPN
8 0 8 0
g%dkaisiagrhla mÍCId lrk wdldrh fõ. NPN g%dkaisiagrhl§  

tys lf,lag¾ w.%hg Ok iemhqu ,ndÈh hq;= ksid l¿ fgiaÜ

0ADJ 0ADJ
fm%dí tl yryd ,efnk Ok iemhqu lf,lag¾ w.%h fj;
JANANI JANANI

DESIGNED DESIGNED

,nd§ ;sfí. tóg¾ w.%hg iDK iemhqu ,ndÈh hq;= ksid r;=
fgiaÜ fm%dí tl yryd ,efnk iDK iemhqu tóg¾ w.%h fj;  
,nd§ ;sfí. rEmfha fmkajd we;s OFF wjia:dfõ§ óg¾ X 10 X 10

äiamaf,a fmdhskagrh p,kh fkdjkafka lf,lag¾ tóg¾ w.% l¿ r;= l¿ r;=

yryd Odrdj .,dhdug ndOd ù ;sfnk ksid nj wmg fmkShhs.
fuu wjia:dfõ§ fíia tóg¾ w.% yryd Odrdjla .,dhdug bv + +
i,iajd fkd;sîu Bg fya;=j jk njo wmg fmkShk lreKls.
kuq;a fujeks wjia:djl§ hï l=vd ÿrla fyda fmdhskagrh C
B 100k C
p,kh jkafka kï thska wmg fmkShkafka g%dkaisiagrh yryd T B
T
hï Odrd m%udKhla .,dhk njh. tkï g%dkaisiagrh ldkaÿjk NPN
E
E
NPN
nj wmg fmkShk ksid wm th Ndú;hg fkdf.k bj;a lrkq
iaúÉ OFF - iaúÉ ON -
,efí.
±ka rEmfha fmkajd we;s mßÈ ON wjia:dj foi n,akak. fuys§ fíia tóg¾ w.% yryd Odrdjla .,dhdug
lf,lag¾ w.%fha we;s Ok iemhqfï isg fíia w.%h olajd 100k frisiagrhla iïnkaOlr ;sfí. tkï fuu
wjia:dfõ§ fíia tóg¾ w.% yryd Odrdj .,dhk ksid g%dkaisiagrh l%shd;aul ù ;sfí. ±ka lf,lag¾ tóg¾ w.%
yryd Odrdj .,dhdug ;snQ ndOdj bj;a ù ;sfnk ksid ±ka tu w.% yryd Odrdj .,dhk neúka fmdhskagrh p,kh
ùu wmg ±lsh yel. fuu wjia:dfõ§ fmdhskagrh p,kh fkdjkafka kï thska wmg fmkShkafka g%dkaisiagrh
l%shd;aul fkdjk njh. kuq;a ógrh yryd iemhqu fkd,efnk úgo fufia fmdhskagrh p,kh fkdjk ksid fgiaÜ
fm%dí fol tlg iam¾Y lr fmdhskagrh p,kh jkafkao ne,sh hq;=h.
by;ska ±lajQ wdldrhg wmg ´kEu NPN g%dkaisiagrhla mÍCId l,yels fõ. PNP g%dkaisiag¾ ógrh yryd
mÍCId lrkafkao fï wdldrhgu jk w;r wm fjkila jYfhka isÿ lrkafka Odrdj .,dhk ÈYdj udre lsÍu
muKs. by; wdldrhg g%dkaisiagr mÍCId lsÍug hdfï§ Tng tla .e:¿jla m%Odk jYfhka u;=ùu wksjd¾h fõ.
tu .e:¿j kï mÍCId lsÍug hk g%dkaisiagrfha w.% y÷kdf.k fkd;sîuhs. tfia kï ±ka wmg isÿjkafka
g%dkaisiagrh mÍCId lsÍug hdug fmr tys w.% y÷kd .ekSu fõ. Nature Com.13012K4TU

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 Using Multi Meter
18
g%dkaisiagrj, w.% y÷kd .ekSug hdfï§ tu g%dkaisiagrhj, wNHhka;rfha we;s P iy N w¾O ikakdhl
fldgia iïnkaO lr we;s wdldrh .ek ir, wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSug wmg isÿ fõ. P iy N w¾O ikakdhl fldgia
NPN iy PNP g%dkaisiagrj,§ iïnkaOjk wdldrh my;ska ±lafjk wdldrhg fõ.
fuu rEmj, C A C
C wefkdavh C
fmka j d we;s - lf,lag¾
+
+ lf,lag¾

wdldrhg P iy N N P
B B P B B
w¾O ika k dhl + P fíia - N
N fíia
fldgia folla N - P
E E
muKla tlg -
tóg¾ E K +
tóg¾ E
lef;davh
iïnkaO l,úg
NPN g%dkaisiagrh vfhdavh PNP g%dkaisiagrh
bfígu vfhdavh
ks¾udKh ù we;. fuu vfhdavh mÍCId lrk wdldrh
wm 12, 13 msgqj,§ wjfndaO lr.;a ksid th kej; 0 0

8
 
igyka lsÍu wjYH fkdjk w;r vfhdavh mÍCId lrk
wdldrh ms,sno rEm igyka folla muKla ol=Kq miska 0ADJ JANANI
0ADJ
JANANI

fmkajd we;. P iy N w¾O ikakdhl fldgia 3 la tl;=

DESIGNED DESIGNED

l,úg g%dkaisiagrh ks¾udKh jQ ksid vfhdav mÍCIdj X 10k


ms,snoj fydo wjfndaOhla we;s wfhl=g g%dkaisiagrh X 10


mÍCId lsÍu ms,snoj wjfndaO lr .ekSu wmyiq fkdjk

l¿ r;= l¿ r;=
nj Tng jegfykq we;. by; rEmj, ±lafjk wdldrhg
ueÈka iïnkaO ù we;s w¾O ikakdhl fldgi iEu úgu
A K K A
fíia w.%h ù we;. thg fomiska iïnkaO lr we;s w¾O
ikakdhl fldgia fol iEu úgu lf,lag¾ iy tóg¾ + - +1N4007 -7004N1

Odrdj ldkaÿ Odrdj

w.% ù we;.
fuys§ lf,lag¾ iy tóg¾ w.% Bg iïnkaO w¾O ikakdhl fldgia folg idfmaCIj f;dard .ekSu wmyiq
fõ. kuq;a fíia w.%h jkafka ueo we;s w¾O ikakdhl fldgi jk ksid fíia w.%h f;drd.ekSu myiq fõ. by;
rEmigykaj, fmkajd we;s wdldrhg P iy N w¾O ikakdhl fldgia folla iïnkaO l,úg tla PN ikaêhla
we;sù vfhdavh ks¾udKh ù we;s w;r P iy N w¾O ikakdhl fldgia 3 la iïnkaO l,úg PN ikaê folla
we;sù g%dkaisiagrh ks¾udKh ù we;. fufia g%dkaisiagrh ;=, PN ikaê folla we;s ù ;sîfuka wmg fmkShk
lreK jkqfha g%dkaisiagrh ;=, vfhdav folla ks¾udKh ù ;sfnk njh. fuh by; rEm fol ksÍCIkh lsÍfuka
th Tng fmkShkq we;. g%dkaisiagrh mÍCId lr fuu vfhdav fol ksjeßÈj y÷kd.; fyd;a wmg g%dkaisiagrfha
w.% fidhd .ekSug myiq jk ksid ±ka wm úiska tu vfhdav fol fidhd .ekSug W;aiy lruq. tkï fuys§ wm
úiska vfhdav mÍCId wdldrhgu g%dkaisiagrh mÍCId lsÍu isÿ flf¾. ±ka wm uq,skau NPN g%dkaisgrhl fuu
vfhdav fol y÷kd .kakd wdldrh foi n,uq.
NPN g%dkaisiagrfha§ fíia w.%h jkafka P
lkavlagrhla jk ksid th fj; Ok iemhqula ,ndÿka l¿ 0
r;=

úg muKla PN ikaê fmr keUqreù ikaê yryd N + -

lkavlagr fj; Odrdj .,dhdu we;s fõ. fíia hkq JANANI

DESIGNED
-C C
vfhdav folgu fmdÿ wefkdav w.%hla jk ksid rEmfha x 10
±lafjk wdldrhg NPN g%dkaisiagrhl§ u,aá ógrh N
B B
yryd tys fíia w.%h fj; Ok iemhqu ,efnk úg + P
muKla b;sß w.% fol fj; Odrdj .,dtk ksid óg¾ N
-E
fmdhskagrh p,kh ùu wmg ±lsh yels fõ. kuq;a fíia E
w.%hg iDK iemhqula ,ndÿka úg fï wdldrhg Odrdj 0
r;=
.,dhdug ndOd jk ksid fmdhskagrh p,kh ùula ±lsh

+ - NPN
l¿
fkdyels fõ. fíia w.%hg fï wdldrhg iDK iemhqula JANANI
g%dkaisiagrfha§
,ndÿka úg b;sß w.% fj; Odrdj .,dhdu yels jkafka
DESIGNED

x 10
PNP g%dkaisiagrfha§ muKla fõ.
tla w.%hla iu. b;sß w.% folg ógrh Íâ jkafka fíia w.%fha§ muKla jk ksid wmg fíia w.%h fidhd
.ekSu b;d myiqjk nj fmkShhs. tfiau fíia w.%h b;sß w.% fol iu. Íâ jkafka fíia w.%hg Ok w.%hla
,ndÿka úg kï tu fíia w.%h Ok jk neúka tkï fmdisáõ ( P ) jk neúka fuu g%dkaisiagrfha fíia w.%h f,i
l%shdlrkafka fmdisáõ ( P ) j¾.fha w¾O ikakdhlhla jk nj wmg Tmamq fõ.
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 Using Multi Meter
19
tkï fíia w.%h jkafka P j¾.fha lkavlagrhla jk neúka th msysgd we;af;a b;sß lkavlag¾ fol jk N
lkavkag¾ folg ueÈka jk ksid fuu ms,sfj,g wkqj fuh NPN g%dkaisiagrhla f,i wmg b;d myiqfjka
y÷kd.; yels fõ.
fuu rEmfhka fmkajd we;af;a PNP g%dkaisiagrhla
u,aá ógrh yryd mÍCId lrk úg tys fíia w.%h 0
r;=
ógrh yryd lshjk wdldrhhs. fuys§ fíia w.%hg +

-
l¿
idfmaCIj b;sß w.% folg ógrh fufia lshjkafka fíia JANANI
+C C
w.%hg iDK iemhqula ,enqk úg muKla jk nj wmg DESIGNED

P
x 10 B B
fmkS hkq we;. fufia b;sß w.% fol iu. ógrh - N
lshjkafka fíia w.%h iDK jk úg tkï fk.áõ ( N ) P
w.%hla jk úg neúka fuu g%dkaisiagrfha fíia w.%h +E E
0
jkafka N lkavlagrhla jk nj wmg meyeÈ,s fõ. fuh l¿ 
r;=
+ -
ueo we;s lkavlagrh jk ksid fuys fomi we;s JANANI
PNP
lkavlagr fol jkafka P lkavlagr jk ksid fuh PNP DESIGNED
g%dkaisiagrfha§
g%dkaisiagrhla jk nj wmg b;d fydÈka meyeÈ,s fõ. x 10

by;ska fmkajQ wdldrj,ska g%dkaisiagrhl fíia w.%h fidhd .ekSu b;d myiq jk nj wmg fydÈka wjfndaO
fõ. fufia fíia w.%h y÷kd .ekSug hdfï§ wmg tA iu.u ,efnk jdish jkqfha mÍCId lrk g%dkaisiagrh NPN o
PNP o hkak y÷kd .ekSug yels ùuh.s fíia w.%h yryd ógrh lshjk úg fmkajk m%;sfrdaOh iEu úgu
vfhdavhla mÍCId lrk úg fmkajk m%;sfrdaOhg jeä jYfhka iudk ùu ±lsh yels fõ. wm fkdokakd
g%dkaisiagrhla mÍCId lsÍug hdfï§ tys ioykaj we;af;a wod, wxlh muKla jk ksid wmg tljr tys fíia
w.%h ógrh yryd y÷kd.; fkdyels ùug mq¿jk. tkï fíia w.%h y÷kd .ekSug mshjrhka lSmhlg
g%dkaisiagrh mÍCId lsÍug isÿúh yel.
fufia fíia w.%h y÷kd .ekSug g%dkaisiagrh mÍCId l,hq;= iïmQ¾K mshjrhka .Kk my; rEmfhka
fmkajd we;s wdldrhg 12 la fõ. kuq;a mshjrhka lSmhla ;=,§ wmg fíia w.%h y÷kd .ekSug yels jqj fyd;a fuu
mshjrhka 12 u wkq.ukh lsÍug wmg wjYH fkdfõ. rEmfha fmkajd we;s mßÈ g%dkaisiagrfha we;s iEu
w.%hlgu mshjrhka folla ne.ska mÍCId lrk w;r Ok yd iDK w.% udre lro mÍCId lrk ksid g%dkaisiagrfha
tla w.%hlg ;j;a mshjrhka 2 la ,efnk ksid tla w.%hlg ,efnk uq¨ mshjrhka .Kk 4 la fõ. my; rEmfha
fmkajd we;s wdldrhg ms,sfj,lg w.% mÍCId lrf.k hdfï§ wmg b;d myiqfjka fíia w.%h y÷kd .ekSug
yelsjk w;r tfia fkdlrk úg fíia w.%h y÷kd .ekSug wmyiq jkq we;. my; ±lafjk ms,sfj,g mshjßka
mshjr g%dkaisiagrh mßCId lrf.k hkúg tla wjia:djl§ mÍCId lrk tla w.%hla iu. wks;a w.% fol lshjk
wjia:djla wmg ,efí. tkï th fíia w.%h jk nj wm okafkuq. tfiau fuu wjia:dfõ§ fíia w.%hg ,nd§
;sfnk Ok fyda iDK w.%h wkqj mÍCId lrk g%dkaisiagrh NPN o PNP o hk j.o wmg y÷kd .ekSug yels fõ.

1 1 5 6 8 7 7
2 3 4 9
4

l¿ r;= l¿ r;= l¿ r;= l¿ r;= l¿ r;= l¿ r;=

10 10 15 17 16 16
11 12 14 13 18
13

l¿ r;= l¿ r;= l¿ r;= l¿ r;= l¿ r;= l¿ r;=

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 Using Multi Meter
20
±ka wmg g%dkaisiagrhl fíia w.%h fidhd .kakd wdldrh ms,snoj fydo wjfndaOhla ,nd.;a ksid ±ka wmg
b;sßj we;af;a tys b;sß w.% fol jk lf,lag¾ iy tóg¾ w.% y÷kd .kakd wdldrh fidhd ne,Su fõ. fuu w.%
y÷kd .kakd wdldrh fíia w.%h y÷kd .kakd wdldrh ;rï myiq fkdjqk;a th lrula ÿrg wmg myiq jkq we;.
thg fya;=j jkafka wm úiska lf,lag¾ iy tóg¾ w.% y÷kd .ekSug hk g%dkaisiagrfha fíia w.%h iy th NPN
o PNP o hk j. y÷kdf.k isàuh. tkï fuu lreKq fol wm okak ksid wm mÍCId lsÍug hk g%dkaisiagrfha
lf,lag¾ iy tóg¾ w.% j,g ,ndÈh hq;= iemhqï w.% wmg myiqfjka y÷kdf.k iemhsh yels fõ. tkï wm
mÍCId lsÍug hkafka NPN g%dkaisiagrhla kï tys lf,lag¾ w.%hg Ok iemhqul=;a iy tóg¾ w.%hg iDK
iemhqul=;a iemhsh hq;= fõ. mÍCId lsÍug hkafka PNP g%dkaisiagrhla kï tys lf,lag¾ w.%hg iDK iemhqul=;a
iy tóg¾ w.%hg Ok iemhqul=;a iemhsh hq;= fõ. fuh my;ska fmkajd we;s rEmj,ska Tng meyeÈ,s lr.; yels
fõ. w.% jerÈ f,i iïnkaO l, úg
frisiagrh fkdue;s úg frisiagrh iïnkaO l, úg
iuyr wjia:dj,§ ógrh hï
rEmj,ska ógrh Íâ fkdlrhs. ógrh Íâ lrhs. m%udKhla Íâ lrhs.
fmka j d we;s mßÈ
(+) (+)
ksjeßÈ wdldrhg w.% (+)
N C
j,g iemhqï ,ndÿka

100k
C

100k
E
P B
úg muKla lf,lag¾ N l¿ r;=
B B
l¿ r;= l¿ r;=
tóg¾ w.% yryd (-) E
(+) (-) (+) (-) (+) (-)
(-) E (-) C
Odrdj .,dhk nj
wmg fmkS hhs. (-) (-)
(-)
iemhqï w.% jerÈ P
C
100k

100k
C E
wdldrhg iïnkaO jqj N
B B B
fyd;a lf,la g ¾ P l¿ r;= l¿ r;= l¿ r;=
tóg¾ w.% yryd (+) E
(+) (-)
(+) E
(+) (-)
(+) C
(+) (-)
iuyr úg ldkaÿ
Odrdjla muKla .,dhd yels fõ. wm úiska mÍCId lsÍug hk g%dkaisiagrfha ksjeßÈj lf,lag¾ iy tóg¾ w.%
y÷kdf.k fkdue;s ksid wmg tljr ksjeßÈj Ok yd iDK iemhqï w.% lf,lag¾ iy tóg¾ w.% fj; iemhSu
wmyiq fõ. flfia fj;;a wm úiska lf,lag¾ iy tóg¾ w.% fj; iemhqu ,ndÿka úg tu w.% yryd Odrdj .,d
hkafka by; rEmj,ska fmkajd we;s wdldrhg tu g%dkaisiagrfha fíia w.%h yryd Odrdj .,dhdug ie,eia jQ úg
muKlah. fufia fíia w.%h yryd Odrdjla .,dhdug tu mÍCId lrk g%dkaisiagrfha lf,lag¾ w.%fha isg fíia
w.%hg frisiagrhla iïnkaO lrkq ,efí. fï wdldrhg frisiagrhla iïnkaO fkdlr wmg fl,skau fuu w.%
fol iïnkaO l, yels kuq;a lf,lag¾ w.%hg idfmaCIj fíia w.%h yryd .,dhdug i,ia jkafka l=vd Odrdjla
jk ksid fufia frisiagrhla iïnkaO flf¾.
fuys§ wm lf,lag¾ iy tóg¾ w.% ksjeßÈj y÷kdf.; fkdue;s ksid tu w.%j,g iemhqu ,nd§ug hdfï§
wmg isÿ jkafka lf,lag¾ iy tóg¾ w.% wkqudk lrñka iemhqu ,nd§u fõ. fufia iemhqu ,ndÿka miq tu
wkqudk l, lf,lag¾ tóg¾ w.% yryd Odrdj .,dhkafka fíia w.%h yryd Odrdj .,dhdug ie,eia jQ úgh. by;
rEmj, fmkajd we;s wdldrhg fufia fíia Odrdjla .,dhdug lf,lag¾ w.%fha isg tkï wm úiska wkqudk lr
we;s lf,lag¾ w.%fha isg fíia w.%h olajd frisiagrhla iïnkaO flf¾. frisiagrh iïnkaO l, miq wkqudk l,
lf,lag¾ tóg¾ w.% yryd hï Odrd m%udKhla .,dhdu fyda .,d fkdhdu we;súh yel. fuu w.% yryd hï Odrd
m%udKhla .,d.sh fyd;a wm úiska wkqudk lrk ,o fuu lf,lag¾ iy tóg¾ w.% ksjeßÈ w.% f,i tljr
;SrKh fkdl, hq;=h. tkï wm l, hq;af;a wkudk l, lf,lag¾ w.%h ±ka tóg¾ w.%h f,i wkqudk lr iy
l,ska wkqudk l, tóg¾ w.%h ±ka lf,lag¾ w.%h f,i wkqudk lr by; wdldrhgu fíia Odrdj .,dhdug
i,iajd g%dkaisiagrh mÍCId lsÍuh. ±ka fuys§o wm úiska fojk jrg wkqudk lrk ,o lf,lag¾ tóg¾ w.%
yryd hï Odrd m%udKhla .,dhdu fyda .,d fkdhdu isÿúh yel. fuu wjia:dfõ§ fuu w.% yryd hï Odrd
m%udKhla .,d hkafka kï tu .,dhk Odrd m%udKh fmr wjia:djg jvd jeä kï fuh ksjeßÈ wjia:dj f,i
by; rEmj, fmkajd we;s wdldrhg wmg ;SrKh l, yels fõ. tkï wm fojk jrg wkqudk lrk ,o lf,lag¾
iy tóg¾ w.% ksjeßÈ lf,lag¾ iy tóg¾ w.% f,i wmg y÷kd.; yels fõ.
kuq;a fuu wjia:dfõ§ wkqudk l, lf,lag¾ tóg¾ w.% yryd .,dhk Odrd m%udKh fmr wjia:djg jvd
wvqkï fuu wjia:dj ksjeßÈ fkdjk w;r fmr wjia:dj ksjeßÈ fõ. tkï m,uq wjia:dfõ§ wkqudk lrk ,o
lf,lag¾ iy tóg¾ w.% ksjeßÈ lf,lag¾ iy tóg¾ w.% fõ. by;ska fmkajd we;s wdldrhg wkqj NPN iy
PNP g%dkaisiag¾j, lf,lag¾ iy tóg¾ w.% y÷kd .kakd wdldrh tlu wdldrhla jk nj wmg fmkShkq we;.
fjkilg we;af;a lf,lag¾ iy tóg¾ w.% fj; ,ndfok Ok yd IDK iemhqu udreùu muKs. fuh by; rEm
b;d fydÈka ksÍCIKh lsÍfuka Tng fuu l%shdj,sh b;d meyeÈ,sj wjfndaO lr.; yelsjkq we;.
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